In this paper, we study the warped structures of Finsler metrics. We obtain the differential equation that characterizes Finsler warped product metrics with vanishing Douglas curvature. By solving this equation, we obtain all Finsler warped product Douglas metrics. Some new Douglas Finsler metrics of this type are produced by using known spherically symmetric Douglas metrics.

We construct a shifted version of the Turán sieve method developed by R. Murty and the second author and apply it to counting problems on tournaments. More precisely, we obtain upper bounds for the number of tournaments which contain a fixed number of restricted $r$-cycles. These are the first concrete results which count the number of cycles over “all tournaments”.

Free binary systems are shown not to admit idempotent means. This refutes a conjecture of the author. It is also shown that the extension of Hindman’s theorem to nonassociative binary systems formulated and conjectured by the author is false.

We find an explicit expression for the zeta-regularized determinant of (the Friedrichs extensions of) the Laplacians on a compact Riemann surface of genus one with conformal metric of curvature $1$ having a single conical singularity of angle $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$.

Let $A$ be the inductive limit of a sequence

$$\begin{eqnarray}A_{1}\xrightarrow[{}]{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{1,2}}A_{2}\xrightarrow[{}]{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{2,3}}A_{3}\longrightarrow \cdots\end{eqnarray}$$

$A_{n}=\bigoplus _{i=1}^{n_{i}}A_{[n,i]}$

$A_{[n,i]}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{n,n+1}$

$A$

$$\begin{eqnarray}B_{1}\xrightarrow[{}]{\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{1,2}}B_{2}\xrightarrow[{}]{\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{2,3}}B_{3}\longrightarrow \cdots\end{eqnarray}$$

$B_{n}=\bigoplus _{i=1}^{n_{i}^{\prime }}B_{[n,i]^{\prime }}$

$B_{[n,i]^{\prime }}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{n,n+1}$

It is proved that the Continuum Hypothesis implies that any sequence of rapid P-points of length ${<}\mathfrak{c}^{+}$ that is increasing with respect to the Rudin–Keisler ordering is bounded above by a rapid P-point. This is an improvement of a result from B. Kuzeljevic and D. Raghavan. It is also proved that Jensen’s diamond principle implies the existence of an unbounded strictly increasing sequence of P-points of length $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{1}$ in the Rudin–Keisler ordering. This shows that restricting to the class of rapid P-points is essential for the first result.

A Tits polygon is a bipartite graph in which the neighborhood of every vertex is endowed with an “opposition relation” satisfying certain properties. Moufang polygons are precisely the Tits polygons in which these opposition relations are all trivial. There is a standard construction that produces a Tits polygon whose opposition relations are not all trivial from an arbitrary pair $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5},T)$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$ is a building of type $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$ is a spherical, irreducible Coxeter diagram of rank at least $3$, and $T$ is a Tits index of absolute type $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$ and relative rank $2$. A Tits polygon is called $k$-plump if its opposition relations satisfy a mild condition that is satisfied by all Tits triangles coming from a pair $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5},T)$ such that every panel of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$ has at least $k+1$ chambers. We show that a $5$-plump Tits triangle is parametrized and uniquely determined by a ring $R$ that is alternative and of stable rank $2$. We use the connection between Tits triangles and the theory of Veldkamp planes as developed by Veldkamp and Faulkner to show existence.

We prove that if $\mathfrak{s}$ is a solvable Lie algebra of matrices over a field of characteristic 0 and $A\in \mathfrak{s}$, then the semisimple and nilpotent summands of the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition of $A$ belong to $\mathfrak{s}$ if and only if there exist $S,N\in \mathfrak{s}$, $S$ is semisimple, $N$ is nilpotent (not necessarily $[S,N]=0$) such that $A=S+N$.

Katz and Sarnak predicted that the one level density of the zeros of a family of L-functions would fall into one of five categories. In this paper, we show that the one level density for L-functions attached to cubic Galois number fields falls into the category associated with unitary matrices.

In 1984, K. Mahler asked how well elements in the Cantor middle third set can be approximated by rational numbers from that set and by rational numbers outside of that set. We consider more general missing digit sets $C$ and construct numbers in $C$ that are arbitrarily well approximable by rationals in $C$, but badly approximable by rationals outside of $C$. More precisely, we construct them so that all but finitely many of their convergents lie in $C$.

A theorem of Burgess and Stephenson asserts that in an exchange ring with central idempotents, every maximal left ideal is also a right ideal. The proof uses sheaf-theoretic techniques. In this paper, we give a short elementary proof of this important theorem.

We introduce the concept of a $\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}\}$-Rota–Baxter operator, as a twisted version of a Rota–Baxter operator of weight zero. We show how to obtain a certain $\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}\}$-Rota–Baxter operator from a solution of the associative (Bi)Hom-Yang–Baxter equation, and, in a compatible way, a Hom-pre-Lie algebra from an infinitesimal Hom-bialgebra.

Given a prime $p\geqslant 5$ and an integer $s\geqslant 1$, we show that there exists an integer $M$ such that for any quadratic polynomial $f$ with coefficients in the ring of integers modulo $p^{s}$, such that $f$ is not a square, if a sequence $(f(1),\ldots ,f(N))$ is a sequence of squares, then $N$ is at most $M$. We also provide some explicit formulas for the optimal $M$.

We show that Hermite’s theorem fails for every integer $n$ of the form $3^{k_{1}}+3^{k_{2}}+3^{k_{3}}$ with integers $k_{1}>k_{2}>k_{3}\geqslant 0$. This confirms a conjecture of Brassil and Reichstein. We also obtain new results for the relative Hermite–Joubert problem over a finitely generated field of characteristic 0.

We present a Hopf boundary point lemma for the difference between two Hölder continuously differentiable functions, each weak solutions to a divergence-form quasilinear equation, under mild boundedness assumptions on the coefficients of this equation.

An odd Fredholm module for a given invertible operator on a Hilbert space is specified by an unbounded so-called Dirac operator with compact resolvent and bounded commutator with the given invertible. Associated with this is an index pairing in terms of a Fredholm operator with Noether index. Here it is shown by a spectral flow argument how this index can be calculated as the signature of a finite dimensional matrix called the spectral localizer.

In this paper, we investigate the holomorphic sections of holomorphic Finsler bundles over both compact and non-compact complete complex manifolds. We also inquire into the holomorphic vector fields on compact and non-compact complete complex Finsler manifolds. We get vanishing theorems in each case according to different certain curvature conditions. This work can be considered as generalizations of the classical results on Kähler manifolds and hermitian bundles.

We first provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a ruled real hypersurface in a nonflat complex space form to have constant mean curvature in terms of integral curves of the characteristic vector field on it. This yields a characterization of minimal ruled real hypersurfaces by circles. We next characterize the homogeneous minimal ruled real hypersurface in a complex hyperbolic space by using the notion of strong congruency of curves.

F. Cukierman asked whether or not for every smooth real plane curve $X\subset \mathbb{P}^{2}$ of even degree $d\geqslant 2$ there exists a real line $L\subset \mathbb{P}^{2}$ such $X\cap L$ has no real points. We show that the answer is yes if $d=2$ or 4 and no if $n\geqslant 6$.

We say that two elements of a group or semigroup are $\Bbbk$-linear conjugates if their images under any linear representation over $\Bbbk$ are conjugate matrices. In this paper we characterize $\Bbbk$-linear conjugacy for finite semigroups (and, in particular, for finite groups) over an arbitrary field $\Bbbk$.