Structure and Dynamics of the Ribosome as Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy

doi:10.1017/CBO9781139003704.009

Chapter 7 - Structure and Dynamics of the Ribosome as Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 January 2012

Xabier Agirrezabala and

Mikel Valle

Edited by

Joachim Frank

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Joachim Frank: Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York

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Summary

Introduction

Protein synthesis is a central process for living entities. In all kingdoms of life, the key component of this process is the ribosome, a large macromolecular assembly composed of two distinctly sized subunits, whose cores are largely composed of ribosomal RNA, or rRNA. This molecular machine mediates the sequential incorporation of amino acids carried by the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) into the nascent protein chain. This process is also known as translation, because the genetic message encoded in the messenger RNA (mRNA) is deciphered into the language of proteins (Figure 7.1).

The functional complexity of molecular machines such as the ribosome is coupled to their structural intricacy. Whereas initial imaging by electron microscopy showed nothing but dense granules ∼200Å in diameter (Palade, 1955), decades later the development of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), combined with image processing methodology, brought evidence for the extreme complexity of the ribosome with its multiple mobile and flexible parts. Recently, as the quality of electron density maps has greatly improved thanks to methodological advances in this field (see Chapter 2 in this volume by Joachim Frank), new intermediate states have been observed and the dynamic behavior of the ribosome and its ligands has been further characterized in conjunction with other biophysical techniques such as X-ray crystallography, kinetic analysis, and single-molecule fluorescent resonance energy transfer (smFRET) (see Figure 7.2). Considering that the 3D reconstructions obtained by cryo-EM are snapshots representing functional states along the translation pathway, it is now widely acknowledged that this experimental approach has been indispensable in unraveling essential processes that cooperate in translation. Furthermore, many structural insights that have come from cryo-EM work currently drive experimental design in a wide range of studies of the ribosome, from biochemical to crystallographic studies and single-molecule FRET.

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Type: Chapter
Information: Molecular Machines in Biology
Workshop of the Cell
, pp. 117 - 141

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139003704.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2011

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