Multi-robot coverage path planning (MCPP) is a key technology in the field of precision agriculture, providing fundamental support for autonomous agricultural vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to perform tasks such as crop monitoring, pesticide spraying, and seeding. Although existing MCPP methods can generate feasible coverage paths, they usually do not consider the nonholonomic kinematic constraints on robots during the planning stage but instead rely on post-processing methods to smooth the paths. This makes it difficult to evaluate the true costs of paths and easily causes an imbalance in task allocation, thereby prolonging coverage time. Therefore, this article studies the coverage path planning (CPP) problem of multiple curvature-constrained Dubins robots in agricultural scenarios. Firstly, inspired by the Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem, we propose an exact mathematical model to solve the optimal coverage paths. This model is more concise than existing ones as it does not use additional endpoint continuity constraints. Based on this, we further propose a game-based Dubins multi-robot coverage path planning algorithm, which achieves load balancing through task negotiation among robots and reduces the maximum coverage time. Experiments conducted in various agricultural scenarios show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the system load balancing and effectively reduces the overall coverage time. Specifically, compared with existing algorithms, the algorithm in this article reduces the coverage time by an average of $10.8\%$ and improves the load balance degree by approximately $47.4\%$. The feasibility tests also indicate that the generated paths are suitable for fixed-wing UAVs.

In laser-produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources, deformation of a tin droplet into an optimal target shape is determined by its interaction with a pre-pulse laser-generated plasma. This interaction is mediated by a transient ablation pressure, whose complex spatio-temporal evolution remains experimentally inaccessible. Existing modelling approaches are limited: empirical pressure–impulse models neglect dynamic plasma feedback, while advanced radiation hydrodynamics codes often fail to resolve late-time droplet hydrodynamics. To bridge this gap, we propose a radiation two-phase flow model based on a diffuse interface approach. The model integrates radiation hydrodynamics for the plasma with the Euler equations for a weakly compressible liquid, extending a five-equation diffuse interface formulation to incorporate radiation transport, thermal conduction, ionisation and surface tension. This formulation enforces pressure and velocity equilibrium across the diffuse interface region, with closure models constructed to ensure correct jump conditions at interfaces and asymptotically recover the pure-phase equations in bulk regions. Then we apply the model to simulate a benchmark pre-pulse scenario, where a $50\ \unicode{x03BC} \mathrm{m}$ tin droplet is irradiated by a $10\ \mathrm{ns}$ laser pulse. Our axisymmetric simulations capture the rapid plasma expansion and subsequent inertial flattening of the droplet into a thin, curved sheet over microsecond time scales. Notably, the model reproduces experimentally observed features such as an axial jet – rarely replicated in prior simulations. Quantitative agreement with experimental data for sheet dimensions and velocity validates the approach. The proposed model self-consistently couples laser–plasma physics with compressible droplet dynamics, providing a powerful tool for studying plasma–liquid interactions in LPP-EUV source optimisation.

Compliance with epidemic prevention norms has been found to be higher in developing regions than in developed regions; however, the nature and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We propose that socioeconomic development of environments changes the adaptive benefits of fundamental social motives, especially disease avoidance and familial motives, which shape variations in compliance during pandemics. To examine the effects of these motives on the relationship between socioeconomic environments and compliance, we conducted three studies measuring environmental socioeconomic development with the Human Development Index (HDI). Study 1 (with two datasets: N = 43,244, 53 countries; N = 94,657, 71 countries) revealed a stable negative correlation between country-level HDI and compliance, even after controlling disease severity, government responses, and individualism. Studies 2 (an analysis of social media text data; N = 22,588, 31 provinces) and 3 (a large-sample survey; N = 6,122, 31 cities) replicated this correlation in China at the provincial and city levels, and identified disease avoidance and familial motives as mediators. These findings provide evidence for how socioeconomic environments shape compliance during pandemics, highlight the importance of familial motives alongside disease avoidance, and offer insights into tailoring public health strategies across diverse environments.

The genus Oochoristica Lühe, 1898 (Cyclophyllidea: Linstowiidae) primarily parasitizes reptiles. A new species of Oochoristica was collected from the small intestine of Eremias roborowskii (Bedriaga, 1906), from the Turpan Basin of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Following hematoxylin staining, through microscopic examination and detailed morphological description, a comparative morphometric analysis was conducted against closely related congeners, with particular emphasis on key taxonomic indicators, including the reproductive system and cephalic structures. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using a multilocus analysis based on the 18S rRNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and COI gene regions. Genetic distances were calculated to support species delimitation. The parasite exhibits the following diagnostic features: proglottids significantly wider than long; a scolex lacking a rostellum and hooks; 20–25 spherical testes clustered in the posterior region of the proglottid; genital pores irregularly alternating along the lateral margins; a bilobed, highly branched ovary; and an elliptical vitellarium situated anterior to the ovary. Phylogenetic trees demonstrated that the new species formed a distinct, well-supported clade with lower intraspecific genetic variation than interspecific divergence, thereby supporting its status as an independent species. This new species is the 19th Oochoristica taxon recorded in the Palaearctic realm and the first novel cestode found in Eremias roborowskii. In the present study, an integrative taxonomic approach was employed, which combined comparative morphology with molecular phylogenetics and zoogeographic analyses, thereby elucidating the phylogenetic significance of this species within the genus Oochoristica.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose risks to human health and the environment, making the development of efficient technologies to reduce their emissions a priority. Catalytic oxidation represents a simple, efficient and environmentally friendly method for eliminating VOCs. Herein, a spinel CuCo2O4/biochar/attapulgite (ATP) composite was successfully synthesized via a sol–gel method using waste walnut shell powder as both a complexing agent and a combustion promoter. The effect of the mass ratio on toluene degradation performance was systematically investigated. The results indicated that when the mass ratio of CuCo2O4/ATP to the biomass precursor was optimized to 1:4, the catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic oxidation performance for toluene degradation, achieving 99% conversion at 300°C along with high stability. The introduction of biochar induced the formation of abundant oxygen vacancies on the spinel surface and effectively suppressed the agglomeration of CuCo2O4 particles. Moreover, the rich functional groups on biochar improved toluene adsorption, favouring the subsequent catalytic oxidation. The current study offers a cost-effective strategy for VOC abatement by taking advantage of minerals and biomass.

The Kolmogorov’s refined similarity hypothesis (RSH), which plays a fundamental role in studying turbulence intermittency, establishes a connection between locally averaged energy dissipation rates and statistics of velocity increments. This work extends the RSH framework from hydrodynamic (HD) turbulence to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. In analogy to the form of the RSH in HD turbulence and the third-order law in MHD turbulence (Politano & Pouquet, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 25, 1998, pp. 273–276), simple and mixed forms of RSH in MHD turbulence are proposed. These two forms are systematically verified and compared with datasets from direct numerical simulations. The results reveal that the simple form satisfies the predictions of Kolmogorov’s RSH, with respect to the scaling exponents of the local variables and the probability density functions (PDFs) of the Elsässer increments. The range of the local Reynolds number over which the RSH is satisfied is wider for the simple form than for the mixed form. The PDFs of the normalised Elsässer increments reasonably follow Gaussian and Rayleigh distributions for the simple and mixed forms, respectively. The effects of the external forcing and mean magnetic fields are studied, and these do not alter the performance of the two forms. However, cross-helicity can change the RSH constant for the simple form, while this constant for the mixed form does not vary. This study advances understanding of intermittency, multifractality, anomalous scaling and cascade dynamics in MHD turbulence.

Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are a leading cause of disability worldwide. The predominantly plant-based EAT–Lancet diet has been proposed to confer neuropsychiatric benefits, yet evidence remains limited. This study synthesized associations between adherence to the EAT–Lancet diet and neuropsychiatric outcomes. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global through September 4, 2025. Observational studies reporting associations between EAT–Lancet adherence and NPDs were included. Binary outcomes were pooled as hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs), and continuous outcomes as regression coefficients (β). Subgroup, sensitivity, and publication-bias analyses were performed. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework (GRADE). Twenty-two cohort and six cross-sectional studies were included. Higher adherence to the EAT–Lancet diet was associated with lower risks of depression (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.71–0.81), anxiety (OR 0.82; 0.76–0.89), stroke (HR 0.84; 0.76–0.92), and dementia (HR 0.96; 0.93–1.00), whereas no significant association was observed for global cognitive function (β 0.02; −0.01 to 0.06). Sensitivity analyses supported robustness. Certainty of evidence was very low for anxiety, depression, and cognition, and low for stroke and dementia. Greater adherence to the EAT–Lancet diet was associated with lower risks of depression, anxiety, stroke, and dementia. However, given the low certainty of evidence, findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further large prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are warranted to improve evidence quality and clarify the potential role of the EAT–Lancet diet in neuropsychiatric disease prevention.

Vegetation structure is an important factor influencing the secondary dispersal distance of wind-dispersed seeds. How vegetation structure and seed characteristics interact to affect seed secondary dispersal strategies remains unclear. We collected data on seed morphological and aerodynamic traits, lift-off wind and dispersal velocities for 12 wind-dispersed species with six types of appendages using a large-scale wind tunnel simulating the seed secondary wind dispersal across six simulated vegetation structures of desert steppe, typical steppe and meadow steppe to analyze the effects of vegetation structures and seed traits on the seed secondary dispersal strategy. Seeds with pappi exhibiting large projected area, low mass, low wing loading and low terminal velocity were less affected by vegetation obstruction and tended to adopt telechory strategies across all vegetation structures. Conversely, seeds with one wing that demonstrated a small projected area, high mass, wing loading and terminal velocity were less affected by vegetation structures and tended to adopt an antitelechory strategy. Seeds with disc-shaped, four wings, balloons and thorns, characterized by higher mass, wing loading, density and terminal velocity, adopted a shift from telechory, atelechory or antitelechory strategies depending on vegetation structures. In sparse vegetation structures (bare ground or simulated desert steppe), they mostly adopt telechory or atelechory strategies, whereas in dense and high vegetation structures (simulated typical steppe and meadow steppe), they adopt antitelechory or atelechory strategies. In conclusion, secondary seed wind-dispersal strategies are jointly determined by the interaction between vegetation structure and seed morphology characteristics.

Carbonatite is one of the major archives of rare earth elements (REEs), and in some cases, its formation is linked to the deep subduction of carbonated ocean crust and REE-rich sediments. The formation conditions of hydroxyl REE carbonate, [Sm(CO3)OH] or ‘hydroxylbastnäsite-(Sm)’ (it is not presently an IMA-approved mineral), in a subduction zone were simulated at 3 GPa and 1073 K. The crystal structure of Sm(CO3)OH was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), which shows the crystal to be hexagonal with cell parameters a = b = 12.2143 (7) Å, c = 9.8393 (6) Å, V = 1271.26 (17) Å3, and space group $P\bar 6$. The high-pressure properties of synthesized Sm(CO3)OH were investigated using in-situ synchrotron powder XRD and Raman spectroscopy at pressures up to 20.9 and 20.6 GPa at ambient temperature, respectively. Additionally, the structural stability of Sm(CO3)OH under pressure and temperature conditions up to 5.9 GPa and 473 K was also investigated using Raman spectroscopy. A third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state fitted to the ambient temperature and high-pressure data points yielded K0 = 76 (11) GPa with K0ʹ = 13 (2), and K0 = 127 (2) GPa if K0ʹ is constrained to a value of 4. Analysis of axial compressible moduli shows an apparent compression anisotropy of Sm(CO3)OH: Ka = 215 (5) GPa and Kc = 265 (5) GPa. Raman spectra of the synthesized quenchable crystal of Sm(CO3)OH displayed no detectable phase transition at the pressure range from ambient to 20.6 GPa, and no noticeable phase transition when the temperature and pressure were increased from ambient conditions to 473 K and 5.9 GPa, respectively. These results suggest that the [Sm(CO3)OH] phase may play a potential role as a conveyor for the migration of rare earth elements (REE), carbon (C) and water (-OH) to the deep Earth during plate subduction.

China has increasingly integrated nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) into its global development strategies. Chinese NGOs’ project location choices have far-reaching implications not only for the effectiveness and sustainability of service delivery and resource allocation but also for the broader dynamics of international development and diplomacy. However, existing studies on location choices have focused on Western NGOs, with limited attention to how NGOs from authoritarian states like China, characterized by heightened governmental influence and constrained NGO autonomy, choose locations for international development projects. This paper represents the first attempt to empirically investigate the underlying factors and mechanisms. Based on a unique panel dataset, we show that NGOs tend to align their project locations with government initiatives, placing more projects in countries with more Chinese government-financed aid and development projects and a greater cross-country political affinity stemming from shared socialist legacies. In addition, such government-guided NGO alignment has temporal dynamics, with the effects of government projects on NGO initiatives peaking within the initial five years and diminishing thereafter. These findings provide insights into shifting development paradigms, the evolving role of civil society in international relations, how authoritarian regimes leverage NGOs to advance their foreign policy objectives, and the long-term implications for civic infrastructure development worldwide.

Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) at a single-mode interface separating an inert gas (N$_2$) and a reactive gas mixture (H$_2$/O$_2$/Xe) under reshock conditions is numerically investigated using a newly developed compressible reactive Navier–Stokes solver. The solver employs the Kéromnès mechanism (10 species, 21 reactions) for combustion modelling and a dual-flux algorithm to suppress numerical oscillations at material interfaces, demonstrating high accuracy across a wide range of benchmark tests. By systematically varying incident shock Mach numbers, we identify four distinct evolution regimes: an inert regime (${\textit{Ma}} \lt 1.80$), characterised by negligible combustion effects on interface evolution; a deflagration regime ($1.80 \lt Ma \lt 1.86$), marked by strong coupling between interface dynamics and combustion through sustained interactions; a detonation regime ($1.86 \lt Ma \lt 2.50$), where rapid transition to detonation leads to moderate coupling; and an immediate detonation regime (${\textit{Ma}} \gt 2.50$), where detonation occurs directly after incident shock impact, modifying interface evolution from the outset through intense heat release and pressure waves. Mixing width and mixing level are most significantly enhanced in the deflagration regime due to prolonged combustion-flow interactions, while cases with higher Mach numbers show reduced mixing due to rapid combustion completion. Heat release and enstrophy also display clear regime-dependent evolution behaviour: maximum heat release occurs in the detonation regime, while peak enstrophy is observed in the deflagration regime. A clear correlation is observed between the Damköhler number ($Da$), which represents the ratio of hydrodynamic to chemical time scales, and the flow regimes: for ${\textit{Ma}} \lt 1.80$, $Da \lt 1$ indicates negligible coupling; at ${\textit{Ma}} = 1.83$, $Da \approx 1$ reflects sustained coupling; and for ${\textit{Ma}} \gt 2.00$, $Da \gt 1$ denotes strong early coupling. This correlation provides a theoretical basis for interpreting the distinct regimes and guiding the modulation of reactive RMI.

The classification of the species in the genus Actias Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is challenging because many species have a highly similar morphology, while differences in database classification standards also provoke identification problems. To help resolve these issues, we conducted an integrative analysis of 741 cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode sequences available by combining phylogenetic reconstruction, population genetic (Fst) metrics, and biogeographic data. This approach delineated 44 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and established a genus-specific, empirical genetic distance threshold of 2.05% from a baseline of 29 morphologically validated MOTUs. These 29 MOTUs/morphospecies were then utilized to assess the interspecific genetic distance gap of this genus and further used as the species-level genetic distance to delimit the remaining morphospecies. Applying this multi-evidence framework allowed us to propose a significant re-evaluation of species boundaries, including several taxonomic reclassifications, and to generate the molecular inventory for Actias. Our study illustrates the power of an integrated molecular approach to resolve complex taxonomic issues and provides a robust, data-driven foundation for future research on Actias.

Deep learning (DL) has been applied to phase control in coherent beam combining (CBC) recently. However, existing DL-based approaches for filled-aperture CBC essentially convert the phase-locking path into tiled-aperture schemes. Consequently, common-path phase locking in DL-based filled-aperture CBC remains unrealized. Common-path refers to a phase-locking scheme in which the phase information is extracted from the combined beam after the same combining system. In this paper, a common-path phase-locking method is proposed. By exploiting the intrinsic nonuniformity, each laser source is effectively labeled, enabling a mapping between the combined speckle and the multi-source phase. A neural network is employed to reconstruct the phase. Simulations with 25-channel CBC demonstrate a phase-locking accuracy of up to λ/39. Notably, it remains effective under dynamic phase disturbances. Our work presents a common-path phase-locking approach based on a neural network for filled-aperture CBC, which can offer a new solution for the field.