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Seeding and feeding milestones: the role of human milk microbes and oligosaccharides in the temporal development of infant gut microbiota
- Martha F. Endika, David J.M. Barnett, Cynthia E. Klostermann, Noortje Kok, Henk A. Schols, Arjen Nauta, Ilja C.W. Arts, John Penders, Koen Venema, Hauke Smidt
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- Gut Microbiome / Accepted manuscript
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2024, pp. 1-24
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The mediating role of health behaviors in the association between depression, anxiety and cancer incidence: an individual participant data meta-analysis
- Kuan-Yu Pan, Lonneke van Tuijl, Maartje Basten, Judith J. M. Rijnhart, Alexander de Graeff, Joost Dekker, Mirjam I. Geerlings, Adriaan Hoogendoorn, Adelita V. Ranchor, Roel Vermeulen, Lützen Portengen, Adri C. Voogd, Jessica Abell, Philip Awadalla, Aartjan T. F. Beekman, Ottar Bjerkeset, Andy Boyd, Yunsong Cui, Philipp Frank, Henrike Galenkamp, Bert Garssen, Sean Hellingman, Monika Hollander, Martijn Huisman, Anke Huss, Melanie R. Keats, Almar A. L. Kok, Steinar Krokstad, Flora E. van Leeuwen, Annemarie I. Luik, Nolwenn Noisel, Yves Payette, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Susan Picavet, Ina Rissanen, Annelieke M. Roest, Judith G. M. Rosmalen, Rikje Ruiter, Robert A. Schoevers, David Soave, Mandy Spaan, Andrew Steptoe, Karien Stronks, Erik R. Sund, Ellen Sweeney, Alison Teyhan, Emma L. Twait, Kimberly D. van der Willik, Femke Lamers
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- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 April 2024, pp. 1-14
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Background
Although behavioral mechanisms in the association among depression, anxiety, and cancer are plausible, few studies have empirically studied mediation by health behaviors. We aimed to examine the mediating role of several health behaviors in the associations among depression, anxiety, and the incidence of various cancer types (overall, breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, smoking-related, and alcohol-related cancers).
MethodsTwo-stage individual participant data meta-analyses were performed based on 18 cohorts within the Psychosocial Factors and Cancer Incidence consortium that had a measure of depression or anxiety (N = 319 613, cancer incidence = 25 803). Health behaviors included smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), sedentary behavior, and sleep duration and quality. In stage one, path-specific regression estimates were obtained in each cohort. In stage two, cohort-specific estimates were pooled using random-effects multivariate meta-analysis, and natural indirect effects (i.e. mediating effects) were calculated as hazard ratios (HRs).
ResultsSmoking (HRs range 1.04–1.10) and physical inactivity (HRs range 1.01–1.02) significantly mediated the associations among depression, anxiety, and lung cancer. Smoking was also a mediator for smoking-related cancers (HRs range 1.03–1.06). There was mediation by health behaviors, especially smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol use, and a higher BMI, in the associations among depression, anxiety, and overall cancer or other types of cancer, but effects were small (HRs generally below 1.01).
ConclusionsSmoking constitutes a mediating pathway linking depression and anxiety to lung cancer and smoking-related cancers. Our findings underline the importance of smoking cessation interventions for persons with depression or anxiety.
VaTEST III: Validation of eight potential super-earths from TESS data
- Priyashkumar Mistry, Aniket Prasad, Mousam Maity, Kamlesh Pathak, Sarvesh Gharat, Georgios Lekkas, Surendra Bhattarai, Dhruv Kumar, Jack J. Lissauer, Joseph D. Twicken, Abderahmane Soubkiou, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Jon Jenkins, Keith Horne, Steven Giacalone, Khalid Barkaoui, Mathilde Timmermans, Cristilyn N. Watkins, Ramotholo Sefako, Karen A. Collins, David R. Ciardi, Catherine A. Clark, Boris S. Safonov, Avi Shporer, Joshua E. Schlieder, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Chris Stockdale, Carl Ziegler, Emily A. Gilbert, Jehin Emmanuël, Felipe Murgas, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Martin Paegert, Michael B. Lund, Norio Narita, Richard P. Schwarz, Robert F. Goeke, Sergio B. Fajardo-Acosta, Steve B. Howell, Thiam-Guan Tan, Thomas Barclay, Yugo Kawai
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 41 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 April 2024, e030
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NASA’s all-sky survey mission, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), is specifically engineered to detect exoplanets that transit bright stars. Thus far, TESS has successfully identified approximately 400 transiting exoplanets, in addition to roughly 6 000 candidate exoplanets pending confirmation. In this study, we present the results of our ongoing project, the Validation of Transiting Exoplanets using Statistical Tools (VaTEST). Our dedicated effort is focused on the confirmation and characterisation of new exoplanets through the application of statistical validation tools. Through a combination of ground-based telescope data, high-resolution imaging, and the utilisation of the statistical validation tool known as TRICERATOPS, we have successfully discovered eight potential super-Earths. These planets bear the designations: TOI-238b (1.61
$^{+0.09} _{-0.10}$ R
$_\oplus$), TOI-771b (1.42
$^{+0.11} _{-0.09}$ R
$_\oplus$), TOI-871b (1.66
$^{+0.11} _{-0.11}$ R
$_\oplus$), TOI-1467b (1.83
$^{+0.16} _{-0.15}$ R
$_\oplus$), TOI-1739b (1.69
$^{+0.10} _{-0.08}$ R
$_\oplus$), TOI-2068b (1.82
$^{+0.16} _{-0.15}$ R
$_\oplus$), TOI-4559b (1.42
$^{+0.13} _{-0.11}$ R
$_\oplus$), and TOI-5799b (1.62
$^{+0.19} _{-0.13}$ R
$_\oplus$). Among all these planets, six of them fall within the region known as ‘keystone planets’, which makes them particularly interesting for study. Based on the location of TOI-771b and TOI-4559b below the radius valley we characterised them as likely super-Earths, though radial velocity mass measurements for these planets will provide more details about their characterisation. It is noteworthy that planets within the size range investigated herein are absent from our own solar system, making their study crucial for gaining insights into the evolutionary stages between Earth and Neptune.
DISCUSSION: PRESENTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC 14CO2 DATA
- Stephen E Schwartz, Quan Hua, David E Andrews, Ralph F Keeling, Scott J Lehman, Jocelyn C Turnbull, Paula J Reimer, John B Miller, Harro A J Meijer
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- Journal:
- Radiocarbon / Volume 66 / Issue 2 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2024, pp. 386-399
- Print publication:
- April 2024
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Observations of radiocarbon (14C) in Earth’s atmosphere and other carbon reservoirs are important to quantify exchanges of CO2 between reservoirs. The amount of 14C is commonly reported in the so-called Delta notation, i.e., Δ14C, the decay- and fractionation-corrected departure of the ratio of 14C to total C from that ratio in an absolute international standard; this Delta notation permits direct comparison of 14C/C ratios in the several reservoirs. However, as Δ14C of atmospheric CO2, Δ14CO2 is based on the ratio of 14CO2 to total atmospheric CO2, its value can and does change not just because of change in the amount of atmospheric14CO2 but also because of change in the amount of total atmospheric CO2, complicating ascription of change in Δ14CO2 to change in one or the other quantity. Here we suggest that presentation of atmospheric 14CO2 amount as mole fraction relative to dry air (moles of 14CO2 per moles of dry air in Earth’s atmosphere), or as moles or molecules of 14CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere, all readily calculated from Δ14CO2 and the amount of atmospheric CO2 (with slight dependence on δ13CO2), complements presentation only as Δ14CO2, and can provide valuable insight into the evolving budget and distribution of atmospheric 14CO2.
Determinants of confrontation naming deficits on the Boston Naming Test associated with transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology
- Carling G. Robinson, Austin W. Goodrich, Stephen D. Weigand, Nha Trang Thu Pham, Arenn F. Carlos, Marina Buciuc, Melissa E. Murray, Aivi T. Nguyen, R. Ross Reichard, David S. Knopman, Ronald C. Petersen, Dennis W. Dickson, Rene L. Utianski, Jennifer L. Whitwell, Keith A. Josephs, Mary M. Machulda
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 March 2024, pp. 1-9
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Objective:
To determine whether poorer performance on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in individuals with transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology (TDP-43+) is due to greater loss of word knowledge compared to retrieval-based deficits.
Methods:Retrospective clinical-pathologic study of 282 participants with Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC) and known TDP-43 status. We evaluated item-level performance on the 60-item BNT for first and last available assessment. We fit cross-sectional negative binomial count models that assessed total number of incorrect items, number correct of responses with phonemic cue (reflecting retrieval difficulties), and number of “I don’t know” (IDK) responses (suggestive of loss of word knowledge) at both assessments. Models included TDP-43 status and adjusted for sex, age, education, years from test to death, and ADNC severity. Models that evaluated the last assessment adjusted for number of prior BNT exposures.
Results:43% were TDP-43+. The TDP-43+ group had worse performance on BNT total score at first (p = .01) and last assessments (p = .01). At first assessment, TDP-43+ individuals had an estimated 29% (CI: 7%–56%) higher mean number of incorrect items after adjusting for covariates, and a 51% (CI: 15%–98%) higher number of IDK responses compared to TDP-43−. At last assessment, compared to TDP-43−, the TDP-43+ group on average missed 31% (CI: 6%–62%; p = .01) more items and had 33% more IDK responses (CI: 1% fewer to 78% more; p = .06).
Conclusions:An important component of poorer performance on the BNT in participants who are TDP-43+ is having loss of word knowledge versus retrieval difficulties.
The effect of older age on outcomes of rTMS treatment for treatment-resistant depression
- Michael K. Leuchter, Cole Citrenbaum, Andrew C. Wilson, Tristan D. Tibbe, Nicholas J. Jackson, David E. Krantz, Scott A. Wilke, Juliana Corlier, Thomas B. Strouse, Gil D. Hoftman, Reza Tadayonnejad, Ralph J. Koek, Aaron R. Slan, Nathaniel D. Ginder, Margaret G. Distler, Hewa Artin, John H. Lee, Adesewa E. Adelekun, Evan H. Einstein, Hanadi A. Oughli, Andrew F. Leuchter
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 March 2024, pp. 1-6
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Clinical outcomes of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) vary widely and there is no mood rating scale that is standard for assessing rTMS outcome. It remains unclear whether TMS is as efficacious in older adults with late-life depression (LLD) compared to younger adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study examined the effect of age on outcomes of rTMS treatment of adults with TRD. Self-report and observer mood ratings were measured weekly in 687 subjects ages 16–100 years undergoing rTMS treatment using the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 30-item Self-Report (IDS-SR), Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ), Profile of Mood States 30-item, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item (HDRS). All rating scales detected significant improvement with treatment; response and remission rates varied by scale but not by age (response/remission ≥ 60: 38%–57%/25%–33%; <60: 32%–49%/18%–25%). Proportional hazards models showed early improvement predicted later improvement across ages, though early improvements in PHQ and HDRS were more predictive of remission in those < 60 years (relative to those ≥ 60) and greater baseline IDS burden was more predictive of non-remission in those ≥ 60 years (relative to those < 60). These results indicate there is no significant effect of age on treatment outcomes in rTMS for TRD, though rating instruments may differ in assessment of symptom burden between younger and older adults during treatment.
Reduced dorsal fronto-striatal connectivity at rest in anorexia nervosa
- Alexandra F. Muratore, Karin Foerde, E. Caitlin Lloyd, Caroline Touzeau, Blair Uniacke, Natalie Aw, David Semanek, Yun Wang, B. Timothy Walsh, Evelyn Attia, Jonathan Posner, Joanna E. Steinglass
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- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 March 2024, pp. 1-10
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Background
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness that remains difficult to treat. Elucidating the neural mechanisms of AN is necessary to identify novel treatment targets and improve outcomes. A growing body of literature points to a role for dorsal fronto-striatal circuitry in the pathophysiology of AN, with increasing evidence of abnormal task-based fMRI activation within this network among patients with AN. Whether these abnormalities are present at rest and reflect fundamental differences in brain organization is unclear.
MethodsThe current study combined resting-state fMRI data from patients with AN (n = 89) and healthy controls (HC; n = 92) across four studies, removing site effects using ComBat harmonization. First, the a priori hypothesis that dorsal fronto-striatal connectivity strength – specifically between the anterior caudate and dlPFC – differed between patients and HC was tested using seed-based functional connectivity analysis with small-volume correction. To assess specificity of effects, exploratory analyses examined anterior caudate whole-brain connectivity, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), and node centrality.
ResultsCompared to HC, patients showed significantly reduced right, but not left, anterior caudate-dlPFC connectivity (p = 0.002) in small-volume corrected analyses. Whole-brain analyses also identified reduced connectivity between the right anterior caudate and left superior frontal and middle frontal gyri (p = 0.028) and increased connectivity between the right anterior caudate and right occipital cortex (p = 0.038). No group differences were found in analyses of anterior caudate ALFF and node centrality.
ConclusionsDecreased coupling of dorsal fronto-striatal regions indicates that circuit-based abnormalities persist at rest and suggests this network may be a potential treatment target.
P32: Effects of vitamin D3 and marine omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on indicated and selective prevention of depression in older adults: results from the clinical center sub-cohort of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL
- Chirag M. Vyas, David Mischoulon, Grace Chang, Nancy R. Cook, JoAnn E. Manson, Charles F. Reynolds III, Olivia I. Okereke
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 35 / Issue S1 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 February 2024, pp. 152-153
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Objective:
To test vitamin D3 and omega-3s for late-life depression prevention under the National Academy of Medicine framework for indicated (targeting subthreshold depression) and selective (targeting presence of high-risk factors) prevention.
Methods:VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a 2x2 factorial trial of vitamin D3 (2000 IU/day) and/or omega-3s (1 g/day) for cardiovascular and cancer prevention (enrollment: November 2011-March 2014; end date: December 31, 2017). In this targeted prevention study, we included 720 VITAL clinical sub-cohort participants who completed neurobehavioral assessments at baseline and 2 years (91.9% retention). High-risk factors were: subthreshold or clinical anxiety, impaired activities of daily living, physical/functional limitation, medical comorbidity, cognitive impairment, caregiving burden, problem drinking, and low psychosocial support. Co-primary outcomes were: incident major depression (MDD), adjudicated using DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition); change in mood (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]). We used exact tests to determine treatment effects on MDD incidence and repeated measures models to determine treatment effects on PHQ-9.
Results:11.1% had subthreshold depression, 60.8% had ≥1 high-risk factors, MDD incidence=4.7% (5.0% among completers), and mean PHQ-9 change=0.02 points. Among those with subthreshold depression, the MDD risk ratio (95% confidence intervals)=0.36 (0.06 to 1.28) for vitamin D3 and 0.85 (0.25 to 2.92) for omega-3s, compared to placebos; results were also null among those with ≥1 high-risk factors [vitamin D3 vs. placebo: 0.63 (0.25 to 1.53); omega-3s vs. placebo: 1.08 (0.46 to 2.71)]. There were no significant differences in PHQ-9 change comparing either supplement with placebo.
Conclusion:Neither vitamin D3 nor omega-3s showed benefits for indicated and selective prevention of late-life depression; statistical power was limited.
The impact of minimally invasive surgical approaches on surgical-site infections
- Stephanie F. Sweitzer, Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, Jessica Seidelman, Deverick J. Anderson, Moe R. Lim, David J. Weber
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 45 / Issue 5 / May 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 January 2024, pp. 557-561
- Print publication:
- May 2024
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We performed a literature review to describe the risk of surgical-site infection (SSI) in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) compared to standard open surgery. Most studies reported decreased SSI rates among patients undergoing MIS compared to open procedures. However, many were observational studies and may have been affected by selection bias. MIS is associated with reduced risk of surgical-site infection compared to standard open surgery and should be considered when feasible.
3 Two Dominant Post-COVID Subtypes in Patients Seeking Treatment for “Brain Fog” Through a Post-COVID Treatment Clinic
- Kristine Lokken, Jamie Hansel Robinson, Richard Kennedy, David E Vance, Ronald M Lazar, Roy C Martin, Melissa J Greenfield, Pariya F Wheeler, Adam Gerstenecker
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 876-877
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Objective:
To examine patterns of cognitive function among a clinical sample of patients seeking treatment for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
Participants and Methods:One hundred nineteen patients each completed a baseline neuropsychological evaluation, including clinical diagnostic interview, cognitive assessments, and a comprehensive battery of self-report questionnaires. Patients had a mean age of 50 years (range:18 to 74, SD=10.1) and a mean of 15.5 years (SD=2.54) of formal education. Patients were primarily female (74%) and of White/Caucasian race (75%). Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used to partition the data into groups based on cognitive performance. Euclidean distance was used as the similarity measure for the continuous variables and within-cluster variance was minimized using Ward’s method. The optimal number of clusters was determined empirically by fitting models with 1 to 15 clusters, with the best number of clusters selected using the silhouette index. All analyses were conducted using the NbClust package, an R package for determining the relevant number of clusters in a data set.
Results:Clustering yielded two distinct clusters of cognitive performance. Group 1 (n=57) performed worse than Group 2 (n=62) on most cognitive variables (including a brief cognitive screener and tests of attention/working memory, executive function, processing speed, learning and delayed recall). Of note, there were no significant differences between groups on an infection severity scale, hospitalizations/ICU admissions, initial or current COVID-19 symptoms, or prior comorbidities. Groups did not differ in age or gender, but Group 1 had a lower education level than Group 2 (M=14.7, SD=2.45 vs. M=16.2, SD=2.42; p=.001). Group 1 also had significantly more minorities than Group 2 (40% vs. 8%; p<.001). No other demographic differences (income, living arrangement, or marital status) were observed. In comparison to Group 2 patients, Group 1 patients self-reported significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression and functional impairment (Functional Activities Questionnaire: M=11.3, SD=8.33 vs. M=7.65, SD=7.97), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale: M=24.7, SD=7.90 vs. M=20.3, SD=7.89), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index: M=16.0, SD=6.50 vs. M=13.1, SD=6.76), and subjective cognitive functioning (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire: M=58.8, SD=16.9 vs. M=50.3, SD=18.6; p’s<.05).
Conclusions:Findings indicate two predominant subtypes of patients seeking treatment for PASC, with one group presenting as more cognitively impaired and reporting greater levels of anxiety, depression, insomnia, perceived stress, functional limitations, and subjective cognitive impairment. Future directions include follow-up assessments with these patients to determine cognitive trajectories over time and tailoring treatment adjuncts to address mood symptoms, insomnia, functional ability, and lifestyle variables. Understanding mechanisms of differences in cognitive and affective symptoms is needed in future work. Limitations to the study were that patients were referred for evaluation based on the complaint of “brain fog” and the sample was a homogenous, highly educated, younger group of individuals who experienced generally mild COVID-19 course.
61 Network Segregation Predicts Processing Speed in the Cognitively Healthy Oldest-old
- Sara A Nolin, Mary E Faulkner, Paul Stewart, Leland Fleming, Stacy Merritt, Roxanne F Rezaei, Pradyumna K Bharadwaj, Mary Kathryn Franchetti, Daniel A Raichlen, Courtney J Jessup, Lloyd Edwards, G Alex Hishaw, Emily J Van Etten, Theodore P Trouard, David S Geldmacher, Virginia G Wadley, Noam Alperin, Eric C Porges, Adam J Woods, Ronald A Cohen, Bonnie E Levin, Tatjana Rundek, Gene E Alexander, Kristina M Visscher
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 367-368
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Objective:
Understanding the factors contributing to optimal cognitive function throughout the aging process is essential to better understand successful cognitive aging. Processing speed is an age sensitive cognitive domain that usually declines early in the aging process; however, this cognitive skill is essential for other cognitive tasks and everyday functioning. Evaluating brain network interactions in cognitively healthy older adults can help us understand how brain characteristics variations affect cognitive functioning. Functional connections among groups of brain areas give insight into the brain’s organization, and the cognitive effects of aging may relate to this large-scale organization. To follow-up on our prior work, we sought to replicate our findings regarding network segregation’s relationship with processing speed. In order to address possible influences of node location or network membership we replicated the analysis across 4 different node sets.
Participants and Methods:Data were acquired as part of a multi-center study of 85+ cognitively normal individuals, the McKnight Brain Aging Registry (MBAR). For this analysis, we included 146 community-dwelling, cognitively unimpaired older adults, ages 85-99, who had undergone structural and BOLD resting state MRI scans and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Exploratory factor analysis identified the processing speed factor of interest. We preprocessed BOLD scans using fmriprep, Ciftify, and XCPEngine algorithms. We used 4 different sets of connectivity-based parcellation: 1)MBAR data used to define nodes and Power (2011) atlas used to determine node network membership, 2) Younger adults data used to define nodes (Chan 2014) and Power (2011) atlas used to determine node network membership, 3) Older adults data from a different study (Han 2018) used to define nodes and Power (2011) atlas used to determine node network membership, and 4) MBAR data used to define nodes and MBAR data based community detection used to determine node network membership.
Segregation (balance of within-network and between-network connections) was measured within the association system and three wellcharacterized networks: Default Mode Network (DMN), Cingulo-Opercular Network (CON), and Fronto-Parietal Network (FPN). Correlation between processing speed and association system and networks was performed for all 4 node sets.
Results:We replicated prior work and found the segregation of both the cortical association system, the segregation of FPN and DMN had a consistent relationship with processing speed across all node sets (association system range of correlations: r=.294 to .342, FPN: r=.254 to .272, DMN: r=.263 to .273). Additionally, compared to parcellations created with older adults, the parcellation created based on younger individuals showed attenuated and less robust findings as those with older adults (association system r=.263, FPN r=.255, DMN r=.263).
Conclusions:This study shows that network segregation of the oldest-old brain is closely linked with processing speed and this relationship is replicable across different node sets created with varied datasets. This work adds to the growing body of knowledge about age-related dedifferentiation by demonstrating replicability and consistency of the finding that as essential cognitive skill, processing speed, is associated with differentiated functional networks even in very old individuals experiencing successful cognitive aging.
48 Educational Differences in Digital Clock Drawing for the Command Condition: A Bayesian Network Analysis
- Emily F Matusz, Brandon E Frank, Catherine Dion, Udell Holmes III, Yonah Joffe, Sabyasachi Bandyopadhyay, Parisa Rashidi, Patrick Tighe, David J Libon, Catherine C Price
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 727-728
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Objective:
Research shows that highly educated individuals have at least 20 graphomotor features associated with clock drawing with hands set for '10 after 11' (Davoudi et al., 2021). Research has yet to understand clock drawing features in individuals with fewer years of education. In the current study, we compared older adults with < 8 years of education to those with > 9 years of education on number and pattern of graphomotor feature relationships in the clock drawing command condition.
Participants and Methods:Participants age 65+ from the University of Florida (UF) and UF Health (N= 10,491) completed both command and copy conditions of the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) as a part of a federally-funded investigation. Participants were categorized into two education groups: < 8 years of education (n= 304) and > 9 years of education (n= 10,187). Propensity score matching was then used to match participants from each subgroup (n= 266 for each subgroup) on the following demographic characteristics: age, sex, race, and ethnicity (n= 532, age= 74.99±6.21, education= 10.41±4.45, female= 42.7%, non-white= 32.0%). Network models were derived using Bayesian Structure Learning (BSL) with the hill-climbing algorithm to obtain optimal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from all possible solutions in each subgroup for the dCDT command condition.
Results:Both education groups retained 13 of 91 possible edges (14.29%). For the < 8 years of education group (education= 6.65±1.74, ASA= 3.08±0.35), the network included 3 clock face (CF), 7 digit, and 3 hour hand (HH) and minute hand (MH) independent, or “parent,” features connected to the retained edges (BIC= -7395.24). In contrast, the > 9 years of education group (education= 14.17±2.88, ASA= 2.90±0.46) network retained 1 CF, 6 digit, 5 HH and MH, and 1 additional parent features representing the total number of pen strokes (BIC= -6689.92). Both groups showed that greater distance from the HH to the center of the clock also had greater distance from the MH to the center of the clock [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.73, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.76]. Groups were similar in the size of the digit height relative to the distance of the digits to the CF [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.27, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.56]. Larger HH angle was associated with larger MH angle across groups [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.28, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.23].
Conclusions:Education groups differed in the ratio of dCDT parent feature types. Specifically, copy clock production in older adults with < 8 years of education relied more heavily on CF parent features. In contrast, older adults with > 9 years of education relied more heavily on HH and MH parent features. Individuals with < 8 years of education may more infrequently present the concept of time in the clock drawing command condition. This study highlights the importance of considering education level in interpreting dCDT scores and features.
49 Educational Differences in Digital Clock Drawing for the Copy Condition: A Bayesian Network Analysis
- Emily F Matusz, Brandon E Frank, Catherine Dion, Udell Holmes III, Yonah Joffe, Sabyasachi Bandyopadhyay, Parisa Rashidi, Patrick Tighe, David J Libon, Catherine C Price
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 728
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Objective:
Research shows that highly educated individuals have at least 20 graphomotor features associated with clock drawing with hands set for '10 after 11' (Davoudi et al., 2021). Research has yet to understand clock drawing features in individuals with fewer years of education. In the current study, we compared older adults with < 8 years of education to those with > 9 years of education on number and pattern of graphomotor feature relationships in the clock drawing copy condition.
Participants and Methods:Participants age 65+ from the University of Florida (UF) and UF Health (N= 10,491) completed command and copy digital Clock Drawing Tests (dCDT) as a part of a federally-funded investigation. Participants were categorized into two groups: < 8 years of education (n= 304) and > 9 years of education (n= 10,187). Propensity score matching was used to match participants from each subgroup (n= 266 for each subgroup) on the following: age, sex, race, and ethnicity (n= 532, age= 74.99±6.21, education= 10.41±4.45, female= 42.7%, non-white= 32.0%). Network models were derived using Bayesian Structure Learning (BSL) with the hill-climbing algorithm to obtain optimal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from all possible solutions in each subgroup for the dCDT copy condition.
Results:The < 8 years of education group (education= 6.65±1.74, ASA= 3.08±0.35), retained 12 of 91 possible edges (13.19%, BIC= -7775.50). The network retained 2 clock face (CF), 5 digit, and 5 hour hand (HH) and minute hand (MH) independent, or “parent,” features connected to the retained edges. In contrast, the > 9 years of education group (education= 14.17±2.88, ASA= 2.90±0.46) network retained 15 of 91 possible edges (16.48%, BIC= -8261.484). The network retained 2 CF, 6 digit, 4 HH and MH, and an additional 3 total stroke parent features. Both groups showed that greater distance from the HH to the clock center also had greater distance from the MH to the clock center (ßz= 0.73, both). Groups were similar in digit width size relative to digit height [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.72, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.74]. Digit height size related to CF area [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.44, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.62] and CF area related to the digit distance to the CF across groups [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.39, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.46]. Greater distance from the MH to the clock center was associated with smaller MH angle [ßz(< 8 years)= -0.35, ßz(> 9 years)= -0.31], whereas greater digit misplacement was associated with larger MH angle across groups [ßz(< 8 years)= 0.14, ßz(> 9 years)= 0.29].
Conclusions:Education groups differed in the ratio of dCDT parent feature types. Specifically, copy clock production in older adults with < 8 years of education relied more evenly across CF, digit, and MH and HH parent features. In contrast, those with > 9 years of education differed in the additional reliance on total stroke parent features. Individuals with < 8 years of education may more heavily rely upon visual referencing when copying a clock. This study highlights the importance of considering education level in interpreting dCDT scores and features.
About time: neurocognitive correlates of stimulus-bound and other time setting errors in the Clock Drawing Test
- Matan Soffer, Meryl A. Butters, Nathan Herrmann, Sandra E. Black, Sanjeev Kumar, Bradley Pugh, Tarek K. Rajji, Maria Carmela Tartaglia, David F. Tang-Wai, Morris Freedman
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 30 / Issue 5 / June 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2023, pp. 471-478
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Objective:
Previous findings suggest that time setting errors (TSEs) in the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) may be related mainly to impairments in semantic and executive function. Recent attempts to dissociate the classic stimulus-bound error (setting the time to “10 to 11” instead of “10 past 11”) from other TSEs, did not support hypotheses regarding this error being primarily executive in nature or different from other time setting errors in terms of neurocognitive correlates. This study aimed to further investigate the cognitive correlates of stimulus-bound errors and other TSEs, in order to trace possible underlying cognitive deficits.
Methods:We examined cognitive test performance of participants with preliminary diagnoses associated with mild cognitive impairment. Among 490 participants, we identified clocks with stimulus-bound errors (n = 78), other TSEs (n = 41), other errors not related to time settings (n = 176), or errorless clocks (n = 195).
Results:No differences were found on any dependent measure between the stimulus-bound and the other TSErs groups. Group comparisons suggested TSEs in general, to be associated with lower performance on various cognitive measures, especially on semantic and working memory measures. Regression analysis further highlighted semantic and verbal working memory difficulties as being the most prominent deficits associated with these errors.
Conclusion:TSEs in the CDT may indicate underlying deficits in semantic function and working memory. In addition, results support previous findings related to the diagnostic value of TSEs in detecting cognitive impairment.
Ten new insights in climate science 2023
- Mercedes Bustamante, Joyashree Roy, Daniel Ospina, Ploy Achakulwisut, Anubha Aggarwal, Ana Bastos, Wendy Broadgate, Josep G. Canadell, Edward R. Carr, Deliang Chen, Helen A. Cleugh, Kristie L. Ebi, Clea Edwards, Carol Farbotko, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Thomas L. Frölicher, Sabine Fuss, Oliver Geden, Nicolas Gruber, Luke J. Harrington, Judith Hauck, Zeke Hausfather, Sophie Hebden, Aniek Hebinck, Saleemul Huq, Matthias Huss, M. Laurice P. Jamero, Sirkku Juhola, Nilushi Kumarasinghe, Shuaib Lwasa, Bishawjit Mallick, Maria Martin, Steven McGreevy, Paula Mirazo, Aditi Mukherji, Greg Muttitt, Gregory F. Nemet, David Obura, Chukwumerije Okereke, Tom Oliver, Ben Orlove, Nadia S. Ouedraogo, Prabir K. Patra, Mark Pelling, Laura M. Pereira, Åsa Persson, Julia Pongratz, Anjal Prakash, Anja Rammig, Colin Raymond, Aaron Redman, Cristobal Reveco, Johan Rockström, Regina Rodrigues, David R. Rounce, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Peter Schlosser, Odirilwe Selomane, Gregor Semieniuk, Yunne-Jai Shin, Tasneem A. Siddiqui, Vartika Singh, Giles B. Sioen, Youba Sokona, Detlef Stammer, Norman J. Steinert, Sunhee Suk, Rowan Sutton, Lisa Thalheimer, Vikki Thompson, Gregory Trencher, Kees van der Geest, Saskia E. Werners, Thea Wübbelmann, Nico Wunderling, Jiabo Yin, Kirsten Zickfeld, Jakob Zscheischler
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- Global Sustainability / Volume 7 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2023, e19
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Non-technical summary
We identify a set of essential recent advances in climate change research with high policy relevance, across natural and social sciences: (1) looming inevitability and implications of overshooting the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) urgent need for a rapid and managed fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges for scaling carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding the future contribution of natural carbon sinks, (5) intertwinedness of the crises of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) compound events, (7) mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility in the face of climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems.
Technical summaryThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports provides the scientific foundation for international climate negotiations and constitutes an unmatched resource for researchers. However, the assessment cycles take multiple years. As a contribution to cross- and interdisciplinary understanding of climate change across diverse research communities, we have streamlined an annual process to identify and synthesize significant research advances. We collected input from experts on various fields using an online questionnaire and prioritized a set of 10 key research insights with high policy relevance. This year, we focus on: (1) the looming overshoot of the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) the urgency of fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges to scale-up carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding future natural carbon sinks, (5) the need for joint governance of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) advances in understanding compound events, (7) accelerated mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility amidst climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. We present a succinct account of these insights, reflect on their policy implications, and offer an integrated set of policy-relevant messages. This science synthesis and science communication effort is also the basis for a policy report contributing to elevate climate science every year in time for the United Nations Climate Change Conference.
Social media summaryWe highlight recent and policy-relevant advances in climate change research – with input from more than 200 experts.
Outcomes after initial heart failure consultation in Fontan patients
- Sharon Chen, Muhammad F. Shezad, Angela Lorts, Amanda D. McCormick, Chad Y. Mao, Kathleen E. Simpson, Matthew J. O’Connor, Aliessa Barnes, Adam M. Lubert, Chesney Castleberry, Julie Schmidt, Katie Schroeder, Anna Joong, David W. Bearl, Ashwin K. Lal, Deepa Mokshagundam, Jennifer Conway, Ari Cedars, Kurt R. Schumacher
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- Cardiology in the Young , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 November 2023, pp. 1-8
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Background:
Patients with Fontan failure are high-risk candidates for heart transplantation and other advanced therapies. Understanding the outcomes following initial heart failure consultation can help define appropriate timing of referral for advanced heart failure care.
Methods:This is a survey study of heart failure providers seeing any Fontan patient for initial heart failure care. Part 1 of the survey captured data on clinical characteristics at the time of heart failure consultation, and Part 2, completed 30 days later, captured outcomes (death, transplant evaluation outcome, and other interventions). Patients were classified as “too late” (death or declined for transplant due to being too sick) and/or “care escalation” (ventricular assist device implanted, inotrope initiated, and/or listed for transplant), within 30 days. “Late referral” was defined as those referred too late and/or had care escalation.
Results:Between 7/2020 and 7/2022, 77 Fontan patients (52% inpatient) had an initial heart failure consultation. Ten per cent were referred too late (6 were too sick for heart transplantation with one subsequent death, and two others died without heart transplantation evaluation, within 30 days), and 36% had care escalation (21 listed ± 5 ventricular assist device implanted ± 6 inotrope initiated). Overall, 42% were late referrals. Heart failure consultation < 1 year after Fontan surgery was strongly associated with late referral (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.8–21.5, p=0.004).
Conclusions:Over 40% of Fontan patients seen for an initial heart failure consultation were late referrals, with 10% dying or being declined for transplant within a month of consultation. Earlier referral, particularly for those with heart failure soon after Fontan surgery, should be encouraged.
Association of hippocampal subfield volumes with prevalence, course and incidence of depressive symptoms: The Maastricht Study
- Jennifer Monereo-Sánchez, Jacobus F. A. Jansen, Martin P. J. van Boxtel, Walter H. Backes, Sebastian Köhler, Coen D. A. Stehouwer, David E. J. Linden, Miranda T. Schram
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 224 / Issue 2 / February 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 November 2023, pp. 66-73
- Print publication:
- February 2024
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Background
Late-life depression has been associated with volume changes of the hippocampus. However, little is known about its association with specific hippocampal subfields over time.
AimsWe investigated whether hippocampal subfield volumes were associated with prevalence, course and incidence of depressive symptoms.
MethodWe extracted 12 hippocampal subfield volumes per hemisphere with FreeSurfer v6.0 using T1-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery 3T magnetic resonance images. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and annually over 7 years of follow-up (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire). We used negative binominal, logistic, and Cox regression analyses, corrected for multiple comparisons, and adjusted for demographic, cardiovascular and lifestyle factors.
ResultsA total of n = 4174 participants were included (mean age 60.0 years, s.d. = 8.6, 51.8% female). Larger right hippocampal fissure volume was associated with prevalent depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.26, 95% CI 1.08–1.48). Larger bilateral hippocampal fissure (OR = 1.37–1.40, 95% CI 1.14–1.71), larger right molecular layer (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.14–2.00) and smaller right cornu ammonis (CA)3 volumes (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.48–0.79) were associated with prevalent depressive symptoms with a chronic course. No associations of hippocampal subfield volumes with incident depressive symptoms were found. Yet, lower left hippocampal amygdala transition area (HATA) volume was associated with incident depressive symptoms with chronic course (hazard ratio = 0.70, 95% CI 0.55–0.89).
ConclusionsDifferences in hippocampal fissure, molecular layer and CA volumes might co-occur or follow the onset of depressive symptoms, in particular with a chronic course. Smaller HATA was associated with an increased risk of incident (chronic) depression. Our results could capture a biological foundation for the development of chronic depressive symptoms, and stresses the need to discriminate subtypes of depression to unravel its biological underpinnings.
Effects of front-of-package caffeine and sweetener disclaimers in Mexico: cross-sectional results from the 2020 International Food Policy Study
- Laura Patricia Arellano-Gómez, Alejandra Jáuregui, Claudia Nieto, Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Kathia Larissa Quevedo, Christine M White, James F Thrasher, Rachel E Davis, David Hammond, Simón Barquera
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 26 / Issue 12 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 October 2023, pp. 3278-3290
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Objective:
Front-of-package warning labels introduced in Mexico in 2020 included disclaimers that caution against allowing children to consume products with non-sugary sweeteners and caffeine. We examined the awareness and use of the disclaimers among Mexican adults and youth 1 month after the regulation was implemented. We also investigated their impact on the perceived healthfulness of industrialised beverages designed for children.
Design:Data on the awareness and use of the disclaimers were analysed. Two between-subjects experiments examined the effect of a sweetener disclaimer (Experiment 1, youth and adults) or a caffeine disclaimer (Experiment 2, only adults) on the perceived healthfulness of industrialised beverages. Interactions between experimental conditions and demographic characteristics were tested.
Setting:Online survey in 2020.
Participants:Mexican adults (≥18 years, n 2108) and youth (10–17 years, n 1790).
Results:Most participants (>80 %) had seen the disclaimers at least rarely, and over 60 % used them sometimes or frequently. The sweetener disclaimer led to a lower perceived healthfulness of a fruit drink (adults: 2·74 ± 1·44; youth: 2·04 ± 0·96) compared with the no-disclaimer condition (adults: 3·17 ± 1·54; youth: 2·32 ± 0·96) (t’s: >4·0, P values: <0·001). This effect was larger among older adults and male youth. The caffeine disclaimer did not affect adult’s perceived healthfulness of a caffeinated drink (t = 0·861, P value = 0·3894).
Conclusions:There were high awareness and use of the sweeteners and caffeine disclaimers shortly after the warning labels were implemented. The sweetener disclaimer appears to be helping consumers modify their perceptions regarding industrialised beverages for children. Findings may help decision-makers improve the regulation and better target communication strategies.
Advocacy at the Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
- Bistra Zheleva, Amy Verstappen, David M. Overman, Farhan Ahmad, Sulafa K.M. Ali, Zohair Y. Al Halees, Joumana Ghandour Atallah, Isabella E. Badhwar, Carissa Baker-Smith, Maria Balestrini, Amy Basken, Jonah S. Bassuk, Lee Benson, Horacio Capelli, Santo Carollo, Devyani Chowdhury, M. Sertaç Çiçek, Mitchell I. Cohen, David S. Cooper, John E. Deanfield, Joseph Dearani, Blanca del Valle, Kathryn M. Dodds, Junbao Du, Frank Edwin, Ekanem Ekure, Nurun Nahar Fatema, Anu Gomanju, Babar Hasan, Lewis Henry, Christopher Hugo-Hamman, Krishna S. Iyer, Marcelo B. Jatene, Kathy J. Jenkins, Tara Karamlou, Tom R. Karl, James K. Kirklin, Christián Kreutzer, Raman Krishna Kumar, Keila N. Lopez, Alexis Palacios Macedo, Bradley S. Marino, Eva M. Marwali, Folkert J. Meijboom, Sandra S. Mattos, Hani Najm, Dan Newlin, William M. Novick, Sir Shakeel A. Qureshi, Budi Rahmat, Robert Raylman, Irfan Levent Saltik, Craig Sable, Nestor Sandoval, Anita Saxena, Emma Scanlan, Gary F. Sholler, Jodi Smith, James D. St Louis, Christo I. Tchervenkov, Koh Ghee Tiong, Vladimiro Vida, Susan Vosloo, Douglas J. “DJ” Weinstein, James L. Wilkinson, Liesl Zuhlke, Jeffrey P. Jacobs
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 33 / Issue 8 / August 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2023, pp. 1277-1287
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The Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (WCPCCS) will be held in Washington DC, USA, from Saturday, 26 August, 2023 to Friday, 1 September, 2023, inclusive. The Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery will be the largest and most comprehensive scientific meeting dedicated to paediatric and congenital cardiac care ever held. At the time of the writing of this manuscript, The Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery has 5,037 registered attendees (and rising) from 117 countries, a truly diverse and international faculty of over 925 individuals from 89 countries, over 2,000 individual abstracts and poster presenters from 101 countries, and a Best Abstract Competition featuring 153 oral abstracts from 34 countries. For information about the Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, please visit the following website: [www.WCPCCS2023.org]. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the activities related to global health and advocacy that will occur at the Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery.
Acknowledging the need for urgent change, we wanted to take the opportunity to bring a common voice to the global community and issue the Washington DC WCPCCS Call to Action on Addressing the Global Burden of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Diseases. A copy of this Washington DC WCPCCS Call to Action is provided in the Appendix of this manuscript. This Washington DC WCPCCS Call to Action is an initiative aimed at increasing awareness of the global burden, promoting the development of sustainable care systems, and improving access to high quality and equitable healthcare for children with heart disease as well as adults with congenital heart disease worldwide.
Agricultural Research Service Weed Science Research: Past, Present, and Future
- Stephen L. Young, James V. Anderson, Scott R. Baerson, Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel, Dana M. Blumenthal, Chad S. Boyd, Clyde D. Boyette, Eric B. Brennan, Charles L. Cantrell, Wun S. Chao, Joanne C. Chee-Sanford, Charlie D. Clements, F. Allen Dray, Stephen O. Duke, Kayla M. Eason, Reginald S. Fletcher, Michael R. Fulcher, John F. Gaskin, Brenda J. Grewell, Erik P. Hamerlynck, Robert E. Hoagland, David P. Horvath, Eugene P. Law, John D. Madsen, Daniel E. Martin, Clint Mattox, Steven B. Mirsky, William T. Molin, Patrick J. Moran, Rebecca C. Mueller, Vijay K. Nandula, Beth A. Newingham, Zhiqiang Pan, Lauren M. Porensky, Paul D. Pratt, Andrew J. Price, Brian G. Rector, Krishna N. Reddy, Roger L. Sheley, Lincoln Smith, Melissa C. Smith, Keirith A. Snyder, Matthew A. Tancos, Natalie M. West, Gregory S. Wheeler, Martin M. Williams, Julie Wolf, Carissa L. Wonkka, Alice A. Wright, Jing Xi, Lew H. Ziska
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 71 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2023, pp. 312-327
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) has been a leader in weed science research covering topics ranging from the development and use of integrated weed management (IWM) tactics to basic mechanistic studies, including biotic resistance of desirable plant communities and herbicide resistance. ARS weed scientists have worked in agricultural and natural ecosystems, including agronomic and horticultural crops, pastures, forests, wild lands, aquatic habitats, wetlands, and riparian areas. Through strong partnerships with academia, state agencies, private industry, and numerous federal programs, ARS weed scientists have made contributions to discoveries in the newest fields of robotics and genetics, as well as the traditional and fundamental subjects of weed–crop competition and physiology and integration of weed control tactics and practices. Weed science at ARS is often overshadowed by other research topics; thus, few are aware of the long history of ARS weed science and its important contributions. This review is the result of a symposium held at the Weed Science Society of America’s 62nd Annual Meeting in 2022 that included 10 separate presentations in a virtual Weed Science Webinar Series. The overarching themes of management tactics (IWM, biological control, and automation), basic mechanisms (competition, invasive plant genetics, and herbicide resistance), and ecosystem impacts (invasive plant spread, climate change, conservation, and restoration) represent core ARS weed science research that is dynamic and efficacious and has been a significant component of the agency’s national and international efforts. This review highlights current studies and future directions that exemplify the science and collaborative relationships both within and outside ARS. Given the constraints of weeds and invasive plants on all aspects of food, feed, and fiber systems, there is an acknowledged need to face new challenges, including agriculture and natural resources sustainability, economic resilience and reliability, and societal health and well-being.
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