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Prevalence of Traumatic Life Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Severe Mental Illness
- M.J. Alvarez, A. Osés, Q. Foguet, J.M. Santos, P. Roura, F.X. Arrufat, A. Valiente, R. Perez, O. Villalba
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 24 / Issue S1 / January 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, 24-E1114
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Aims:
In some different studies, a high prevalence of interpersonal trauma especially childhood abuse as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been found in patients with several mental illness (SMI): schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorder.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the traumatic life events and PTSD in a sample with SMI.
Methods:We enrolled adults patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar I disorder. We excluded patients who score 3 or more in conceptual disorganization, hallucinations and/or unusual contents of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and 4 or more in another item of this scale. Interventions: sociodemographic date and Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire and Distressing Event Questionnaire.
Results:78 patients (52.6% men) with a mean age of 40 years. Diagnostic of the sample: 47.5% schizophrenia, 41% bipolar disorder and 11.5% schizoaffective disorder. Traumatic life events in the childhood: physical abuse, 22.1% (22.5% males and 21.8% females); psychological abuse, 26.9% (14.6% males and 40.5% females, p< 0.05); sexual abuse, 28.2% (21.9% males and 35.1% females).Some abuse in childhood, 48.0% (38.1% males and 62.2% women, p< 0.05).
Sexual abuse in adulthood: 25.6% (43.24% females and 9.7% men, p=0'05).
PTSD, 12.9% (8.3% males and 20.7% females).
Conclusions:Almost the half of the patients have biographical history of traumatic life events in the childhood. These traumatic events are significantly more prevalent in females. in adulthood, almost half of women had suffered sexual abuse.
A fifth part of the women with SMI have comorbidity with PTSD.
Endoscopic reconstruction of large anterior skull base defects with opening of the sellar diaphragm. Experience at a tertiary level university hospital
- C Carnevale, M Tomás-Barberán, G Til-Pérez, J Ibañez-Domínguez, D Arancibia-Tagle, R Rodríguez-Villalba, P Sarría-Echegaray
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 133 / Issue 10 / October 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 September 2019, pp. 889-894
- Print publication:
- October 2019
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Background
The indications for expanded endoscopic transnasal approaches continue to increase, with more complex skull base defects needing to be repaired. This study reviews the management of large anterior skull base defects with opening of the sellar diaphragm.
MethodA prospective analysis of endonasal endoscopic surgery carried out at Son Espases University Hospital between January 2013 and December 2018 was performed. The analysis included only the cases with a significative intra-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak. In all cases, reconstruction was performed by combining the gasket seal technique with a pedicled mucosal endonasal flap.
ResultsTwenty-eight patients were included. The mucoperiosteal nasoseptal flap, the lateral wall flap and the middle turbinate flap were used in 13, 8 and 7 patients, respectively, combined with the gasket seal technique. One case of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak was observed (3.57 per cent).
ConclusionThe combination of a gasket seal with an endonasal mucosal flap is an excellent technique for repairing large anterior skull base defects.
Iron-bearing kaolinite in Venezuelan laterites: I. Infrared spectroscopy and chemical dissolution evidence
- E. Mendelovici, Sh. Yariv, R. Villalba
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- Journal:
- Clay Minerals / Volume 14 / Issue 4 / December 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2018, pp. 323-331
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Fe substitution for Al in kaolinite (from Venezuelan laterites) is proved by infrared spectroscopy and chemical techniques. The location of Fe in the octahedral sheet is characterized by two absorption bands, at 865–875 and 3607 cm−1, assigned as δ Al-OH-Fe and v OH respectively. The detection of the 865 cm−1 band requires the use of CsCl for the preparation of the disks heated to 270°C so that the clay delaminates as a result of a kaolinite-CsCl-H2O complex formation. The 3607 cm−1 absorption is detected when KI disks are prepared. These two characteristic frequencies persist after either thermal decomposition or selective chemical dissolution of free iron and aluminium hydroxides.
Selective chemical dissolutions by consecutive treatments for; (1) the removal of free iron oxides, (2) gibbsite removal and (3) extractions of Fe and Al from kaolinite, give additional evidence about the occurrence of this solid solution.
The 1640 cm-1 infrared band, monitor for the gain and thermal stability of water produced in ground kaolinites
- E. Mendelovici, R. Villalba, A. Sagarzazu, O. Carias
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- Journal:
- Clay Minerals / Volume 30 / Issue 4 / December 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2018, pp. 307-313
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The development of the infrared (IR) absorption band at 1640 cm−1 (δH2O) is employed to monitor the gain in molecular water of progressively mortar-ground kaolinite. The planimetred area of this band shows a linear correlation with weight loss at 105°C (free moisture) between 2 and 18 h grinding, indicating a steady increase of molecular water in this range. Heating of ground products to 105°C causes a decrease of about ⅓ in the 1640 cm−1 peak area for all ground samples. This area decrease corresponds to a 34% (average) loss of free moisture as determined by gravimetry. The remaining water is held up to 280°C and is more tightly held in the kaolinite ground for shorter (2–5 h) intervals than in further ground kaolinites. The 1640 cm−1 peak is not detected in any ground kaolinite after heating to 600°C the temperature at which kaolinite dehydroxylates completely. The differentiation of the energetically different OH groups present in ground kaolinite and the mechanism of water gain are compared and discussed from IR spectroscopy and weight loss results.
Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions
- R. Kerr, G. M. Ward, G. D. Stentiford, A. Alfjorden, S. Mortensen, J. P. Bignell, S. W. Feist, A. Villalba, M. J. Carballal, A. Cao, I. Arzul, D. Ryder, D. Bass
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 145 / Issue 11 / September 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 June 2018, pp. 1483-1492
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Marteilia refringens causes marteiliosis in oysters, mussels and other bivalve molluscs. This parasite previously comprised two species, M. refringens and Marteilia maurini, which were synonymized in 2007 and subsequently referred to as M. refringens ‘O-type’ and ‘M-type’. O-type has caused mass mortalities of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. We used high throughput sequencing and histology to intensively screen flat oysters and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the UK, Sweden and Norway for infection by both types and to generate multi-gene datasets to clarify their genetic distinctiveness. Mussels from the UK, Norway and Sweden were more frequently polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for M-type (75/849) than oysters (11/542). We did not detect O-type in any northern European samples, and no histology-confirmed Marteilia-infected oysters were found in the UK, Norway and Sweden, even where co-habiting mussels were infected by the M-type. The two genetic lineages within ‘M. refringens’ are robustly distinguishable at species level. We therefore formally define them as separate species: M. refringens (previously O-type) and Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. (M-type). We designed and tested new Marteilia-specific PCR primers amplifying from the 3’ end of the 18S rRNA gene through to the 5.8S gene, which specifically amplified the target region from both tissue and environmental samples.
Inventory and recent changes of small glaciers on the northeast margin of the Southern Patagonia Icefield, Argentina
- M.H. Masiokas, S. Delgado, P. Pitte, E. Berthier, R. Villalba, P. Skvarca, L. Ruiz, J. Ukita, T. Yamanokuchi, T. Tadono, S. Marinsek, F. Couvreux, L. Zalazar
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 61 / Issue 227 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2017, pp. 511-523
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Most glaciological studies in Argentina have focused on the large outlet glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI); the numerous smaller neighboring glaciers have received significantly less attention. We present an inventory of 248 medium- to small-size glaciers (0.01–25 km2) adjacent to the northeast margin of the SPI, describe their change over the period 1979–2005 and assess local and regional climatic variations in an attempt to explain the observed glacier changes. Based on an ASTER mosaic from 20 February 2005 and the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model, we identified a total glacier area of 187.2 ± 7.4 km2 between 600 and 2870 m a.s.l. Glaciers are largely debris-free and are concentrated in the western, more humid sector adjacent to the SPI. Using a 20 March 1979 US military intelligence Hexagon KH-9 satellite photograph, we measured a total areal reduction of ∼33.7 km2 (15.2%) between 1979 and 2005. Ablation season temperatures from the study area have followed a regional warming trend that could partly explain the observed glacier shrinkage. Annual precipitation estimates show a gradual decrease between 1979 and 2002 that may also have contributed to the ice mass loss.
First surface velocity maps for glaciers of Monte Tronador, North Patagonian Andes, derived from sequential Pléiades satellite images
- L. Ruiz, E. Berthier, M. Masiokas, P. Pitte, R. Villalba
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 61 / Issue 229 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2017, pp. 908-922
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We apply cross-correlation to Pléiades satellite images to generate accurate, high-resolution monthly surface velocity maps of Monte Tronador glaciers between March and June 2012. Measured surface displacements cover periods as short as 19 days, with a precision of ∼0.58 m (11 m a−1). These glaciers follow a radial flow pattern, with maximum surface speeds of ∼390 m a−1 associated with steep icefalls. The lower reaches of the debris-covered tongues of Verde and Casa Pangue glaciers are almost stagnant, whereas Ventisquero Negro, another debris-covered glacier, shows acceleration at the front due to calving into a proglacial lake. Low-elevation debris-covered glacier tongues show increasing velocities at the beginning of the accumulation season, whereas higher-elevation, clean-ice tongues reduce their speed during this period. This contrasting behavior is probably in response to an increase in water input to the subglacial system from winter rainfall events at low elevations and a decrease in meltwater production at higher elevations. These sequential velocity maps can help to identify the controls on glacier surface velocity, aid in the delimitation of ice divides and could also contribute to more realistic calibration of ice-flux-mass–balance models in this glacierized area.
Little Ice Age fluctuations of Glaciar Río Manso in the North Patagonian Andes of Argentina
- M.H. Masiokas, B.H. Luckman, R. Villalba, A. Ripalta, J. Rabassa
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 73 / Issue 1 / January 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 96-106
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Little Ice Age (LIA) fluctuations of Glaciar R"o Manso, north Patagonian Andes, Argentina are studied using information from previous work and dendrogeomorphological analyses of living and subfossil wood. The most extensive LIA expansion occurred between the late 1700s and the 1830"1840s. Except for a massive older frontal moraine system apparently predating ca. 2240 14C yr BP and a small section of a south lateral moraine ridge that is at least 300 yr old, the early nineteenth century advance overrode surficial evidence of any earlier LIA glacier events. Over the past 150 yr the gently sloping, heavily debris-covered lower glacier tongue has thinned significantly, but several short periods of readvance or stasis have been identified and tree-ring dated to the mid-1870s, 1890s, 1900s, 1920s, 1950s, and the mid-1970s. Ice mass loss has increased in recent years due to calving into a rapidly growing proglacial lake. The neighboring debris-free and land-based Glaciar Fr"as has also retreated markedly in recent years but shows substantial differences in the timing of the peak LIA advance (early 1600s). This indicates that site-specific factors can have a significant impact on the resulting glacier records and should thus be considered carefully in the development and assessment of regional glacier chronologies.
Hyperspora aquatica n.gn., n.sp. (Microsporidia), hyperparasitic in Marteilia cochillia (Paramyxida), is closely related to crustacean-infecting microspordian taxa
- G. D. STENTIFORD, A. RAMILO, E. ABOLLO, R. KERR, K. S. BATEMAN, S. W. FEIST, D. BASS, A. VILLALBA
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- Parasitology / Volume 144 / Issue 2 / February 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 October 2016, pp. 186-199
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The Paramyxida, closely related to haplosporidians, paradinids, and mikrocytids, is an obscure order of parasitic protists within the class Ascetosporea. All characterized ascetosporeans are parasites of invertebrate hosts, including molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes. Representatives of the genus Marteilia are the best studied paramyxids, largely due to their impact on cultured oyster stocks, and their listing in international legislative frameworks. Although several examples of microsporidian hyperparasitism of paramyxids have been reported, phylogenetic data for these taxa are lacking. Recently, a microsporidian parasite was described infecting the paramyxid Marteilia cochillia, a serious pathogen of European cockles. In the current study, we investigated the phylogeny of the microsporidian hyperparasite infecting M. cochillia in cockles and, a further hyperparasite, Unikaryon legeri infecting the digenean Meiogymnophallus minutus, also in cockles. We show that rather than representing basally branching taxa in the increasingly replete Cryptomycota/Rozellomycota outgroup (containing taxa such as Mitosporidium and Paramicrosoridium), these hyperparasites instead group with other known microsporidian parasites infecting aquatic crustaceans. In doing so, we erect a new genus and species (Hyperspora aquatica n. gn., n.sp.) to contain the hyperparasite of M. cochillia and clarify the phylogenetic position of U. legeri. We propose that in both cases, hyperparasitism may provide a strategy for the vectoring of microsporidians between hosts of different trophic status (e.g. molluscs to crustaceans) within aquatic systems. In particular, we propose that the paramyxid hyperparasite H. aquatica may eventually be detected as a parasite of marine crustaceans. The potential route of transmission of the microsporidian between the paramyxid (in its host cockle) to crustaceans, and, the ‘hitch-hiking’ strategy employed by H. aquatica is discussed.
Reconstruction of the Annual Variation in Solar Radio Flux and the Catania Sunspot Area from Tree Ring-index Time Series
- J. O. Murphy, H. Sampson, T. T. Veblen, R. Villalba
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- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / August 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2016, pp. 164-169
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Four tree ring-index site chronologies, representing standardised annual growth rates for spruce trees growing at high altitude sites in Colorado, have been employed as proxy data in a regression model for the annual variation of solar radio flux at 2800 MHz (F10·7) and the Catania sunspot area (Ac). These dendrochronological time series all exhibit significant power spectrum peaks at about 11 years and separately correlate with the annual values of Rz, F10·7 and Ac, as solar activity indicators. The two models constructed give the cyclic variation of F10·7 and Ac back to AD1673.
Regression Model for the 22-year Hale Solar Cycle Derived from High Altitude Tree-ring Data
- J. O. Murphy, H. Sampson, T. T. Veblen, R. Villalba
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / August 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2016, pp. 157-163
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Initially some simple analytical properties based on the annual Zürich relative sunspot number are established for the 22-year Hale solar magnetic cycle. Since about AD1850, successive maximum sunspot numbers in a Hale cycle are highly correlated. Also, a regression model for the reconstruction of the 22-year Hale cycle has been formulated from proxy tree-ring data, obtained from spruce trees growing at a high altitude site in White River National Forest in Colorado. Over a considerable fraction of the past 300 years to AD1986, the ring-index time series power spectrum exhibits a strong 22-year periodicity, and more recently a significant spectral peak (at the 95% confidence level) at approximately 11 years. The model shows that the greatest variation in ‘amplitude’ in the magnetic cycle occurs over the early decades of the eighteenth century, when the sample size is small. Thereafter, a nearly constant amplitude is maintained until about AD1880 when a break occurs in both phase correspondence and amplitude, extending over the next three cycles. From AD1950 the signal recovers phase with the solar cycle, with reduced but increasing amplitude.
Effect of bovine ABCG2 polymorphism Y581S SNP on secretion into milk of enterolactone, riboflavin and uric acid
- J. A. Otero, V. Miguel, L. González-Lobato, R. García-Villalba, J. C. Espín, J. G. Prieto, G. Merino, A. I. Álvarez
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The ATP-binding cassette transporter G2/breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP) is an efflux protein involved in the bioavailability and milk secretion of endogenous and exogenous compounds, actively affecting milk composition. A limited number of physiological substrates have been identified. However, no studies have reported the specific effect of this polymorphism on the secretion into milk of compounds implicated in milk quality such as vitamins or endogenous compounds. The bovine ABCG2 Y581S polymorphism is described as a gain-of-function polymorphism that increases milk secretion and decreases plasma levels of its substrates. This work aims to study the impact of Y581S polymorphism on plasma disposition and milk secretion of compounds such as riboflavin (vitamin B2), enterolactone, a microbiota-derived metabolite from the dietary lignan secoisolariciresinol and uric acid. In vitro transport of these compounds was assessed in MDCK-II cells overexpressing the bovine ABCG2 (WT-bABCG2) and its Y581S variant (Y581S-bABCG2). Plasma and milk levels were obtained from Y/Y homozygous and Y/S heterozygous cows. The results show that riboflavin was more efficiently transported in vitro by the Y581S variant, although no differences were noted in vivo. Both uric acid and enterolactone were substrates in vitro of the bovine ABCG2 variants and were actively secreted into milk with a two-fold increase in the milk/plasma ratio for Y/S with respect to Y/Y cows. The in vitro ABCG2-mediated transport of the drug mitoxantrone, as a model substrate, was inhibited by enterolactone in both variants, suggesting the possible in vivo use of this enterolignan to reduce ABCG2-mediated milk drug transfer in cows. The Y581S variant was inhibited to a lesser extent probably due to its higher transport capacity. All these findings point to a significant role of the ABCG2 Y581S polymorphism in the milk disposition of enterolactone and the endogenous molecules riboflavin and uric acid, which could affect both milk quality and functionality.
An integrated simulation and optimization model of sheep farms as a tool to explore technical and environmental objectives
- D. Villalba, B. Díez-Unquera, A. Carrascal, A. Bernués, R. Ruiz
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- Journal:
- Advances in Animal Biosciences / Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2015, pp. 6-8
- Print publication:
- March 2015
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Expression of conditioned preference for low-quality food in sheep is modulated by foraging costs
- F. Catanese, R. A. Distel, J. J. Villalba
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Past positive experiences can increase herbivores’ motivation to eat low-quality foods. However, this is not always translated into a higher preference for low-quality foods in choice tests among foods of higher nutritional quality. Foraging behavior is also affected by properties of the feeding context because the quality and abundance of foods in nature change in time and space. We hypothesized that in a choice situation, the expression of a past positive experience with a low-quality food is modulated by the costs associated with selecting a high-quality food option. A total of 24 sheep were randomly assigned into two groups (n=12). During conditioning phase, one group (CS+; i.e., conditioned group) was fed with oat hay (a low-quality food) for 20 min and immediately after a ration of soybean meal (a nutritious food), whereas the other group was also fed with oat hay but the offer of soybean meal was delayed 5 h (CS−; i.e., control group). After conditioning, we assessed sheep motivation to eat the oat hay in an experimental arena in which accessibility to alfalfa hay (a high-quality food) was increasingly restricted. When alfalfa hay was readily accessible, CS+ and CS− sheep almost exclusively selected this food, showing a small and similar preference for oat hay. However, when accessibility to alfalfa hay decreased, intake and selection of oat hay was greater in the CS+ sheep than in the CS− sheep. The latter was a consequence of differential changes in behavior between groups; for example, sheep in CS+ spent more time foraging oat hay and were more likely to switch to oat hay if they had previously been eating alfalfa hay than sheep in CS−. Our results show that behavioral expression of the conditioned preference for a low-quality food depends on parameters of the feeding context (e.g., availability). We suggest that this can be the link between learning models and optimal foraging models of diet selection.
Phytochemical complementarities among endophyte-infected tall fescue, reed canarygrass, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa affect cattle foraging
- T. D. Lyman, F. D. Provenza, J. J. Villalba, R. D. Wiedmeier
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We determined whether plant diversity and sequence of plant ingestion affected foraging when cattle chose from plants that varied in concentrations of alkaloids, tannins and saponins. We hypothesized cattle that ate high-alkaloid grasses (endophyte-infected tall fescue (TF) or reed canarygrass (RCG)) would prefer forages high in tannins (birdsfoot trefoil, BFT+) or saponins (alfalfa, ALF+), because tannins and saponins can bind to alkaloids, presumably reducing their absorption. We further hypothesized that forages with tannins or saponins consumed before, rather than after, foraging on high-alkaloid grasses would promote greater use of those grasses presumably by binding to alkaloids, thereby reducing their absorption. In Phase 1, cattle (n = 32) grazed on either high (+) or low (−) alkaloid grass (TF or RCG) pastures for 30 min each morning at 0600 h and were then offered a choice of BFT+, BFT−, ALF+ and ALF− for 60 min each day for 12 days. In Phase 2, cattle (n = 32) were first offered a choice of BFT+ or ALF+ for 30 min at 0600 h and then placed on grass (TF+ or −, or RCG+ or −) pastures for 60 min for 12 days. In both phases, we had four spatial replications of four treatments with 2 per calves assigned to each of the 16 replications per treatment combinations. Scan samples of individuals at 2-min intervals were used to determine incidence of foraging on each plant species (%). Cattle grazed more on RCG than on TF in Phases 1 (62% v. 27%; P = 0.0015) and 2 (71% v. 32%; P = 0.0005). In Phase 1, cattle that first foraged on RCG+ or TF− subsequently preferred ALF over BFT, whereas cattle offered RCG− or TF+ foraged on ALF and BFT equally. Foraging by cattle on RCG was cyclic during Phase 1, whereas cattle foraging on TF markedly decreased incidence of use of TF from 41% to only 16% by the end of the 12-day trial (P = 0.0029). Contrary to the cyclic (RCG) or steadily declining (TF) use of grasses in Phase 1, cattle steadily and dramatically increased foraging on both RCG and TF throughout Phase 2, when they first grazed BFT+ or ALF+ followed by high-alkaloid grasses (P = 0.0159). Our findings suggest that in plant species the sequence of ingestion influenced foraging behavior of cattle and that secondary compounds influenced those responses.
62 - Environmental history and forest regeneration dynamics in a degraded valley of north-west Argentina's cloud forests
- from Part VII - Cloud forest conservation, restoration, and management issues
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- By H. R. Grau, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, J. Carilla, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, R. Gil-Montero, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, R. Villalba, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Argentina, E. Araoz, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, G. Masse, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, Argentina, M. de Membiela, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Argentina
- Edited by L. A. Bruijnzeel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, F. N. Scatena, University of Pennsylvania, L. S. Hamilton, Cornell University, New York
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- Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
- Published online:
- 03 May 2011
- Print publication:
- 06 January 2011, pp 597-604
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Summary
ABSTRACT
Extensive areas of montane cloud forests have been transformed into degraded grasslands due to intensive land use in the past. As a consequence of economic modernization and rural-to-urban migration, land-use intensity is decreasing in many of these areas. This chapter combines analysis of historic land use with dendrochronologic estimates of climate, fire, and tree establishment to explore the interactions between climate, socio-economic changes, and vegetation dynamics in a degraded valley in the cloud forest life zone of NW Argentina. During the twentieth century, population increased and became concentrated in the local capital township. State and services employment increased while density of domestic grazers decreased in the second half of the century. Rainfall increased; the period post-1970 was moister than the previous 250 years. Despite these trends, secondary tree species are not colonizing degraded grasslands in this area. The increase in rainfall and decrease in grazing intensity is negatively associated with tree recruitment, particularly with respect to Podocarpus parlatorei, the dominant tree species in secondary forests adjacent to pasture. The interpretation offered here is that decreased grazing and increased rainfall has favored grassland over shrubland. Grasslands are maintained by frequent fire, which eliminates Podocarpus seedlings and unpalatable shrubs that, in turn, facilitate Podocarpus recruitment by providing perches for seed dispersal and generate a less stressful micro-environment. Only in particular years following periods of intense fire activity, Alnus acuminata, a highly light-demanding tree species, recruits. […]
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Role of early experience in the development of preference for low-quality food in sheep
- F. Catanese, R. A. Distel, R. M. Rodríguez Iglesias, J. J. Villalba
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Domestic ruminant selectivity induces floristic changes in pasturelands, risking sustainability and limiting the subsequent availability of susceptible plant species. Development of preferences for species of lower nutritional quality may help to overcome those problems. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that early experience of sheep with a low-quality food (LQF) in a nutritional enriched context increases preference for LQF in adulthood. We predicted a higher proportional consumption of LQF in experienced lambs (EL) than in inexperienced lambs (IL) in choice situations involving LQF and alternative foods. Additionally, we determined intake of LQF by EL and IL at different levels of high-quality food (HQF) availability. From 60 to 210 days of age, EL were fed in separated feed bunks mature oat hay (LQF) simultaneously with sunflower meal (SM) and corn grain (CG), whereas IL were fed alfalfa hay (HQF) simultaneously with SM and CG. After exposure, EL and IL were offered LQF in free choice situations involving alternative foods, and also at five levels of HQF availability (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% of ad libitum intake). Proportional consumption of LQF was lower or similar in EL than IL. Intake of LQF was also lower or similar in EL than IL at all levels of HQF availability, except when the LQF was the only food available. Our results did not support the hypothesis that early experience with a LQF in a nutritional enriched context increases preference for LQF in adulthood. On the contrary, experience with LQF diminished subsequent preference for LQF in adulthood. It is proposed that, in the conditions of our study, continuous comparison between the LQF and the high-quality supplements (CG and SM) during the early exposure period lead to devaluation of LQF by EL through a simultaneous negative contrast effect.
Study of the FexNiy-Ag System Prepared by Mechanical Alloying
- G González, D Ibarra, J Ochoa, R Villalba, E Barrios, F Arenas
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 11 / Issue S02 / August 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2005, pp. 1850-1851
- Print publication:
- August 2005
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 31--August 4, 2005
8 - Tree-Ring Records of Past ENSO Variability and Forcing
- from SECTION B - Long-Term Changes in ENSO: Historical, Paleoclimatic, and Theoretical Aspects
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- By Edward R. Cook, Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A., Rosanne D. D'Arrigo, Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A., Julia E. Cole, Department of Geological Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A., David W. Stahle, Department of Geography, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Arkansas 72701, U.S.A., Ricardo Villalba, Laboratorio de Dendrocronotogia, CRICYT-Mendoza, CONICET, C.C. 330, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
- Edited by Henry F. Diaz, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Vera Markgraf, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 09 November 2000, pp 297-324
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Summary
Abstract
We review results of recent and ongoing research in using long, exactly dated, annual tree-ring chronologies to study and reconstruct past El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and forcing. The research covered here includes (1) the development and testing of long teak chronologies from Indonesia for ENSO signals; (2) the reconstruction of the Tahiti–Darwin Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Java; (3) the recent discovery of some tree species suitable for developing tree-ring chronologies from ENSO-sensitive regions of East Africa; (4) the discovery of long-term ENSO forcing of climate in the midto high-latitude Southern Hemisphere from a tree-ring reconstruction of the summer transpolar sea-level pressure (SLP) index; and (5) the characterization of the ENSO teleconnection with drought in the United States and its temporal stability in a network of long drought reconstructions from tree rings.
Introduction
The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important known cause of interannual climate variability on Earth (see, e.g., Ropelewski and Halpert 1987; Kiladis and Diaz 1989). El Niño/Southern Oscillation has exhibited large changes in amplitude and phase of the annual cycle and in the frequency and intensity of warm and cold events during the past 100 years of instrumental observation. Dynamic models of ENSO have successfully anticipated some recent ENSO activity (Cane et al. 1986) and have also simulated dramatic amplitude modulation of warm events on decadal to century timescales (Cane et al. 1995).