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1 - The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Marc D. Hauser ,
Noam Chomsky  and
W. Tecumseh Fitch
Edited by
Richard K. Larson ,
Viviane Déprez  and
Hiroko Yamakido
Marc D. Hauser
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University
Noam Chomsky
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
W. Tecumseh Fitch
Affiliation:
Department of Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna
Richard K. Larson
Affiliation:
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Viviane Déprez
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Hiroko Yamakido
Affiliation:
Lawrence University, Wisconsin
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Summary

We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB) and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations).

If a martian graced our planet, it would be struck by one remarkable similarity among Earth's living creatures and a key difference. Concerning similarity, it would note that all living things are designed on the basis of highly conserved developmental systems that read an (almost) universal language encoded in DNA base pairs. As such, life is arranged hierarchically with a foundation of discrete, unblendable units (codons, and, for the most part, genes) capable of combining to create increasingly complex and virtually limitless varieties of both species and individual organisms. In contrast, it would notice the absence of a universal code of communication (Figure 1.1).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Evolution of Human Language
Biolinguistic Perspectives
 , pp. 14 - 42
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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For comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript, we thank Cheney, D., Jackendoff, R., Jenkins, L., Nowak, M., Piatelli-Palmerini, M., Pinker, S., and Seyfarth, R..

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