Dusty plasmas typically contain various species of dust particles, though most studies have focused on homogeneous systems. This paper investigates the propagation of dust acoustic waves in an inhomogeneous dusty plasma with an interface, analysing how plasma inhomogeneity influences wave behaviour. Using scattering and reductive perturbation methods, we show that both transmitted and reflected waves depend strongly on the mass ratio between regions. Dust acoustic waves cannot propagate through a dust lattice when the wavelength is smaller than the lattice constant. At a discontinuous interface, at least one transmitted solitary wave is generated, with its amplitude determined by the mass ratio, while at most one reflected solitary wave can exist. These results underscore the critical role of the mass ratio in wave propagation and suggest a method for estimating dust particle masses and properties by analysing the incident, transmitted and reflected waves.

The study aims were to present in vitro susceptibilities of clinical isolates from Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections (GNBSI) collected in China. GNBSI isolates were collected from 18 tertiary hospitals in 7 regions of China from 2018 to 2020. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were assessed using a Trek Diagnostic System. Susceptibility was determined using CLSI broth microdilution, and breakpoints were interpreted using CLSI M100 (2021). A total of 1,815 GNBSI strains were collected, with E. coli (42.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.6%) being the most prevalent species, followed by P. aeruginosa (6.7%). Susceptibility analyses revealed low susceptibilities (<40%) of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumonia to third-/fourth-generation cephalosporins, monobactamases, and fluoroquinolones. High susceptibilities to colistin (95.0%) and amikacin (81.3%) were found for K. pneumoniae, while Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited a high susceptibility (99.2%) to colistin but a low susceptibility to other antimicrobials (<27.5%). Isolates from ICUs displayed lower drug susceptibility rates of K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii than isolates from non-ICUs (all P < 0.05). Carbapenem-resistant and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae detection was different across regions (both P < 0.05). E. coli and K. pneumoniae were major contributors to GNBSI, while A. baumannii exhibited severe drug resistance in isolates obtained from ICU departments.

Placing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) at the 5th lumbar vertebra (L5) is a frequently employed method to assess the whole-body center of mass (CoM) motion during walking. However, such a fixed position approach does not account for instantaneous changes in body segment positions that change the CoM. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the congruence between CoM accelerations obtained from these two methods. The CoM positions were calculated based on trajectory data from 49 markers placed on bony landmarks, and its accelerations were computed using the finite-difference algorithm. Concurrently, accelerations were obtained with an IMU placed at L5, a proxy CoM position. Data were collected from 16 participants. Bland–Altman Limits of Agreement and Statistical Parametric Mapping approaches were used to examine the similarity and differences between accelerations directly obtained from the IMU and those derived from position data of the L5 marker (ML5) and whole-body CoM during a gait cycle. The correlation was moderate between IMU and CoM accelerations (r = 0.58) and was strong between IMU and ML5 or between CoM and ML5 accelerations (r = 0.76). There were significant differences in magnitudes between CoM and ML5 and between CoM and IMU accelerations along the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions during the early loading response, mid-stance, and terminal stance to pre-swing. Such comprehensive understanding of the similarity or discrepancy between CoM accelerations acquired by a single IMU and a camera-based motion capture system could further improve the development of wearable sensor technology for human movement analysis.

Recent developments have indicated a potential association between tinnitus and COVID-19. The study aimed to understand tinnitus following COVID-19 by examining its severity, recovery prospects, and connection to other lasting COVID-19 effects. Involving 1331 former COVID-19 patients, the online survey assessed tinnitus severity, cognitive issues, and medical background. Of the participants, 27.9% reported tinnitus after infection. Findings showed that as tinnitus severity increased, the chances of natural recovery fell, with more individuals experiencing ongoing symptoms (p < 0.001). Those with the Grade II mild tinnitus (OR = 3.68; CI = 1.89–7.32; p = 0.002), Grade III tinnitus (OR = 3.70; CI = 1.94–7.22; p < 0.001), Grade IV (OR = 6.83; CI = 3.73–12.91; p < 0.001), and a history of tinnitus (OR = 1.96; CI = 1.08–3.64; p = 0.03) had poorer recovery outcomes. Grade IV cases were most common (33.2%), and severe tinnitus was strongly associated with the risk of developing long-term hearing loss, anxiety, and emotional disorders (p < 0.001). The study concludes that severe post-COVID tinnitus correlates with a worse prognosis and potential hearing loss, suggesting the need for attentive treatment and management of severe cases.

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is one of the world’s resilient upland weeds, primarily spreading through its tubers. Its emergence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields has been increasing, likely due to changing paddy-farming practices. This study aimed to investigate how C. rotundus, an upland weed, can withstand soil flooding and become a problematic weed in rice fields. The first comparative analysis focused on the survival and recovery characteristics of growing and mature tubers of C. rotundus exposed to soil-flooding conditions. Notably, mature tubers exhibited significant survival and recovery abilities in these environments. Based on this observation, further investigation was carried out to explore the morphological structure, nonstructural carbohydrates, and respiratory mechanisms of mature tubers in response to prolonged soil flooding. Over time, the mature tubers did not form aerenchyma but instead gradually accumulated lignified sclerenchymal fibers, with lignin content also increasing. After 90 d, the lignified sclerenchymal fibers and lignin contents were 4.0 and 1.1 times higher than those in the no soil-flooding treatment. Concurrently, soluble sugar content decreased while starch content increased, providing energy storage, and alcohol dehydrogenase activity rose to support anaerobic respiration via alcohol fermentation. These results indicated that mature tubers survived in soil-flooding conditions by adopting a low-oxygen quiescence strategy, which involves morphological adaptations through the development of lignified sclerenchymal fibers, increased starch reserves for energy storage, and enhanced anaerobic respiration. This mechanism likely underpins the flooding tolerance of mature C. rotundus tubers, allowing them to endure unfavorable conditions and subsequently germinate and grow once flooding subsides. This study provides a preliminary explanation of the mechanism by which mature tubers of C. rotundus from the upland areas confer flooding tolerance, shedding light on the reasons behind this weed’s increasing presence in rice fields.

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have proven to be valuable tools in measuring the range of motion (RoM) of human upper limb joints. Although several studies have reported on the validity of IMUs compared to the gold standard (optical motion capture system, OMC), a quantitative summary of the accuracy of IMUs in measuring RoM of upper limb joints is still lacking. Thus, the primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the concurrent validity of IMUs for measuring RoM of the upper extremity in adults. Fifty-one articles were included in the systematic review, and data from 16 were pooled for meta-analysis. Concurrent validity is excellent for shoulder flexion–extension (Pearson’s r = 0.969 [0.935, 0.986], ICC = 0.935 [0.749, 0.984], mean difference = −3.19 (p = 0.55)), elbow flexion–extension (Pearson’s r = 0.954 [0.929, 0.970], ICC = 0.929 [0.814, 0.974], mean difference = 10.61 (p = 0.36)), wrist flexion–extension (Pearson’s r = 0.974 [0.945, 0.988], mean difference = −4.20 (p = 0.58)), good to excellent for shoulder abduction–adduction (Pearson’s r = 0.919 [0.848, 0.957], ICC = 0.840 [0.430, 0.963], mean difference = −7.10 (p = 0.50)), and elbow pronation–supination (Pearson’s r = 0.966 [0.939, 0.981], ICC = 0.821 [0.696, 0.900]). There are some inconsistent results for shoulder internal–external rotation (Pearson’s r = 0.939 [0.894, 0.965], mean difference = −9.13 (p < 0.0001)). In conclusion, the results support IMU as a viable instrument for measuring RoM of upper extremity, but for some specific joint movements, such as shoulder rotation and wrist ulnar-radial deviation, IMU measurements need to be used with caution.

As a required sample preparation method for 14C graphite, the Zn-Fe reduction method has been widely used in various laboratories. However, there is still insufficient research to improve the efficiency of graphite synthesis, reduce modern carbon contamination, and test other condition methodologies at Guangxi Normal University (GXNU). In this work, the experimental parameters, such as the reduction temperature, reaction time, reagent dose, Fe powder pretreatment, and other factors, in the Zn-Fe flame sealing reduction method for 14C graphite samples were explored and determined. The background induced by the sample preparation process was (2.06 ± 0.55) × 10–15, while the 12C– beam current were better than 40μA. The results provide essential instructions for preparing 14C graphite of ∼1 mg at the GXNU lab and technical support for the development of 14C dating and tracing, contributing to biology and environmental science.

Recent years have seen the emergence of new technologies that exploit nanoscale evaporation, ranging from nanoporous membranes for distillation to evaporative cooling in electronics. Despite the increasing depth of fundamental knowledge, there is still a lack of simulation tools capable of capturing the underlying non-equilibrium liquid–vapour phase changes that are critical to these and other such technologies. This work presents a molecular kinetic theory model capable of describing the entire flow field, i.e. the liquid and vapour phases and their interface, while striking a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. In particular, unlike previous kinetic models based on the isothermal assumption, the proposed model can capture the temperature variations that occur during the evaporation process, yet does not require the computational resources of more complicated mean-field kinetic approaches. We assess the present kinetic model in three test cases: liquid–vapour equilibrium, evaporation into near-vacuum condition, and evaporation into vapour. The results agree well with benchmark solutions, while reducing the simulation time by almost two orders of magnitude on average in the cases studied. The results therefore suggest that this work is a stepping stone towards the development of an accurate and efficient computational approach to optimising the next generation of nanotechnologies based on nanoscale evaporation.

A new vacuum line to extract CO2 from carbonate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water was established at Guangxi Normal University. The vacuum line consisted of two main components: a CO2 bubble circulation region and a CO2 purification collection region, both of which were made of quartz glass and metal pipelines. To validate its reliability, a series of carbonate samples were prepared using this system. The total recovery rate of CO2 extraction and graphitization exceeded 80%. Furthermore, the carbon content in calcium carbonate exhibited a linear relationship with the CO2 pressure within the system, demonstrating its stability and reliability. The system was also employed to prepare and analyze various samples, including calcium carbonate blanks, foraminiferal, shell, groundwater, and subsurface oil-water samples. The accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results indicated that the average beam current for 12C- in the samples exceeded 40 μA. Additionally, the contamination introduced during the liquid sample preparation process was approximately (1.77 ± 0.57) × 10−14. Overall, the graphitized preparation system for carbonate and DIC in water exhibited high efficiency and recovery, meeting the requirements for samples dating back to approximately 30,000 years.

Soft fingers play an increasingly important role in robotic grippers to achieve adaptive grasping with variable stiffness features. Previous studies of soft finger design have primarily focused on the optimization of the structural parameters of existing finger structures, but limited efforts have been put into the design methodology from fundamental grasping mechanisms to finger structures with desired grasping force features. To this aim, a fundamental architecture of soft fingers is proposed for analyzing common soft finger features and the influence of the internal structures on the overall grasping performance. In addition, three general performance metrics are introduced to evaluate the grasping performance of soft finger designs. Then, a novel method is proposed to combine the variable stiffness structure with the fundamental architecture to compensate for the grasping force of the finger and linearization. Subsequently, an embodiment design is proposed with a cantilever spring-based variable stiffness (CSVS) mechanism based on the method, and a multi-objective optimization method is employed to optimize the design. Besides, the CSVS features are analyzed through finite element analysis (FEA), and by comparing the grasping performance between the V-shape finger and the CSVS finger, it is demonstrated that the design method can effectively shorten the pre-grasp stage and linearize the grasping force in the post-grasp stage while reducing the likelihood of sliding friction between the finger and the grasped object. Finally, experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the FEA model, the effectiveness of the design methodology, and the adaptability of the CSVS finger.

A modulational instability of nonlinearly interacting electron whistlers and magnetosonic perturbations is studied in the present paper. For typical parameters, there is no modulational instability. However, modulational instability appears in special cases. For example, when the whistler wavenumber is small enough, there is modulational instability. Its growth rate decreases as the angle between the external magnetic field and the perturbed wave's direction increases, while it increases as the whistler wavenumber increases. It is also found that there is no modulational instability when the whistler wavenumber is larger than a critical value ($k_0 > 0.05$), in which the perturbed wave frequency increases as the angle between the external magnetic field and the perturbed wave's direction increases when the angle between the external magnetic field and the perturbed wave's direction is large enough. Whereas, the perturbed wave frequency first increases as the whistler wavenumber increases, reaches a peak value and then decreases as whistler wavenumber increases.

The damage characteristics of fused silica were investigated under low-temporal coherence light (LTCL). It was found that the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of fused silica for the LTCL was lower than that of the single longitudinal mode pulse laser, and for the LTCLs, the LIDTs decrease with the increasing of laser bandwidth, which is not consistent with the temporal spike intensity. This is due to the nonlinear self-focusing effect and multi-pulse accumulation effect. The specific reasons were analyzed based on theoretical simulation and experimental study. This research work is helpful and of great significance for the construction of high-power LTCL devices.

Seven accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dates (7260±106∼7607±95 BP averaged 7444±103 BP) on a giant oyster shell, collected from an ancient shore of the Taipei Basin, are similar to the LSC (liquid scintillation counting) 14C age (7260±46 BP) of a grass sample inside the shell. The calibrated 14C ages of the C. gigas by Marine20 are 7490±240∼7805±230 cal BP (average 7660±96 cal BP), generally agreed with the calibrated LSC 14C ages of the grass and the oyster shell. Combined with other 14C ages of shoreline samples in the Taipei Basin, it is evident that sea level rose from 8600 to 7600 cal BP and reached a stand higher than modern sea level. During this marine transgression, the sedimentation rate along the shoreline was very high because 14C dating was not able to detect age differences for 4–5 m thick sediment sequences. Sixty-nine analyses of δ18O and δ13C from the oldest part of the shell exhibit clear seasonal cycles, with a 4-year period of growth in the 5.5-cm section. According to the δ18O values, the ancient oyster grew in a warmer-than-present shoreline environment, suggesting that the current absence of the giant oyster in Taiwan is not due to warming conditions.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to review the preparation and characterization of the intergrowth between goethite and hematite crystals; and (2) to propose a schematic diagram of the epitaxial relationships among three sets of (100) goethite twin crystals associated with the (001) orientation of the hexagonal prism of hematite. The Fe(ClO4)3 solution was prepared and aged at 70°C, which precipitated goethite initially and produced hematite later with prolonged aging. Goethite and hematite aged for 20 days were observed as star-shaped and hexagonal prisms, respectively. The results suggest that hematite could form later using goethite as a template surface. A selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern showed the epitaxial relationship among three sets of (100) goethite intergrowth crystals and hexagonal prisms with the (001) orientation of hematite. Goethite can be produced as lath-, X-, K-, or star-shaped crystals on the (100) orientation, depending on the Fe(ClO4)3 concentrations and the addition of HClO4 to Fe solution samples which were aged for a prolonged period at room temperature. The initial solubility products [(Fe3+)(OH–)3] of the sample solution, rather than the nature of the nuclei, are the key factors governing the formation of goethite or hematite. The addition of acids and high concentrations of iron solutions extend the secondary hydrolysis and induction period (IP) and favor the formation of hematite. The index of the SAED pattern of the star-shaped goethite intergrowth twin crystal has a (100) plane parallel to this basal plane and rotates at a 60° angle between two or three sets of lath-shaped goethite crystals, which share the (011) plane and form goethite twins with ‘interpenetrated’ crystal growth. Stereoscopic viewing using Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) and CrystalMaker software was deployed to explore the relationship and configuration of oxygen atoms between pseudo-hexagonal (100) goethite associated with hexagonal (001) hematite lattice planes. A schematic diagram of the epitaxial relationship between star-shaped (100) goethite, which is acting as a template facilitating later precipitation of (001) hexagonal prisms of hematite on it, is presented.

As a common mineral phase on Earth and Martian regolith, natural rutile was reported as a potential candidate for use as a Fenton catalyst in this study. The influences of Fe and V in various chemical states on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and the catalytic activity of rutile were examined. A series of rutile samples with various surface and bulk states of Fe and V were obtained initially by hydrogen annealing of natural rutile at ~773–1173 K. X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the atomic fractions of Fe(III) and V(V) decreased sharply with increasing temperature, along with the accumulation of surface Fe(II) and bulk V(III). All as-prepared materials showed enhanced Fenton degradation efficiency on methylene blue (MB) compared with P25-TiO2, and the treated samples exhibited up to 3.5-fold improvement in efficiency at pH 3 compared to the untreated sample. The improved efficiency was attributed mainly to Fenton catalysis involving Fe(II) and V(III). The dissolved Fe2+ played a crucial role in the homogeneous Fenton reaction, while the bound V(III) favored adsorption primarily and may have facilitated heterogeneous Fenton reaction and the regeneration of Fe2+. The pH regulated the reaction mechanism among homogeneous (pH = 3) and heterogeneous (pH = 3.7) Fenton catalysis and physical adsorption (pH = 5, 6). The aim of the present study was to improve the understanding of the potential role of natural rutile with advanced oxidation functions in Earth systems and even on Mars, which also provide an inspiration for screening natural rutile and any other similar, Earth-abundant, low-cost minerals for environmental application.

As one of the strongest inorganic oxidizers in natural environments, manganese oxides participate in the oxidation processes of dissolved sulfides, affecting their migration, transformation, and toxicity. The amount of and sites for Mn(III) influence significantly the oxidation activity of Mn(IV) oxides. As an easily formed Mn oxide in supergene environments, manganite consists of Mn(III)O6 octahedra; further study is needed of the interaction processes of manganite and dissolved sulfide. In the present study, the interaction mechanisms of dissolved sulfide and manganite were studied systematically. The influences of pH, temperature, and oxygen atmosphere were also investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the crystal structures, compositions, and micromorphologies of manganite and the intermediate products. The sulfide species were identified by visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and ion chromatography during the reaction process. The results indicated that in a nitrogen atmosphere, elemental sulfur was formed as the main oxidation product of dissolved sulfide by manganite at the initial stage, and polysulfide ions were observed as the intermediates. Elemental sulfur was further oxidized slowly to S2O32−. The initial oxidation rate of dissolved sulfide by manganite increased with temperature from 20 to 40°C. The reaction rate increased at first and then decreased as the pH changed from 4.0 to 12.0, and the greatest oxidation rate was achieved at pH 8.0. In the presence of oxygen, S2O32− was the main product. The oxidation rate of dissolved sulfide decreased, and manganite exhibited significant catalytic activity and stability with respect to the oxidation of dissolved sulfide in the oxygenated aqueous systems. These findings are of fundamental significance in understanding the interaction and transformation of dissolved sulfide and manganese oxides in nature.