245 results
An Argaric Tomb for a Carpathian ‘Princess’?
- Juan A. López Padilla, Francisco Javier Jover Maestre, Ricardo E. Basso Rial, María Pastor Quiles
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- Cambridge Archaeological Journal , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 March 2024, pp. 1-16
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Around 120 years ago, a burial was discovered in the Argaric settlement of San Antón, 60 km southeast of Alicante (Spain). Although it was similar to many others recorded during more than a century of research, some gold objects found made this burial exceptional in the Iberian Bronze Age funerary record. Based on the most recent archaeological data, this article reviews both the context and the whole set of grave goods. It also explores the intersocial relationships that these gold ornaments suggest, which directly or indirectly seem to point towards both eastern Mediterranean Europe as well as to the Carpathian Basin.
Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in Spanish Adolescents
- Francisco Javier López-Fernández, Paula Morales-Hidalgo, Josefa Canals, Juan Carlos Marzo, Luis Joaquín García-López, José Antonio Piqueras
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- The Spanish Journal of Psychology / Volume 27 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2024, e3
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Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large adolescent community sample, finding a significant disparity. This study explores the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC among Spanish adolescents by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Rasch analysis, and measurement invariance (MI) across sex, as well as internal consistency and criterion validity. The sample was comprised of 463 adolescents (231 girls), aged 12 to 18 years, who completed the CD-RISC and other measures on emotional status and quality of life. The EFA suggested that the CD-RISC structure presented a unidimensional model. Consequently, shorter unidimensional CD-RISC models observed in the literature were explored. Thus, the Campbell-Sills and Stein CD–RISC–10 showed the soundest psychometric properties, providing an adequate item fit and supporting MI and non-differential item functioning across sex. Item difficulty levels were biased toward low levels of resilience. Some items showed malfunctioning in lower response categories. With regard to reliability, categorical omega was. 82. Strong associations with health-related quality of life, major depressive disorder symptoms, and emotional symptoms were observed. A weak association was found between resilience and the male sex. Campbell-Sills and Stein’s CD–RISC–10 model emerges as the best to assess resilience among Spanish adolescents, as already reported in adults. Thus, independently of the developmental stage, the core of resilience may reside in the aspects of hardiness and persistence.
Immunization of cattle with a Rhipicephalus microplus chitinase peptide containing predicted B-cell epitopes reduces tick biological fitness
- María Martina Esperanza Perez-Soria, Daniel Gustavo López-Díaz, Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo, Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú, Massaro W. Ueti, Juan Mosqueda
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- Parasitology , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2024, pp. 1-10
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Rhipicephalus microplus, the cattle fever tick, is the most important ectoparasite impacting the livestock industry worldwide. Overreliance on chemical treatments for tick control has led to the emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks and environmental contamination. An immunological strategy based on vaccines offers an alternative approach to tick control. To develop novel tick vaccines, it is crucial to identify and evaluate antigens capable of generating protection in cattle. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade older chitin at the time of moulting, therefore allowing interstadial metamorphosis. In this study, 1 R. microplus chitinase was identified and its capacity to reduce fitness in ticks fed on immunized cattle was evaluated. First, the predicted amino acid sequence was determined in 4 isolates and their similarity was analysed by bioinformatics. Four peptides containing predicted B-cell epitopes were designed. The immunogenicity of each peptide was assessed by inoculating 2 cattle, 4 times at 21 days intervals, and the antibody response was verified by indirect ELISA. A challenge experiment was conducted with those peptides that were immunogenic. The chitinase gene was successfully amplified and sequenced, enabling comparison with reference strains. Notably, a 99.32% identity and 99.84% similarity were ascertained among the sequences. Furthermore, native protein recognition was demonstrated through western blot assays. Chitinase peptide 3 reduced the weight and oviposition of engorged ticks, as well as larvae viability, exhibiting a 71% efficacy. Therefore, chitinase 3 emerges as a viable vaccine candidate, holding promise for its integration into a multiantigenic vaccine against R. microplus.
Proxy measures for the assessment of psychotic and affective symptoms in studies using electronic health records
- Álvaro López-Díaz, Fernanda Jazmín Palermo-Zeballos, Luis Gutierrez-Rojas, Luis Alameda, Francisco Gotor-Sánchez-Luengo, Nathalia Garrido-Torres, Johann Métrailler, Livia Alerci, Vincent Bonnarel, Pablo Cano-Domínguez, Elma Avanesi-Molina, Miguel Soto-Ontoso, Rocio Torrecilla-Olavarrieta, Leticia Irene Muñoz-Manchado, Pedro Torres-Hernández, Fermín González-Higueras, Juan Luis Prados-Ojeda, Mario Herrera-Cortés, José Miguel Meca-García, Rafael Manuel Gordillo-Urbano, Cristina Sánchez-Robles, Tomás Delgado-Durán, María Felipa Soriano-Peña, Philippe Golay, Philippe Conus, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
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- BJPsych Open / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / January 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 January 2024, e22
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Background
There is a lack of standardised psychometric data in electronic health record (EHR)-based research. Proxy measures of symptom severity based on patients' clinical records may be useful surrogates in mental health EHR research.
AimsThis study aimed to validate proxy tools for the short versions of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-6), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS-6) and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-6).
MethodA cross-sectional, multicentre study was conducted in a sample of 116 patients with first-episode psychosis from 12 public hospitals in Spain. Concordance between PANSS-6, YMRS-6 and MADRS-6 scores and their respective proxies was evaluated based on information from EHR clinical notes, using a variety of statistical procedures, including multivariate tests to adjust for potential confounders. Bootstrapping techniques were used for internal validation, and an independent cohort from the Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP-Lausanne, Switzerland) for external validation.
ResultsThe proxy versions correlated strongly with their respective standardised scales (partial correlations ranged from 0.75 to 0.84) and had good accuracy and discriminatory power in distinguishing between patients in and not in remission (percentage of patients correctly classified ranged from 83.9 to 91.4% and bootstrapped optimism-corrected area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranged from 0.76 to 0.89), with high interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.81). The findings remained robust in the external validation data-set.
ConclusionsThe proxy instruments proposed for assessing psychotic and affective symptoms by reviewing EHR provide a feasible and reliable alternative to traditional structured psychometric procedures, and a promising methodology for real-world practice settings.
Wettability of Montmorillonite Clays in Humic Acid Solutions
- Juan Dios García de López-Durán, Asmae Khaldoun, Mohamed Larbi Kerkeb, María del Mar Ramos-Tejada, Fernando González-Caballero
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- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / February 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, pp. 65-74
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The effect of humic acid (HA) adsorption on the hydrophilicity of two different montmorillonite samples (Na-montmorillonite, NaMt, and a Na-fluorinated Na-montmorillonite, FNaMt, or ‘Rassoul’) was investigated. The changes in the wettability of clays were discussed in terms of the non-electrostatic free energy of interaction between the clay particles immersed in aqueous humic acid solutions (ΔG121), using the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good (vOCG) model. The surface free energy components (both non-polar or Lifshitz-van der Waals, and polar or acid-base) of clays were obtained from contact angle measurements, after adsorption of humic acid, at acid or basic pH, in 10−2 M NaCl solutions. It was found that: (1) at acid pH, a progressive decrease in the hydrophilic character of both clays was observed when the humic acid concentration was increased; (2) at basic pH, the hydrophilic character of both samples studied increased with HA concentration; (3) the effect of humic acid adsorption on the wettability of model edge surfaces of the laminar montmorillonite particles was estimated from a parallel study on silica and alumina surfaces, and only a slight decrease in the hydrophilicity was observed, whatever the pH of the liquid media. The ζ potentials of both clays in the absence and presence of humic acid were determined and the linkage between ζ potential and the electron-donor character of the materials is discussed.
Relational values shape people’s connectedness to nature in a former military protected area of Ecuador
- Christian Oswaldo Asanza-Reyes, Antonio J Castro, Juan Miguel Requena-Mullor, María Dolores López-Rodríguez, Cristina Quintas-Soriano
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / March 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 December 2023, pp. 17-26
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Relational values are a way of recognizing and valuing the complex and interconnected relationships between people and nature, such as caregiving, place attachment and spiritual meaning, as well as the social and cultural impacts of degradation and environmental and conservation efforts. However, the implications of these values for the management and conservation of protected areas are little known. We explored the role of relational values in shaping local communities’ connectedness to a protected area of Ecuador that had been used by the military in the past and the implications of the values for well-being. Four hundred individual face-to-face surveys in the surroundings of Arenillas Ecological Reserve (south-west Ecuador) indicated high levels of connectedness towards this natural reserve amongst local communities through multiple values of nature. However, relational values were identified as the most prominent value explaining the strength of connectedness to nature, followed by intrinsic and instrumental values. We also showed that combinations of different natural values (instrumental, intrinsic and relational) might explain the support for specific well-being components. Our findings offer understanding of human behaviour towards protected areas with a military past and represent a first step in Ecuador towards comprehending how relational values shape the connectedness of local communities to nature.
22 Cognitive and Psychological Profiles of a Specialized Military Force
- Ida Babakhanyan, Alia Westphal, Juan Lopez, Melissa Caswell, Angela Basham, Jason M Bailie
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 704-705
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Objective:
The Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) community within the US Military is a specialized force in charge of the most fundamental aspects of the military operations in combat which include disarming and safely disposing explosive threats. EOD technicians have provided critical protection for our military and civilians exposed to improvised explosive devices (IEDs), which became the signature threat of both Afghan and Iraq wars. The nature of the job puts EOD technicians at high risk for blast exposures (from training and combat) resulting in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and sub-concussive head impact. Further, this population is exposed to high levels of combat with psychologically traumatic events. Given the groups neurological and psychological risk factors as well as their critical role in combat, we hypothesized that EOD technicians will present with increased psychological and neurobehavioral symptoms as well decreased cognitive functioning compared to other military personnel.
Participants and Methods:Participants were recruited from a military hospital with at least one diagnosed mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Exclusion criteria included TBI greater then mild severity and invalid performance on the Rey-15. Final sample included 10 EOD and 90 other military.
CognCognitive measures included Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Reviseitive measures included Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R); DKEFS Color Word Condition 4 Switching (CW4), Trail Making Condition 3 Letter Sequencing (TM3) and Condition 4 Switching (TM4), and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Self-report measures included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), Key Behaviors Change Inventory (KBCI), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-M), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Combat Exposure Scale (CES) and Blast Exposure Threshold Survey (BETS). The Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method (OSU) assessed TBI history.
Results:EOD were older (EOD M=38.4, SD=4.06; Others M=33.32, SD=8.08; p=0.05), had a higher pre-morbid IQ (EOD M=110.90, SD=7.64; Other M=101.59, SD=10.55; p=0.008), more combat deployments (EOD M=5.5, SD=2.37; Others M=3.55, SD=2.98; p=0.049) and exposure to wartime atrocities (CES, p=0.003). They had greater number of MTBI (OSU EOD M=6.67, SD=3.33; Other M=3.67, SD=2.34; p=0.007), blast related MTBI (OSU-TBI EOD M=2.33, SD=1.63; Other M=0.67, SD=0.91; p<0.001), and exposure to large explosives (BETS p<0.0001). EOD reported better attention skills (KBCI Inattention, p=0.016, d=0.82; Impulsivity p=0.047, d=0.67). There was a trend for EOD to have lower neurobehavioral symptoms (NSI Total, d=0.32), post-traumatic stress (PCL d=0.39), and depression (PHQ d=0.50); however, despite the moderate effect sizes (p’s >0.05). EOD presented with significantly better scores on DKEFS TMT3 (p=0.037, d=0.70), HVLT-R-Total (p=0.001, d=1.10), HVLT-R-Delayed (p=0.03, d=0.74), and attention/executive functioning skills (PASAT p=0.001, d=1.12). DKEFTS CW4 Switching (d=0.51) and TMT4 Switching were approaching significance (d=0.61) with EOD performing better.
Conclusions:As expected, the EOD sample in this study had higher number of combat deployments, greater exposure to combat atrocities (e.g., death), higher levels of exposure to large explosives, as well as a higher number of MTBI. Inconsistent with our hypotheses, despite these psychological and neurological risk factors, EOD performed better on cognitive measures of memory, attention and executive functioning. They also reported less problems with inattention and impulsivity. Results may reflect the impact of psychological and cognitive resiliency.
51 Impact of Blast Exposures on the Cognitive Abilities of Warfighters
- Ida Babakhanyan, Juan Lopez, Melissa Caswell, Angela Basham, Jason M Bailie
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 156-157
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Objective:
There is growing evidence to indicate that blast exposure military personnel experience throughout their career can have a negative impact on their brain health. The majority of research in the area of blast related neurotrauma has been focused on traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the blast exposure may often be independent of TBI. It is common in both active duty military and veterans to report years of blast exposure from combat and training. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between blast exposure and cognitive functioning in military personnel seeking treatment for a mild TBI.
Participants and Methods:Participants were recruited from a military hospital while enrolled in a multidisciplinary treatment program for TBI. All patients had at least one diagnosed mTBI as well as persistent cognitive complaints. Exclusion criteria included invalid performance on a performance validity test and a symptom validity test. 97 participants were included in the analysis with an average age of 34.0 (SD = 7.9) and average 4.0 combat deployments (SD = 3.6). Blast exposure history was measured by the overall score from the Blast Exposure Threshold Survey (BETS) which assessed the frequency and duration of use of various blast sources. Outcomes included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the Global Deficit Scale (GDS) an objective measure of cognitive deficiency. GDS was calculated from seven measures: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Total and Delayed Recall (HVLT-TR and HVLT-DR); DKEFS System Color-Word Condition 3 Inhibition (CW3), Color-Word Condition 4 Switching (CW4) and Trail Making Condition 3 Letter Sequencing (TM3), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), and the Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT). Demographically corrected t-scores (M=50, SD = 10) were converted to deficit scores and averaged to calculate GDS. To adjust for nonnormal distributions, non-parametric statistics were examined.
Results:The BETS was not related to GDS (rho = -.055); however, there was a significant correlation between higher levels on the BETS and better performance on measures of selective attention (PASAT rho = .307) and processing speed (SDMT rho = .218). The correlation between BETS and the other neuropsychological measures were not meaningful (all rho’s <.10). Those with an impaired GDS, did not differ from others on the BETS. BETS was also not associated with neurobehavioral symptoms (rho = .125). BETS had moderate correlations with number of combat deployments (rho =.483), severity of combat exposure (rho =.556). It was not related to education (rho = .004) or pre-morbid intelligence (rho =-.029).
Conclusions:The BETS was not related to GDS (rho = -.055); however, there was a significant correlation between higher levels on the BETS and better performance on measures of selective attention (PASAT rho = .307) and processing speed (SDMT rho = .218). The correlation between BETS and the other neuropsychological measures were not meaningful (all rho’s <.10). Those with an impaired GDS, did not differ from others on the BETS. BETS was also not associated with neurobehavioral symptoms (rho = .125). BETS had moderate correlations with number of combat deployments (rho =.483), severity of combat exposure (rho =.556). It was not related to education (rho = .004) or pre-morbid intelligence (rho =-.029).
3 Optimizing Cognitive Rehabilitation of the Injured Warfighter
- Jason M Bailie, Ida Babakhanyan, Paul Sargent, Juan J Lopez, Melissa Caswell, Angela Basham, Lori Barnard, Ana Siblesz, Erin Venza, Jennifer Zientz, Sandi Chapman
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 668-669
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Objective:
Many individuals who experienced a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have persistent cognitive complaints. Traditional cognitive rehabilitation (TCR) interventions were primarily developed for severe neurological injury which has limited effectiveness in rehabilitation of active duty military personnel who have the goal of returning to full military operational status. To remain on active duty, warfighters must have sufficient mental competency to safely and effectively function in complex environments such as combat. There is need for a cognitive rehabilitation approach that addresses demands of military personnel to expedite return to duty. The Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART) program is novel alternative to TCR. SMART is an evidence-based advanced reasoning protocol that enhances cognitive domains essential to military readiness (e.g., mental agility, strategic learning, problem solving, and focus) and requires less than half of the treatment time. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of SMART compared to TCR in terms of overall recovery as well as change in specific cognitive domains.
Participants and Methods:Participants were recruited from a military treatment facility. All patients had at least one diagnosed mTBI as well as persistent cognitive complaints. Participants completed the Rey-15 to ensure performance validity. Final sample was SMART n = 28 and SCORE n = 19. Primary dependent measure was the Global Deficit Scale (GDS). GDS was calculated from: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R); Delis Kaplan Executive Functioning System Color Word (CW) and Trail Making (TM), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), and the Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT). Demographically corrected t-scores were converted to deficit scores as follows: >40 = 0, 35-39 = 1, 30-34 = 2, 25-29 = 3, 20-24 = 4, <20 = 5. Deficit scores were averaged to calculate GDS. For each measure, Hohen’s g was analyzed for effect size comparisons pre-post treatment.
Results:Average number of treatment hours was significantly lower in the SMART condition (SMART: M = 18.47 hours, SD = 2.17; TCR: M = 42.42 hours, SD = 3.79, p <.001). A repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant change on GDS post-treatment (F = 30.25, p < .001) with a large effect size (n2 = .402); however, the interventions did not differ on GDS change. Impact on cognitive domains was relatively equivalent for processing speed (SMART h = 0.67 vs TCR h = -.54) and executive function (SMART h = -0.92 vs TCR h = -.85); however, SMART had a larger impact on memory (SMART h = -0.81 vs TCR h = -.39). SMART resulted in large improvements in retention and recognition memory which were minimally impacted by TCR.
Conclusions:Both TCR and SMART had comparable effectiveness in improving cognitive impairment, though SMART was completed in less than half of the treatment time. Both interventions had large effect sizes on processing speed and executive functioning; however, SMART was more effective in improving long-term memory. Memory is an integral part of military readiness. Further investigation is required to determine the relative effectiveness of these two approaches to improving cognitive readiness of the warfighter.
The long-term effects of consecutive COVID-19 waves on mental health
- Jan Sebastian Novotný, Juan Pablo Gonzalez-Rivas, Šárka Kunzová, Mária Skladaná, Anna Pospíšilová, Anna Polcrová, Maria Vassilaki, Jose Ramon Medina-Inojosa, Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, Yonas Endale Geda, Gorazd Bernard Stokin
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- BJPsych Open / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / January 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 December 2023, e15
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Background
Although several studies have documented the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, the long-term effects remain unclear.
AimsTo examine longitudinal changes in mental health before and during the consecutive COVID-19 waves in a well-established probability sample.
MethodAn online survey was completed by the participants of the COVID-19 add-on study at four time points: pre-COVID-19 period (2014–2015, n = 1823), first COVID-19 wave (April to May 2020, n = 788), second COVID-19 wave (August to October 2020, n = 532) and third COVID-19 wave (March to April 2021, n = 383). Data were collected via a set of validated instruments, and analysed with latent growth models.
ResultsDuring the pandemic, we observed a significant increase in stress levels (standardised β = 0.473, P < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (standardised β = 1.284, P < 0.001). The rate of increase in depressive symptoms (std. covariance = 0.784, P = 0.014), but not in stress levels (std. covariance = 0.057, P = 0.743), was associated with the pre-pandemic mental health status of the participants. Further analysis showed that secondary stressors played a predominant role in the increase in mental health difficulties. The main secondary stressors were loneliness, negative emotionality associated with the perception of COVID-19 disease, lack of resilience, female gender and younger age.
ConclusionsThe surge in stress levels and depressive symptoms persisted across all three consecutive COVID-19 waves. This persistence is attributable to the effects of secondary stressors, and particularly to the status of mental health before the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reveal mechanisms underlying the surge in mental health difficulties during the COVID-19 waves, with direct implications for strategies promoting mental health during pandemics.
PP98 Phelan-McDermid syndrome: Methodology For Creating A Patient Adapted Version Of A Clinical Practice Guideline
- Josune Dominguez, Marta López-Argumedo, Beatriz Carmona-Hidalgo, Charlotte Gaasterland, Mirthe Klein, Juan Antonio Blasco
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- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 39 / Issue S1 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 December 2023, p. S78
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Introduction
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by the loss of the end of chromosome 22, that is manifested as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Providing an adapted version of a guideline was seen as essential, as currently, there are no such booklets based on an international guideline for PMS patients, families and caregivers. The European Reference Networks (ERN) Guidelines programme results from a call for proposals funded (DG SANTE/2018/B3/030) for the development of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) and Clinical Decision Tools in the area of rare diseases. Based on this European consortium, the purpose of this study is to describe how two Spanish HTA agencies, OSTEBA-BIOEF (Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment) and AETSA (Andalusian Health Quality Assessment Department) methodologically support the ERN-ITHACA (Rare malformation syndromes and rare intellectual and neurodevelopmental disorders) in the development of a comprehensive patient booklet based on a CPG to be used as an adjunct in the management of PMS syndrome that will be published in 2023.
MethodsA preliminary booklet was created by HTA agencies using the new European guideline for PMS and a Dutch guideline. The booklet structure is an adaptation based on a European Commission template with the guidance of the methodological Handbook#11.
ResultsThrough a comprehensive adaptation, following the PMS guideline and the Handbook #11, a booklet is developed for the PMS patients. Composed by 28 pages in DIN A5 format were introduction, diagnosis, treatment, pregnancy, do’s, supportive care, social networks (including a QR code) and a glossary are included. The selection of a symbol, colors at a chromatic level, a typography and graphical elements as illustrations were created as a corporate identity. Clinical experts and patient representatives that have participated in the creation of the guideline will assess and validate the booklet.
ConclusionsCollaboration between agencies, clinicians and patients is critical to obtain evidence-based products adapted to the needs of patients and people involved in their care.
The origins of saddles and riding technology in East Asia: discoveries from the Mongolian Altai
- Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Tsagaan Turbat, Chinbold Bayandelger, Tumurbaatar Tuvshinjargal, Juan Wang, Igor Chechushkov, Manabu Uetsuki, Naoto Isahaya, Mark Hudson, Noriyuki Shiraishi, Yue Li, Chengrui Zhang, Gelegdorj Eregzen, Gino Caspari, Paula López-Calle, Joshua L. Conver, Gaëtan Tressières, Lorelei Chauvey, Julie Birgel, Nasan-Ochir Erdene-Ochir, Jan Bemmann, Gregory Hodgins, Kristine K. Richter, Ludovic Orlando, Christina Warinner, William Timothy Treal Taylor
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Innovations in horse equipment during the early Middle Ages provided advantages to societies from the steppes, reshaping the social landscape of Eurasia. Comparatively little is known about the precise origin of these crucial advances, although the available evidence points to early adoption in East Asia. The authors present new archaeological discoveries from western and northern Mongolia, dating to the fourth and fifth centuries AD, including a wooden frame saddle with horse hide components from Urd Ulaan Uneet and an iron stirrup from Khukh Nuur. Together, these finds suggest that Mongolian groups were early adopters of stirrups and saddles, facilitating the expansion of nomadic hegemony across Eurasia and shaping the conduct of medieval mounted warfare.
Inertial wave attractors in librating cuboids
- Ke Wu, Bruno D. Welfert, Juan M. Lopez
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 973 / 25 October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 October 2023, A20
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Perturbed rapidly rotating flows are dominated by inertial oscillations, with restricted group velocity directions, due to the restorative nature of the Coriolis force. In containers with some boundaries oblique to the rotation axis, the inertial oscillations may focus upon reflections, whereby their energy increases whilst their wavelength decreases and their trajectories focus onto attractor regions. In a linear inviscid setting, these attractors are Delta-like distributions. The linear inviscid setting is obtained formally by setting both Ekman number ${E}$ (ratio of inertial to viscous time scales) and Rossby number ${Ro}$ (non-dimensional amplitude of the forcing that drives the inertial oscillations) to zero. These settings raise fundamental questions, in particular concerning the nature of energy dissipation in the vanishing Ekman number regime. Here, we consider a simple container geometry, a rectangular cuboid, in which the direction of the rotation axis is oblique to four of its walls, subject to librational forcing (small-amplitude harmonic oscillations of the rotation rate). This geometry allows for accurate and efficient direct numerical simulations of the three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with no-slip boundary conditions using a spectral-Galerkin spatial discretisation along with a third-order temporal discretisation. Solutions with Ekman and Rossby numbers as small as ${E}={Ro}=10^{-8}$ reveal many details of how the inertial oscillations focus, at the libration frequency considered, onto attractors, and how the focusing leads to increased localised nonlinear and dissipative processes as ${E}$ and ${Ro}$ are reduced. Even for extremely small forcing amplitudes, nonlinear effects have important dynamic consequences for the attractors.
Superharmonic and triadic resonances in a horizontally oscillated stably stratified square cavity
- Jason Yalim, Bruno D. Welfert, Juan M. Lopez
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 970 / 10 September 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 September 2023, A25
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The response to harmonic horizontal oscillations of a stably stratified fluid-filled two-dimensional square container is examined as the forcing amplitude is increased. For the studied forcing frequency, the response flow at very small forcing amplitudes is a synchronous periodic flow with piecewise-constant vorticity in regions delineated by the characteristics emanating from the corners of the container, regularized by viscosity. The second temporal harmonic of the forced response flow resonantly excites an intrinsic mode of the stratified container, whose magnitude grows as the square of the forcing amplitude. Above a critical forcing amplitude, a sequence of pairs of other container modes are excited via triadic resonances with the second-harmonic-driven mode. The flows are computed from the Navier–Stokes–Boussinesq equations and the ensuing dynamics is analysed using Fourier techniques, providing a comprehensive picture of the transition to internal wave turbulence.
Traumatic stress symptoms among Spanish healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective study
- Ana Portillo-Van Diest, Gemma Vilagut, Itxaso Alayo, Montse Ferrer, Franco Amigo, Benedikt L. Amann, Andrés Aragón-Peña, Enric Aragonès, Ángel Asúnsolo Del Barco, Mireia Campos, Isabel Del Cura-González, Meritxell Espuga, Ana González-Pinto, Josep M. Haro, Amparo Larrauri, Nieves López-Fresneña, Alma Martínez de Salázar, Juan D. Molina, Rafael M. Ortí-Lucas, Mara Parellada, José M. Pelayo-Terán, Aurora Pérez-Zapata, José I. Pijoan, Nieves Plana, Teresa Puig, Cristina Rius, Carmen Rodríguez-Blázquez, Ferran Sanz, Consol Serra, Iratxe Urreta-Barallobre, Ronald C. Kessler, Ronny Bruffaerts, Eduard Vieta, Víctor Pérez-Solá, Jordi Alonso, Philippe Mortier, MINDCOVID Working Group
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 32 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 August 2023, e50
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Aim
To investigate the occurrence of traumatic stress symptoms (TSS) among healthcare workers active during the COVID-19 pandemic and to obtain insight as to which pandemic-related stressful experiences are associated with onset and persistence of traumatic stress.
MethodsThis is a multicenter prospective cohort study. Spanish healthcare workers (N = 4,809) participated at an initial assessment (i.e., just after the first wave of the Spain COVID-19 pandemic) and at a 4-month follow-up assessment using web-based surveys. Logistic regression investigated associations of 19 pandemic-related stressful experiences across four domains (infection-related, work-related, health-related and financial) with TSS prevalence, incidence and persistence, including simulations of population attributable risk proportions (PARP).
ResultsThirty-day TSS prevalence at T1 was 22.1%. Four-month incidence and persistence were 11.6% and 54.2%, respectively. Auxiliary nurses had highest rates of TSS prevalence (35.1%) and incidence (16.1%). All 19 pandemic-related stressful experiences under study were associated with TSS prevalence or incidence, especially experiences from the domains of health-related (PARP range 88.4–95.6%) and work-related stressful experiences (PARP range 76.8–86.5%). Nine stressful experiences were also associated with TSS persistence, of which having patient(s) in care who died from COVID-19 had the strongest association. This association remained significant after adjusting for co-occurring depression and anxiety.
ConclusionsTSSs among Spanish healthcare workers active during the COVID-19 pandemic are common and associated with various pandemic-related stressful experiences. Future research should investigate if these stressful experiences represent truly traumatic experiences and carry risk for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Acknowledgements
- Jefferson Jaramillo-Marín, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Luz Mery López-Lizarazo, Adriel Ruiz-Galvan, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Matthew Louis Bishop, University of Sheffield, Juan Mario Díaz-Arévalo, University of Sheffield, Juan Miguel Kanai, University of Sheffield, Melanie Lombard, University of Sheffield, Simon Rushton, University of Sheffield, Anastasia Shesterinina, University of Sheffield, Henry Staples, University of Sheffield, Helen Louise Turton, University of Sheffield
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- Book:
- Participating in Peace
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 24 January 2024
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- 31 July 2023, pp ix-x
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Introduction
- Jefferson Jaramillo-Marín, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Luz Mery López-Lizarazo, Adriel Ruiz-Galvan, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Matthew Louis Bishop, University of Sheffield, Juan Mario Díaz-Arévalo, University of Sheffield, Juan Miguel Kanai, University of Sheffield, Melanie Lombard, University of Sheffield, Simon Rushton, University of Sheffield, Anastasia Shesterinina, University of Sheffield, Henry Staples, University of Sheffield, Helen Louise Turton, University of Sheffield
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- Participating in Peace
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- Bristol University Press
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- 24 January 2024
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- 31 July 2023, pp 1-10
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Summary
In August 2022, Colombians elected, for the first time, a left-leaning government. Led by former guerrilla activist Gustavo Petro and his Vice President Francia Márquez, an Afro-Colombian woman and well-known advocate for human rights and environmental justice, the shift in governmental discourse was immediately striking. President Petro used his inauguration speech to promise that he would deliver Paz total (total peace), which would involve entering into talks with a wide range of armed groups to tackle the violence that has continued – indeed, in some areas has increased – in the years since the peace agreement between the government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia; FARC) was signed in 2016. Essential to total peace would be not only those new negotiations, but also fully implementing the terms of the 2016 agreement itself. Former President Iván Duque's (2018–22) failure to do so had caused widespread disillusionment with the peace process, and had also spurred splinter groups from the FARC to continue in arms.
Hopes for a stable and lasting peace in Colombia will depend in part on Petro's success in persuading the wide range of guerrilla, paramilitary and criminal groups still active in the country to cease the violence and lay down their weapons. But Petro was clear that total peace would also need to be a project for the whole of society:
For peace to be possible in Colombia we need dialogue, a lot of dialogue, to understand each other, seek common paths, and produce change … Our future is not written. We own the pen and we can write the page together, in peace and togetherness. Today, we start the Colombia of the possible.
(Petro, quoted in Emblin, 2022)This book is interested in how, in the years before and since the 2016 peace agreement, communities have been using dialogue as a way of participating in the building of peace, often in relatively unpromising circumstances. Seeking to understand the dynamics of community-level dialogues that aim to deal with the legacies of earlier violence and overcome ongoing conflicts, the book takes a ‘bottom-up’ look at the building of peace.
Notes on the Authors
- Jefferson Jaramillo-Marín, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Luz Mery López-Lizarazo, Adriel Ruiz-Galvan, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Matthew Louis Bishop, University of Sheffield, Juan Mario Díaz-Arévalo, University of Sheffield, Juan Miguel Kanai, University of Sheffield, Melanie Lombard, University of Sheffield, Simon Rushton, University of Sheffield, Anastasia Shesterinina, University of Sheffield, Henry Staples, University of Sheffield, Helen Louise Turton, University of Sheffield
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- Participating in Peace
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- 31 July 2023, pp vii-viii
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One - Peace through Participation: The Colombian Experience
- Jefferson Jaramillo-Marín, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Luz Mery López-Lizarazo, Adriel Ruiz-Galvan, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Matthew Louis Bishop, University of Sheffield, Juan Mario Díaz-Arévalo, University of Sheffield, Juan Miguel Kanai, University of Sheffield, Melanie Lombard, University of Sheffield, Simon Rushton, University of Sheffield, Anastasia Shesterinina, University of Sheffield, Henry Staples, University of Sheffield, Helen Louise Turton, University of Sheffield
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- Participating in Peace
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- Bristol University Press
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- 24 January 2024
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- 31 July 2023, pp 11-35
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Summary
The 2016 Colombian peace agreement was lauded internationally as innovative, multi-layered and comprehensive. It went far beyond a simple commitment to lay down arms, incorporating further provisions on how to deal with various thorny legacies of the conflict, and also new challenges that would arise in response to its implementation. These included issues such as reparations for victims and the reintegration of demobilized FARC combatants, including guarantees for their political participation. Most ambitiously, the agreement sought to provide for the future economic growth of the predominantly rural areas that had been most heavily impacted by the conflict, often among the poorest in the country. In doing so, it incorporated much of the learning from previous peace processes (both those perceived as successful and those less so) that took place around the world in the post-Cold War era, while building upon multiple peacebuilding experiences and traditions developed in Colombia itself over the preceding decades. This unquestionably ambitious project of a participatory peace and geographically targeted development was, nevertheless, criticized widely from within Colombia. In the areas that were ostensibly intended to benefit from it, various social actors pointed to an implementation process that failed to address asymmetric power relations and, above all, the economic injustices that fuelled the armed conflict in the first place.
The discussion in this chapter situates the emergence of new forms of community-led participatory peacebuilding in relation to shortcomings in the peace process. Specifically, the chapter's goal is to contextualize the origins of the diálogos socio-territoriales (DSTs) discussed in Chapter Two and explored empirically in Chapters Three and Four. Particularly notable in the Colombian peace process was the government's use of social dialogue as a form of state-sponsored participatory peacebuilding, which in turn built upon previous civil society-led experiments with peace. The ambitious peace programme aspired to produce peaceful and prosperous futures for conflict-affected areas while involving the entirety of Colombian society in the process. However, it was also rather top-down in its initial composition, and various state–society interactions occurred during both the negotiation and implementation phases, which saw its very constitution and purpose becoming a site of conflict and contestation.
Conclusion
- Jefferson Jaramillo-Marín, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Luz Mery López-Lizarazo, Adriel Ruiz-Galvan, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, Matthew Louis Bishop, University of Sheffield, Juan Mario Díaz-Arévalo, University of Sheffield, Juan Miguel Kanai, University of Sheffield, Melanie Lombard, University of Sheffield, Simon Rushton, University of Sheffield, Anastasia Shesterinina, University of Sheffield, Henry Staples, University of Sheffield, Helen Louise Turton, University of Sheffield
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- Participating in Peace
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- Bristol University Press
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- 24 January 2024
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- 31 July 2023, pp 117-130
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Summary
This book has been inspired by two central questions. First, how are communities in Colombia seizing the initiative to build peace in the wake of the historic 2016 peace agreement? And second, what can participatory research contribute to these efforts, both within and beyond Colombia?
As is the case with any project in such a complex and shifting social and political situation, the findings we present and discuss here are necessarily provisional and partial. Colombia's conflict, the changing local and national politics surrounding it and associated efforts to understand and reduce violence – efforts that include local actors, NGOs, governments, international agencies and the research community alike – continue to evolve with dizzying speed. A meaningful or comprehensive peace in Colombia is a long way from being successfully ‘built’. Yet notwithstanding the limitations of our own efforts, we are confident of the significant untapped potential for engaged, immersive and non-extractive research in ‘post-conflict’ scenarios and, however embryonic and limited they may be, it is plainly evident that many communities beyond those we have examined here are constantly engaged in the careful, gradual and difficult business of constructing their own visions of more peaceful lives and futures.
In this concluding chapter, we present a synthesis of the book's central empirical, theoretical and methodological insights. We begin by placing the key findings from the two empirical cases in dialogue with one another and in relation to the wider story of the Colombian peace process, including the ‘territorial peace’ agenda. Here we return to the book's core concept of DST and ask what potential lessons these experiences can offer for other community-based actors. In the second section, we outline our key reflections for peace scholars and practitioners, making the case that DST is not only a descriptive concept describing a particular form of dialogue practice, but also a normative one which provides an entry point for PAR-based research to play a meaningful role in partnering with and supporting communities within and beyond Colombia to overcome the conflict(s) that inhibit their ability to live with dignity. Finally, we offer a brief analysis of recent events in Colombia, specifically the election of President Petro in 2022, and the implications of his early efforts towards a lasting form of ‘total peace’.