Did COVID-19 Increase Xenophobia? Results from a Four-wave Longitudinal Study
The global pandemic brought unprecedented challenges and changes to societies worldwide. Beyond the immediate health crisis, there was a significant impact on our social lives. One area of concern was whether the heightened risk of infectious diseases would lead to increased xenophobia—fear or hatred of foreigners and immigrants. A popular hypothesis from the behavioral immune system literature said yes. It suggests that negative attitudes toward outgroups serve pathogen-neutralizing functions.















