With the evolution from 5G to 6G and the popularization of carrier aggregation technology, mobile terminal devices face challenges in miniaturizing multiplexers and handling concurrent signals across a wide-bandgap. This study proposes a numerical de-embedding design method. By precisely calculating and compensating for the parasitic loads, it achieves deterministic synthesis of matching networks. Based on this method, we designed and fabricated a monolithic integrated surface acoustic wave triplexer on a lithium tantalite on insulator (LTOI) substrate for dual-frequency GPS L1/L5 positioning and Bluetooth (BT) communication. To suppress a specific spurious mode on the LTOI substrate and improve the isolation, a notch inductor structure was embedded into the design. The monolithic integrated triplexer measures 2.5 mm × 2.0 mm × 0.6 mm after packaging. The insertion loss is less than 1.6 dB in both the L1 and L5 bands. In the BT band, the average loss within any 18 MHz range of the passband is below 2.5 dB. The return loss for all three channels is better than −10 dB, while the isolation between channels is maintained at ≈40 dB. The successful fabrication of this triplexer not only validates the design method but also demonstrates its potential for application in miniaturized wearable devices.

This study employs synthetic jet actuation (SJA) to control large-scale flow separation on the suction side of a NACA0015 aerofoil at a Reynolds number of 2.1 $\times$ $10^5$ and an angle of $18^\circ$. The underlying control mechanism is investigated using large-eddy simulations to resolve the dynamics of jet-induced coherent structures associated with the low-frequency actuation. During the periodic blowing and suction cycle, two distinct types of spanwise coherent vortices are identified: blowing-induced vortices (BIVs) and suction-induced vortices (SIVs), which differ significantly in spatial distribution and energy content. As these vortices are convected downstream at speeds comparable to the free-stream velocity, BIVs exhibit a significantly slower rate of energy decay, whereas SIVs dissipate rapidly, particularly near the trailing edge. Triple decomposition analysis shows that energy addition is primarily associated with the coherent velocity components. Notably, BIVs exhibit a stronger entrainment capacity, enhancing momentum exchange between the separated shear layer and outer flow via coherent Reynolds shear stresses. This intensified exchange facilitates the outward transport of low-momentum fluid, effectively enhancing aerodynamic performance and delaying flow separation. Furthermore, spectral proper orthogonal decomposition reveals distinct energy peaks centred at the actuation frequency and its harmonics. Among the two vortex types, BIVs contribute most of the coherent spectral energy, highlighting their critical role in the overall effectiveness of the flow control. These findings elucidate the flow organisation and modulation mechanisms associated with low-frequency SJA under deep-stall conditions, and provide a physical interpretation of the observed reorganisation of the separated flow.

An experimental investigation is conducted to examine aeroacoustic instabilities in high-speed rectangular dual-impinging jets (DIJs), with a focus on the modal dynamics responsible for tonal noise generation. Comparisons are made with a circular baseline over expanded Mach numbers M = 1.0–1.2, impinging distances h/D = 2–3 and a fixed centre-to-centre spacing of S/D = 3.5. Time-resolved wall-pressure fields on the impingement plate and far-field sound are measured synchronously using fast-response pressure-sensitive paint and microphones. Dominant impingement tones and their associated surface-pressure patterns are identified and linked using cyclostationary spectral proper orthogonal decomposition and coherent output power analysis. Both circular and rectangular DIJs exhibit an annularly symmetric impingement mode whose tonal frequency is broadly consistent with classical single-loop jet–plate feedback scaling. In the rectangular configuration, this mode develops an elliptical footprint and a reduced dual-jet interference region, leading to attenuation of the corresponding tone relative to the circular case. In addition, rectangular DIJs support a flapping antisymmetric plate-pressure mode characterised by alternating pressure-wave orientations and a four-stage evolution over the oscillation cycle. This mode is associated with a prominent tone at Strouhal number St = 0.42, which departs from the integer harmonics of the baseline feedback loop. Finally, a co-resonance framework is employed to interpret why the geometry-enabled tone is strongly amplified under the present dual-jet conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate that transitioning from circular to rectangular nozzles redistributes modal dominance in high-speed DIJs and reorganises the balance between attenuated harmonic peaks and an additional geometry-enabled tone.

Introduction: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and Society of Healthcare epidemiology (SHEA) recommend cephalosporins as the standard antibiotic for preoperative prophylaxis for abdominal hysterectomy (AH-includes Laparoscopic and open cases) . However, anaerobic organisms are prevalent in vaginal and intraabdominal flora and can contribute to development of surgical site infections (SSIs). Limited data suggest that including anaerobic coverage may reduce SSI risk. In May 2024, we implemented anaerobic containing regimens as first-line preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis for all AH cases. This study evaluates whether adding anaerobic coverage to the preoperative antibiotic protocol reduces National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)-defined SSI after AH surgeries. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent inpatient or outpatient from January 2023 through September 2025. Preoperative antibiotic choice and timing as well as patient demographics and comorbidities were obtained from medical records. SSI were determined by NHSN definitions by trained infection preventionists. First line antibiotics with anaerobic coverage were defined as cefazolin plus metronidazole, or vancomycin plus aztreonam plus metronidazole in patients with penicillin allergies. SSI in patients who received first line antibiotics with anaerobic coverage were compared to those who received alternative antibiotic regimens (Around 80% of alternative regimen consisted of only cefazolin). Multivariate logistic regression and overlap weighting methods were applied to evaluate the independent impact of first-line therapy. Results: Among 11,444 hysterectomy procedures, the overall SSI rate was 1% (n=109 cases). Unadjusted SSI rate in patients receiving first-line antibiotics was significantly lower than those receiving alternate prophylaxis (0.7% vs 1.3 %, p =0.001). Individuals who received first-line antibiotics were generally younger, more frequently identified as Caucasian, and exhibited greater rates of diabetes and cancer compared to those who received alternative regimens. Patients who received first line antibiotics also had longer surgeries, a higher frequency of elective and laparoscopic procedures, and higher rates of adherence to preoperative protocols such as chlorhexidine bathing, vaginal preparation, and maintenance of normothermia (see Table 1). After adjusting for baseline differences between groups through multivariate logistic regression and overlap weighting, first-line therapy was associated with a 50% reduction in SSI risk compared to alternative regimens (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.34–0.76; p=0.001). (Table 2) Conclusion: Compared to alternative regimens for preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, the routine inclusion of metronidazole to cefazolin was associated with a reduced risk of SSI following AH surgeries even after adjusting for demographic, procedural and clinical differences between groups.

This work presents an integrated modelling study of fast-proton distributions generated by ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) minority heating in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Using a series of high-confinement (H-mode) discharges with increasing ICRF power levels from 0.8 to 2.4 MW, fast protons were produced via minority heating mechanisms and analysed through simulations using the ASCOT code. The results reveal that the fast protons are primarily concentrated near the fundamental cyclotron resonance layer and exhibit strong power-dependent behaviour in both real-space (R–Z) distribution and velocity space, where R is the major radius and Z is the vertical coordinate. As the ICRF power increases, the energetic proton population shows significant spatial broadening and energy enhancement, reaching up to 1 MeV. The fast-ion pitch-angle distribution becomes increasingly anisotropic, with high-energy ions concentrated around $|\textit{v}_{\|}/\textit{v}| \lt 0.5$, where $\nu$ is the magnitude (speed) of the full velocity vector of the particle. Furthermore, the energy density of fast ions aligns well with the ICRF power deposition profile, confirming efficient central-core heating. These findings, which provide insight into fast-ion behaviour and ICRF heating characteristics in EAST plasmas, also support future fast-ion diagnostics and performance control strategies in EAST and similar experimental conditions.

We investigate the dynamics of a three-dimensional thin laminar liquid film flowing down an inclined plane, influenced by both gravity and wind forces. The gas phase is modelled using a quasi-laminar approximation, in which viscosity is neglected. We expand Miles’ theory of wind-induced pressure, which previously focused on a one-dimensional interface, to a two-dimensional framework. From this, we derive evolution equations for the liquid film, including Benney-type and Nepomnyashchy-type models that capture the effects of wind on flow instability and wave dispersion. Our findings reveal two families of travelling-wave solutions and their bifurcation structures through numerical continuation. We analyse secondary instabilities using the centre-manifold method and Floquet theory, discovering finite-wavenumber bands in which oblique perturbations are more unstable than longitudinal ones. Based on these secondary-instability characteristics, we propose a classification framework for various flow regimes. Time-dependent numerical simulations support our predictions of secondary instabilities and reveal a range of nonlinear phenomena that occur after their onset. These phenomena include checkerboard-symmetric patterns, strip-like structures, phase-type instabilities and localised wave packets, some of which have been observed experimentally in previous studies.

We establish large sets of Anderson localized states for the quasi-periodic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on $\mathbb Z^d$, thus extending Anderson localization from the linear (cf. Bourgain [Geom. Funct. Anal., 17(3):682–706, 2007]) to a nonlinear setting, and from the random (cf. Bourgain-Wang [J. Eur. Math. Soc., 10(1):1–45, 2008]) to a deterministic setting. Among the main ingredients are a new Diophantine estimate of quasi-periodic functions in arbitrary-dimensional phase space, and the application of Bourgain’s geometric lemma in [Geom. Funct. Anal., 17(3):682–706, 2007].