Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Access to Justice in Iran
  • Cited by 3
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781139680493
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139680493
Subjects:
Middle East Studies, Area Studies, Socio-Legal Studies, Law, Politics and International Relations, Middle East Government,Politics and Policy
Information

Book description

This book offers a critical and in-depth analysis of access to justice from international and Islamic perspectives. Existing Western models have highlighted the mechanisms by which individuals can access justice; however, access to justice incorporates various conceptions of justice and of its users. This book evaluates the historical development of the justice sector in Iran and discusses issues including the performance of the justice sector, judicial independence, efficiency and accessibility, and normative protection, together with an analysis of barriers. It explores the legal empowerment of users, with a specific focus on women, and presents the findings of a survey study on the perceptions of Iranian women. This study is designed to focus on women's basic legal knowledge, their familiarity with legal procedure, perceptions of cultural barriers, issues that influence their preference for mechanisms of formal or alternative dispute solutions, and their level of satisfaction with their chosen courses of action.

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
  • 4 - Access of Women to Justice and Legal Empowerment
    pp 123-154
      • You have access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation
References

Bibliography

All sources are listed in chronological order, unless otherwise stated.

International Treaties and Conventions

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide adopted by General Assembly Resolution 260 A (III) on 9 December 1948.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by Resolution 217 A (III) on 10 December 1948.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (commonly referred to as the European Convention on Human Rights [ECHR]) was adopted in 1950 and came into force in 1953.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Adopted by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons convened under General Assembly Resolution 429 (V) of 14 December 1950 and entered into force: 22 April 1954, in accordance with article 43.
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery adopted by Economic and Social Council Resolution 608 (XXI) of 30 April 1956 and adopted at Geneva on 7 September 1956 (entered into force: 30 April 1957 in accordance with article 13).
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination adopted by General Assembly Resolution 2106 (XX) of 21 December 1965 (entered into force: 4 January 1969 in accordance with article 19).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted by General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 (entered into force 3 January 1976).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 (entered into force 23 March 1976).
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid adopted by General Assembly on 30 November 1973 and entered into force: 18 July 1976, in accordance with article XV (1).
American Convention on Human Rights, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123, entered into force 18 July 1978.
Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted 18 December 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 13 (entered into force 3 September 1981).
African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, adopted 27 June 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force 21 October 1986.
Hague Convention on International Access to Justice, concluded on 25 October 1980 (entered into force 1 May 1988).
Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by General Assembly on 20 November 1989 (entered into force: 2 September 1990 in accordance with article 49).
Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, welcomed by the UN General Assembly in 1990.
The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization on 17 June 1999 (entered into force: 19 November 2000, in accordance with article 10).
United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) was adopted by the General Assembly by resolution 58/4 of 31 October 2003 and entered into force on 14 December 2005.

Statutes

Iran Civil Code, 1928 (last amended 1985)
Iran Law of Esar, 1934
Iran Commercial Code, 1939
Constitution of Italia, adopted in 1947 (last amended 2007)
Iran Law concerning the independence of the Bar Association, 1954
Iran Law of the Establishment of the Financial Security of Attorneys, 1976
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979
Constitution of Switzerland, adopted in 1874 (last amended 1991)
Iran Law on the selection of judges, 1983
Iran Penal Code, 1991
Islamic Republic of Iran Law of Third Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan, 2000
Iran Code of Civil Procedure, last amended 2000
Iran Code of Criminal Procedure, last amended 2000
Iran Law on Respect for Legitimate Freedoms and Safeguarding Citizens’ Rights, 2004
Iran Obligatory the Lawyer Presence in Civil Cases, 2005
Constitution of the Netherlands, adopted in 1815 (last amended 2005)

Case Law

Golder v. United Kingdom, Application No. 4451/70, Judgment of 21 February 1975
Airey v. Ireland, Application No. 6289/73, Judgment of 9 October 1979
Artico v. Italy, Application No. 6694/74, Judgment of 13 May 1980
Jordan v. United Kingdom, Application No. 24746/94, Judgment of 4 May 2001
Biondo v. Italy, Application No. 8821/70, Judgment of 28 February 2002
Steel & Morris v. United Kingdom, Application no. 68416/01, Judgment of 15 February 2005
Bubbins v. United Kingdom, Application No. 50196/99, Judgment of 17 March 2005

Other Official Documents

Amnesty International (1980). “Law and Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” <http://www.iranrights.org/english/document-338.php>
United Nations Development Program (2003). Common Country Assessment for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: UNDP. http://www.undp.org.ir /DocCenter/reports/npd/CCA.pdf.
United Nations Development Program (2004). Lessons on Applying a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming: Case Study from the UNDP Asia Pacific Rights and Justice Initiative. Bangkok: UNDP.
2006–2007 (SH 1385) National Census; Office for National Statistics.
United Nations Development Program (2006). Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
Amnesty International report (June 2007). “Iran: the last executioner of children.” http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engmde130592007.
International Bar Association. 2007. Balancing Independence and Access to Justice: A Background Report on the Justice System in Iran. Country Visit Report. London: International Bar Association, October. http://www .ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=8281ffa3-1ce7-4976-a93d-e488cc0fa333
Islamic Republic of Iran Department of Justice (2007). The Impact of Directives on Long Delay. Tehran: Judiciary Printing Office.
United Nations Development Program (2007). Justice for All: An Assessment of Access to Justice in Five Provinces of Indonesia. Jakarta: UNDP.
United Nations Development Program (2007). Towards Inclusive Governance: Promoting the Participation of Disadvantaged Groups in Asia-Pacific. Bangkok: United Nations Development Program Regional Centre in Bangkok.
Research Center of the Majlis (2008). http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/news/show/765155.
Islamic Republic of Iran’s Planning Deputy of the Presidential Office (2009). Development Report of the Judiciary. http://www.spac.ir /barnameh/317/p-1.htm.
UNDP (2010). Human Development Index. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2010/chapters/.
UNESCO Science Report (2010). The Current Status of Science around the World.
Amnesty International joint statement (10 October 2010). “IRAN: Lawyers’ defence work repaid with loss of freedom.” http://www.amnesty.org /en/library/asset/MDE13/093/2010/en/d4a07c06-70a0-4409-8c57-ec7142771309/mde130932010en.html.
Human Rights Watch (2011). World Report: Iran. http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/iran

Interviews

  • Research interviews (open-ended discussions of relevant issues) were conducted with the individuals listed. Personal notes for recording information were taken by hand. Officials of the justice institutions such as judges agreed to be interviewed on the basis of anonymity. The other semi-structured interviews are presented in the survey chapter.

  • Prof. Shahla Moazami, criminology professor of Tehran University, interviewed on 12 April 2010, Tehran.

  • Mr. Ahmad Salari, Program Analyst and Head of Democratic Governance and Trade Program Cluster (Access to Justice National Project) in UNDP Iran, interviewed on 15 April 2010, Tehran.

  • Mr. Abbas Zahiri, Deputy Director of Central Bar Association, interviewed on 10 May 2010, Tehran.

  • Ayatollah Mohaghegh Damad, Interviewed on 12 May 2010, Tehran.

  • Prof. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, Charles Howard Candler Professor of Law at Emory University School of Law, interviewed on 20 October 2010, Coventry.

Books and Articles (in alphabetical order)

Abarqūhī, Shams al-Dīn Ibrāhīm. 1986. Majma al-Bahrain. Tehran: Najib Mayel Haravi.
Abel-Smith, Brian, Michael Zander, and Rosalind Brooke Ross. 1973. Legal Problems and the Citizen; a Study in Three London Boroughs. London: Heinemann.
Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. 2000. A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam. Journal of Law and Religion 15 (1/2).
AC Nielsen, and Asia Foundation. 2001. Survey Report on Citizens’ Perceptions of the Indonesian Justice Sector: Preliminary Findings and Recommendations. Jakarta: Asia Foundation.
Adams, J. Stacy. 1966. Inequity in Social Exchange. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 2:267–99. Academic Press. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260108601082.
Afkhami, Mahnaz. 1994. Women in Post-Revolutionary Iran: A Feminist Perspective. In In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-Revolutionary Iran, ed. Mahnaz Afkhami and Erika Friedl. London: I. B. Tauris.
Afsharnia, Ṭayyab, and Hojat Mobin. 2009. Judicial Reform and Long Delay. 1st ed. Tehran: Khursandi.
Ahmadi, Ashraf. 1959. Law and Justice in the Ancient Persian Empire. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Art Publications.
Ahmed, Leila. 1992. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press
Al-Aamili, Shaikh al-Hur. 1998. Wasā’il al-Shīʿa. 7th ed. Vol. 18. 20 vols. Qom: Islamic Press.
Ali Ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, Muttaqi. ‘Kanz al-‘ummal’. Ed. H. Razuuq and S. al- Saqqa. Aleppo: Maktabat al-Turath al-Islami, 1969–77.
Ali, Shaheen. 2006. Conceptualising Islamic law, CEDAW, and Women’s Human Rights in Plural Legal Settings: A Comparative Analysis of Application of CEDAW in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. New Delhi: UNIFEM-South Asia Regional Office.
Ali, Shaheen Sardar. 2000. Equal Before Allah, Unequal Before Man? Kluwer Law International.
Al-Sharīf al-Radī, Muḥammad. 1974. Nahjul Balagha. Tehran: Golshan Print. House.
Alsop, Ruth, Mette Frost Bertelsen, and Jeremy Holand. 2006. Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Alston, Philip. 1999. The EU and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
American Bar Association. Consortium on Legal Services and. 1994. Legal Needs and Civil Justice: a Survey of Americans: Major Findings of the Comprehensive Legal Needs Study. Consortium on Legal Services and the Public, American Bar Association.
Amin, Seyed Hassan. 2003. The History of Law in Iran. Tehran: Encyclopedia Publications.
Amnesty International. 2010. Human Rights in Islamic Republic of Iran. London: Amnesty International.
Anand, Justice A. S. 2004. Justice for Women: Concerns and Expressions. Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co Ltd.
Anderson, Michael. 2003. Access to Justice and Legal Process Making Legal Institutions Responsive to Poor People in LDCs. Working Paper. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
An-Na’im, A. A. 1990. Islam, Islamic Law and the Dilemma of Cultural Legitimacy for Universal Human Rights. In Asian Perspectives on Human Rights, C. E. Welch, Jr. and V. A. Leary, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview.
An-Na’im, A. A. 2008. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Sharia Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Aristotle. 1999. Nicomachean Ethics. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.
Asian Development Bank. 2001. Law and Policy Reform at the Asian Development Bank. 2000th ed. Manila: Office of the General Counsel Asian Development Bank.
Bagozzi, Richard. 1996. Principles of Marketing Research. Cambridge: Blackwell Business.
Barendrecht, Maurits, Peter Kamminga, and Jin Ho Verdonschot. 2008. Priorities for the Justice System: Responding to the Most Urgent Legal Problems of Individuals. SSRN.
Bass, Julia, W. A. Bogart, and Frederick Zemans. 2005. Access to Justice for a New Century: The Way Forward. Irwin Law, January.
Bassiouni, M. 1982. The Islamic Criminal Justice System. London: Oceana Publications.
Batliwala, S. 1994. “The Meaning of Women’s Empowerment: New Concepts from Action.” In Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment and Rights, ed. G. Sen, A. Germain and L. C. Chen, pp. 127–38. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Beazer, Margaret, and Josie Gray. 2010. Access and Justice: Legal Studies for Units 1 and 2. 10th ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Becker, Theodore. 1970. Comparative Judicial Politics: The Political Functionings of Courts. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Bentzon, Agnete, Anne Hellum, Julie Stewart, Welshman Ncube, and Torben Agersnap. 1998. Pursuing Grounded Theory in Law: South-North Experiences in Developing Women’s Law. Oslo: Tano Aschehoug.
Berger, Peter, and Richard John Neuhaus. 1996. To Empower People: from State to Civil Society. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
Bhabha, F. 2007. Institutionalizing Access-to-Justice: Judicial, Legislative and Grassroots Dimensions. Queens Law Journal 33, no. 1: 139–78.
Bies, Robert, and Debra L. Shapiro. 1987. “Interactional Fairness Judgments: The Influence of Causal Accounts. Social Justice Research 1, no. 2: 199–218.
Blankenburg, Erhard. 1980. Innovations in the Legal Services. Cambridge: Oelgeschlager Gunn & Hain.
Bookman, Ann. 1988. Women and the Politics of Empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bridges, Lee. 1998. Improving Police Station Legal Advice: The Impact of the Accreditation Scheme for Police Station Legal Advisers. London: Legal Aid Board.
Bridges, Lee, and Alan Paterson. 2007. Evaluation of the Public Defender Service in England and Wales. London: The Stationery Office.
Brooker, Penny. 1999. “The ‘Juridification’ of Alternative Dispute Resolution.” Anglo-American Law Review 28, no. 1:1–36.
Brown, Steven. 2003. Empowerment as Subjective Operant. Washington, DC: World Bank, February 4. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/486312-1095970750368/529763-1095970803335/brown.pdf.
Buck, Alexy, Nigel Balmer, and Pascoe Pleasence. 2005. Social Exclusion and Civil Law: Experience of Civil Justice Problems among Vulnerable Groups. Social Policy & Administration 39, no. 3: 302–22.
Bukhārī, Muḥammad. 1997. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī: the Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari : Arabic-English. Riyadh: Darussalam.
Bulmer, Martin. 1984. Sociological Research Methods. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Buscaglia, Edgardo. 1996. Introduction to Law and Economics of Development. In Law and Economics of Development, 24–29. New Jersey: JAI Press.
Cappelletti, Mauro, and Bryant Garth, eds. 1978. Access to Justice: A World Survey, vol. 1. Milan: Sijthoff and Noordhoff – Alphenaandenrijn.
Cappelletti, Mauro, and Bryant Garth, eds. 1979. Access to Justice: Emerging Issues and Perspectives, vol. 3. Milan: Sijthoff and Noordhoff – Alphenaandenrijn.
Cappelletti, Mauro, and Bryant Garth. 1981. Access to Justice and the Welfare State. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff.
Cappelletti, Mauro, and John Weisner, eds. 1978 and 1979. Access to Justice: Promising Institutions, vol. 2. Milan: Sijthoff and Noordhoff – Alphenaandenrijn.
Carfield, Maggi. 2005. Notes – Enhancing Poor People’s Capabilities through the Rule of Law: Creating an Access to Justice Index. Washington University Law Quarterly 83, no. 1: 339.
Cass, Michael. 1975. Legal Needs of the Poor: Research Report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Cbe, Yash Ghai, and Jill Cottrell. 2009. Marginalized Communities and Access to Justice. London: Routledge-Cavendish.
Charn, Jeanne. 2003. Service and Learning: Reflections on Three Decades of the Lawyering Process at Harvard Law School. Clinical Law Review 10: 75–93.
Chayes, Abram. 1976. The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation. Harvard Law Review 89, no. 7 (May 1): 1281–1316.
Clarke, G. and Davies, I. 1992. Mediation – When Is It Not an Appropriate Dispute Resolution Process? Australian Dispute Resolution Journal 3:70–8.
Cobb, S. and Rifkin, J. 1991. Practice and Paradox: Deconstructing Neutrality in Mediation. Law and Society Inquiry no. 16.
Cohen, Jean. 1998. Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Cohen, Mark A. 2000. Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Crime and Justice. Criminal Justice 4: 263–314.
Cohen, S., Barney G. Glaser, and Anselm L. Strauss. 1969. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. British Journal of Sociology 20, no. 2 (June): 227.
Coleman, Jules L. 1992. Risks and Wrongs. Cambridge University Press Archive.
Colquitt, J. A., D. E. Conlon, M. J. Wesson, and C. Porter. 2001. Justice at the Millennium: A Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational Justice Research. Journal of Applied Psychology 86, no. 3: 425–45.
Commission of Inquiry into Poverty. 1975. Legal Needs of the Poor Research Report Law and Poverty Series. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. 2008. Making the Law Work for Everyone. New York: Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor.
Cooter, Robert D. 1996. The Theory of Market Modernization of Law. International Review of Law and Economics 16, no. 2 (June): 141–72.
Corbin, Juliet M., and Anselm Strauss. 1990. Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria. Qualitative Sociology 13, no. 1: 3–21.
Coumarelos, Christine. 2006. Justice Made to Measure: NSW Legal Needs Survey in Disadvantaged Areas. Sydney: Law and Justice Foundation.
Curran, Barbara, American Bar Association, and American Bar Foundation. 1977. The Legal Needs of the Public: the Final Report of a National Survey, a Joint Undertaking by the American Bar Association Special Committee to Survey Legal Needs and the American Bar Foundation. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.
Currie, Albert. 2007. The Legal Problems of Everyday Life: The Nature, Extent and Consequences of Justiciable Problems Experienced by Canadians. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
Daicoff, Susan. 2006. Law as a Healing Profession: The Comprehensive Law Movement. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal 6: 1.
Dakolias, Maria. 2003. Legal and Judicial Reform: Strategic Directions. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Daniel, Elton L. 2001. The History of Iran. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
Daniel, S. S., E. T. Bowe, R. Lallemand, M. N. Yeh, and L. S. James. 1975. Renal Response to Acid Loading in the Developing Lamb Fetus, Intact in Utero. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 3, no. 1: 34–43.
Dareini, Ali Akbar. 2010. “Iranian Rejects Politicizing Executions,” Associated Press, 1 February 2010. Available online at http://articles.boston.com/2011–06–24/news/29699767_1_esfandiar-rahim-mashaei-hard-line-clerics-iranian-leadership, accessed 18 April 2011.
Darley, John. 2003. The Psychology of Compensatory and Retributive Justice. Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, no. 4 (November 1): 324–36.
Darling, L. 2007. Social Cohesion (Asabiyya) and Justice in the Late Medieval Middle East. Comparative Studies in Society & History 49: 329–57.
Denzin, Norman. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Deutsch, Morton. 1975. Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice? Journal of Social Issues 31, no. 3 (July 1): 137–49.
De Vaus, David. 2002. Surveys in Social Research. 5th ed. London: Routledge.
Dias, Ayesha. 2009. Justice for the Poor: Perspectives on Accelerating Access. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Dillman, Don. 2000. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Laforencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. 2003. “Courts.” Quarterly Journal of Economics May: 453–517.
Durant, Will. 1935. The Story of Civilization, Vol. 1: Our Oriental Heritage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Dworkin, Ronald. 1978. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
El-Ahdab, A.H. 1998. Arbitration with the Arab Countries. 2nd ed. Deventer: Kluwer Law International.
Ebady, Shirin. 2000. History and Documentation of Human Rights in Iran. Persian Studies Series, no. 18.
Engle Merry, Sally. 2001. Changing Rights, Changing Culture, in Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives, ed. Jane Cowan. Marie-Benedicte Dembour, and Richard Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Engle Merry, Sally. 2006. Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle. American Anthropologist 108: 38–51.
European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice. 2005. European Judicial Systems: Facts and Figures on the Basis of a Survey Conducted in 40 Councils of Europe Member States. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Falkmoore, S. 1973. Law and Social Change: The Semi Autonomous Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study. Law and Society Review 7: 719–46.
Fazel Lankarani, Mohammad. 2006. Jame’ul-Masa’el. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Qom: Mehr.
Feinberg, Joel. 1970. Doing [and] Deserving: Essays in the Theory of Responsibility. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ferguson, C. 1999. Global Social Policy Principles: Human Rights and Social Justice. London: DFID.
Fishwick, E. 1992. Back to Basics: Legal Needs in the ’90’s. Sydney: Legal Aid Commission of New South Wales.
Fiss, Owen M. 1993. The Limits of Judicial Independence. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 25, no. 1 (October 1): 57–76.
Folger, Robert. 1977. Distributive and Procedural Justice: Combined Impact of Voice and Improvement on Experienced Inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35, no. 2: 108–19.
Francioni, Francesco. 2007. Access to Justice as a Human Right. New York: Oxford University Press.
Friedmann, John. 1992. Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Gal, S. 1991. Between Speech and Silence: The Problematics of Research on Language and Gender. In Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, M. Di Leonardo, ed., pp. 175–203, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Galanter, M. 1981. Justice in Many Rooms: Private Ordering and Indigenous Law. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 19: 1–47.
Galaway, Burt, and Joe Hudson. 1996. Restorative Justice: International Perspectives. Amsterdam: Criminal Justice Press.
Genn, Hazel G., and Sarah Beinart. 1999. Paths to Justice: What People Do and Think about Going to Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Genn, Hazel G., Alan Paterson, and National Centre for Social Research (Great Britain). 2001. Paths to Justice Scotland: What People in Scotland Do and Think about Going to Law. Hart Publishing, October.
Glaser, Barney, and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
Glendon, Mary. 1995. A Nation Under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society. Journal of Legal Education 45, no. 1: 143.
Golub, Stephen. 2003. Beyond Rule of Law Orthodoxy: The Legal Empowerment Alternative. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Golub, Stephen and Kim McQuay. 2000. Legal Empowerment: Advancing Good Governance and Poverty Reduction. Law and Policy Reform. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Goodale, Mark. 2006. Toward a Critical Anthropology of Human Rights. Current Anthropology 47: 485–511.
Gopin, Marc. 2005. Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Can Bring Peace to the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gramatikov, Martin. 2008. A Framework for Measuring the Costs of Paths to Justice. SSRN.
Gramatikov, Martin, and Robert B. Porter. 2010. Yes, I Can: Subjective Legal Empowerment. SSRN.
Gramatikov, Martin, Maurits Barendrecht, and Jin Ho Verdonschot. 2008. Measuring the Costs and Quality of Paths to Justice: Contours of a Methodology. SSRN.
Greenberg, Jerald. 1993. Justice and Organizational Citizenship: A Commentary on the State of the Science. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 6, no. 3: 249–56.
Greenberg, Jerald, and Jason Colquitt. 2005. Handbook of Organizational Justice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Griffiths, John. 1977. The Distribution of Legal Services in the Netherlands Review of De Weg Naar Het Recht (The Road to Justice). British Journal of Law and Society 4, no. 2: 260.
Griffiths, J. 1986. What Is Legal Pluralism? Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 25: 1–55.
Gromet, Dena, and John M. Darley. 2006. Restoration and Retribution: How Including Retributive Components Affects the Acceptability of Restorative Justice Procedures. Social Justice Research 19, no. 4 (December 1): 395–432.
Gumperz, J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Haeri, Shahla. 1992. Temporary Marriage and State in Iran: An Islamic Discourse on Female Sexuality. Social Research 59 (Spring): 201–23.
Halili, Hassan, Kamal. 2006. Employment Dispute Resolution Mechanism from the Islamic Perspective. Arab Law Quarterly 20, no. 2: 181–207.
Halliday, Terence, and Lucien Karpik. 1997. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North America from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hammergren, Linn A. 2007. Envisioning Reform: Improving Judicial Performance in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Harding, John. 1982. Victims and Offenders: Needs and Responsibilities. London: Bedford Square Press.
Hassan, Kamal. 2006. Employment Dispute Resolution Mechanism from the Islamic Perspective. Arab Law Quarterly 20, no. 2 (June 1): 181–207.
Hegtvedt, K., and C. Johnson. 2000. Justice Beyond the Individual: A Future with Legitimation. Social Psychology Quartely 63: 298–311.
Held, Colbert C. 2000. Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Heywood, Andrew. 2000. Key Concepts in Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Hirschl, Ran. 2008. The Rise of Constitutional Theocracy. Harvard International Law Journal Online 49, no. 72: 73–82.
Hoodfar, Homa. 1999. The Women’s Movement in Iran: Women at the Crossroads of Secularization and Islamization. Women Living Under Muslim Laws, The Women’s Movement no. 1: 13.
Hoodfar, Homa, and Shadi Sadr. 2009. Can Women Act as Agents of a Democratization of Theocracy in Iran? Geneva: UNRISD. http://www .gwi-boell.de/downloads/Final_Country_Report_Iran_Oct2009.pdf
Hossain, Sara, Shahdeen Malik, and Bushra Musa. 1997. Public Interest Litigation in South Asia: Rights in Search of Remedies. Dhaka: University Press.
Hudson, Joe, Allison Morris, and Gabrielle M. Maxwell. 1996. Family Group Conferences: Perspectives on Policy & Practice. Leichard: Federation Press.
Iqbal, Walid. 2001. Courts, Lawyering, and ADR: Glimpses into the Islamic Tradition. Fordham Urban Law Journal 28: 1035.
Irwin, Robert. 2002. The Privatization of ‘Justice’ under the Circassian Mamluks, Mamluk Studies Review 6 : 63–70.
Izutsu, Toshihiko. 1966. Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur'ān. Montreal: McGill University Press.
Jafari-Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar. 1997. Encyclopedias of Civil and Commercial Law. 6th ed. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr.
Johnsen, Jon T. 1999. Legal Needs Studies in a Market Context. In Transformation of Legal Aid. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnson, Earl. 1978. Justice and Reform: The Formative Years of the American Legal Services Program. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Kabeer, Naila. 1999. Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment. Development and Change 30, no. 3 (July 1): 435.
Kabeer, Naila. 2001. “Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” In Discussing Women’s Empowerment – Theory and Practice. Sida Studies No. 3. Stockholm: Novum Grafiska AB.
Kamel, Cf. Taymour. 1982. The Principle of Legality and Its Application in Islamic Criminal Justice. In The Islamic Criminal Justice System, Mahmoud Cherif Bassiouni, ed., pp. 149–69. London/Rome/New York: Oceana Publications.
Kamali, M. H. 1991. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society.
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1991. Women, Islam and the State. London: Macmillan.
Kar, Mehranguiz. 1999. Elimination of Gender Discrimination: A Comparison of the Convention On Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and Iran’s Contemporary Laws, Tehran: Qatreh.
Kar, Mehranguiz. 2000. Violence against Women in Iran. Tehran: Roshangaran.
Kar, Mehranguiz. 2001. Women’s Participation in Politics: Obstacles and Possibilities. Tehran: Roshangaran.
Kar, Mehranguiz. 2001. Women’s Strategies in Iran from the 1979 Revolution to 1999. In Globalization, Gender and Religion: The Politics of Women’s Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, ed. Jane Bayes and Nayereh Tohidi. New York: Palgrave.
Katouzian, Homa. 1997. Arbitrary Rule: A Comparative Theory of State, Politics and Society in Iran. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 24, no. 1 (May 1): 49–73.
Kaushik, P. D. 2007. Women Rights: Access to Justice. New Delhi: Bookwell Publications.
Khadduri, Majid. 1946. Human Rights in Islam. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 243: 77–81.
Khadduri, Majid. 1984. Islamic Conception of Justice. Baltimore: John’s Hopkins University Press.
Khalid, M. I. 1976. Wali al-Mazalim or Muslim Ombudsman. Journal of Islamic and Comparative Law 6: 1–9.
Khomeini, Ruhollah Musavi. 2001. Tahrirul-Wasilah. Vol. 2. 4 vols. Imam Khomeini Press.
Kian-Thiebaut, Azadeh. 2002. Women and the Making of Civil Society. In Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transition in Iran since 1979, ed. Eric Hooglund. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Klaming, Laura, and Ivo Giesen. 2008. Access to Justice: The Quality of the Procedure. SSRN.
Konow, James. 2003. Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories. Journal of Economic Literature 41, no. 4: 1188.
Krause, S. 2000. The Spirit of Separate Powers in Montesquieu. Review of Politics 62: 231–65.
Krishnan, Jayanth K. and Galanter, Marc. 2004. Bread for the Poor: Access to Justice and the Rights of the Needy in India. Hastings Law Journal 55, no.4: 789–834.
Larkins, Christopher M. 1996. Judicial Independence and Democratization: A Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis. American Journal of Comparative Law 44, no. 4 (October 1): 605–26.
Latimer, Jeff. 2001. The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis. Toronto: Department of Justice Canada.
Law Reform Commission. 1994. Equality before the Law: Justice for Women. Sydney: Law Reform Commission.
Legal Services Commission. 2005. Independent Peer Review. London: The Legal Services Commission, November. http://www.legalservices.gov.uk /docs/civil_contracting/Independent_Peer_Review_Process1105.pdf.
Leventhal, G. S., and J. Gergen Kenneth. 1980. What Should be Done with Equity Theory? New Approaches to the Study of Fairness in Social Relationships. In Social Exchange: Advances in Theory and Research, 27–55. New York: Plenum Press.
Lind, E. 1990. In the Eye of the Beholder: Tort Litigants’ Evaluations of Their Experiences in the Civil Justice System. Law and Society Review 24, no. 4: 953.
Lind, Edgar Allan, and Tom R. Tyler. 1988. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Springer.
Lundy, P. 2008. Whose Justice? Rethinking Transitional Justice from the Bottom Up. Journal of Law and Society 35, no. 2 (June 1): 265–92.
Majlesi, Muhammad Baqir. 2000. Bahar – ul- Anvar. Vol. 76. 110 vols. Chicago: Open School.
Malhotra, Anju, Ruth Ruth Schuler, and Carol Boender. 2002. Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development. Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Markovsky, Barry, and Karen Hegtvedt. 1995. Justice and Injustice. Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology (January 1): 257–80.
Marshall, Thomas. 1950. Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, Tony F. 1985. Alternatives to Criminal Courts: the Potential for Non-Judicial Dispute Settlement. Brookfield: Gower Publishing.
Maru, Vivek. 2009. Access to Justice and Legal Empowerment: A Review of World Bank Practice. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Maxwell, G., C. Smith, P. J. Shepherd, and A. Morris. 1999. Meeting Legal Service Needs. New Zealand: Institute of Criminology,Victoria University of Wellington.
McClymont, Mary E., and Stephen Golub. 2000. Many Roads to Justice: The Law-Related Work of Ford Foundation Grantees around the World. Ford Foundation.
McManis, Charles R. 1981. “The History of First Century American Legal Education: A Revisionist Perspective.” Washington University Law Quarterly 59: 597–625.
Meene, Ineke van de, and Benjamin van Rooij. 2008. Access to Justice and Legal Empowerment: Making the Poor Central in Legal Development Co-operation. Amsterdam: Leiden University Press.
Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. 2007. Restorative Justice: What Is It and Does It Work? Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3, no. 1 (December): 161–87.
Messick, Richard. 1999. Judicial Reform and Economic Development: A Survey of the Issues. World Bank Research Observer.
Michelson, Ethan. 2007. Climbing the Dispute Pagoda: Grievances and Appeals to the Official Justice System in Rural China. American Sociological Review 72: 459–85.
Miller, David. 1979. Social Justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Miller, Geoffrey. 1998. Class Actions. in New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, Peter Newman, ed., pp. 257–262. London: Macmillan Press.
Miller, Geoffrey. 2002. Commentary: On the Costs of Civil Justice. Texas Law Review 80, no. 7: 2115.
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. 1996. Women and Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran: Divorce, Veiling and Emerging Feminist Voices. In Women and Politics in the Third World, ed. H. Afshar, pp. 149–69. London: Routledge.
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. 2000. Marriage on Trial: A Comparative Study of Islamic Family Law in Iran and Morocco. London, I. B. Tauris.
Moazami, Shahla. 2007. Access to Justice for Disadvantaged Groups: The Case of Women in Iran. UNDP. http://regionalcentrebangkok.undp.or.th/practices/governance/a2j/docs/CaseStudy-07-Iran.pdf.
Mojab, Shahrzad, and A. Hojabri, eds. 2000. Women of Iran: A Subject Bibliography. Cambridge, MA: Iranian Women’s Studies Foundation.
Moore, Joanne, and M. Cherif Bassiouni. 1999. The Sharia Islamic Law: What Muslims in the United States Have in Common? In Immigrants in Courts. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Moorhead, Richard. 1998. Legal Aid in the Eye of a Storm: Rationing, Contracting, and a New Institutionalism. Journal of Law and Society 25, no. 3: 365–87.
Moorhead, Richard. 2003. Access to Justice after Universalism: Introduction. Journal of Law and Society 30, no. 1 (March 1): 1–10.
Moorhead, R., and Pascoe Pleasence P. 2003. After Universalism: Re-Engineering Access to Justice. Oxford: Blackwell.
Morgen, Sandra, and Ann Bookman. 1988. Women and the Politics of Empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Morris, Pauline, and Richard White. 1973. Social Needs and Legal Action. Law in Society. London: Robertson.
Muralidhar, S. 2004a. Law, Poverty and Legal Aid: Access to Criminal Justice. New Delhi: LexisNexis Butterworth.
Muralidhar, S. 2004b. Law, Poverty and Legal Aid: Access to Criminal Justice. New Delhi: LexisNexis Butterworth.
Nadjafi, Ali Hossein. 2007. Victimology. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University.
Naffine, N. 2002. In Praise of Legal Feminism. Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law 22: 71–101.
Na‘īm, ‘Abd. 2008. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari‘a. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Namāzī Shāhrūdī, ‘Alī. 1997. Mustadrak Safīnat al-biḥār. Qum: Mu’assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī al-tābi‘ah li-Jamā‘at al-Mudarrisīn bi-Qum al-Musharrafah.
Narayan, Deepa. 2002. Empowerment and Poverty Reduction a Sourcebook. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Narayan, Deepa, Robert Chambers, Meera K. Shah, and Patti Petesch. 2000. Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change. World Bank Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. 1999. Religion and the Order of Nature. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nicholson, J. 1993. Judicial Independence and Accountability: Can They Co-Exist? Australian Law Journal 67: 404–5.
North, Douglass C. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton.
Oakley, Ann. 2000. Experiments in Knowing: Gender and Method in the Social Sciences. New York: New Press.
Oxaal, Zoë and with Sally Baden. 1997. Gender and Empowerment: Definitions, Approaches and Implications for Policy. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Paidar, Parvin. 1995. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Palacio, Ana. 2006. Legal Empowerment of the Poor: An Action Agenda for the World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://rru.worldbank.org/FPDForum/documents/2006/background/legal_empowerment_of_poor.pdf.
Parker, Christine. 1999. Just Lawyers: Regulation and Access to Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Plato. Allan David Bloom, ed. 1991. The Republic of Plato. New York: Basic Books.
Pleasence, Pascoe, Great Britain: Legal Services Commission, Nigel Balmer, Legal Services Research Centre, and Alexy Buck. 2004. Causes of Action: Civil Law and Social Justice. Norwich: The Stationery Office, March.
Posner, Richard A. 1993. The Problems of Jurisprudence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Prillaman, William. 2000. The Judiciary and Democratic Decay in Latin America: Declining Confidence in the Rule of Law. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Ranis, Gustav, Frances Stewart, and Emma Samman. 2005. Human Development: Beyond the HDI. New Haven, CT: Economic Growth Center of Yale University.
Ravandi, Murteza. 1989. The Development of Law and Justice in Iran. Tehran: Cheshme Publications.
Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Regan, Francis. 1999. The Transformation of Legal Aid: Comparative and Historical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rhode, Deborah L. 2004. Access to Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosen, Lawrence. 2000. The Justice of Islam: Comparative Perspectives on Islamic Law and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosenn, Keith S. 1987. The Protection of Judicial Independence in Latin America. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 19, no. 1 (October 1): 1–35.
Rottman, D. B., and A. J. Tomkins. 1999. Public Trust and Confidence in the Courts: What Public Opinion Surveys Mean to Judges. Court Review (Fall): 24–31.
Rowlands, Jo. 1995. Empowerment Examined. Development in Practice 5, no. 2 (May 1): 101–7.
Rush Social Research Agency. 1996. Legal Assistance Needs Phase I: Estimation of a Basic Needs-Based Planning Model. Barton: Legal Aid and Family Services Division.
Rush Social Research Agency. 1999. Legal Assistance Needs Project Phase Two: Summary Report. Barton: Family Law and Legal Assistance Division.
Russell, Peter, and David M. O’Brien, eds. 2001. Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy: Critical Perspectives From Around the World. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Saaidi, Mansour, and Mina Behrooz. 2003. Judicial Reform. 1st ed. Tehran: Ministry of Justice.
Safi Golpaygani, Lotfollah. 1997. Jame’ul-Ahkam. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Qom: Hazrat Masomeh Press.
Sarantakos, S. 1993. Social Research. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Savory, Roger. 1974. The Safavid State and Polity. Iranian Studies 7, no. 1/2 (January 1): 179–212.
Schetzer, Louis. 2003. Access to Justice and Legal Needs: A Project to Identify Legal Needs, Pathways and Barriers for Disadvantaged People in NSW. Sydney: Law and Justice Foundation of New South Wales.
Schneegans, Susan. 2010. UNESCO Science Report: The Current Status of Science Around the World. Science Report Series. Paris: UNESCO.
Sdrzadh Afshar, Mohsen. 1993. Civil and Commercial Proceedings. Tehran: Jihad University.
Seidman, Robert. 1978. The State, Law, and Development. London: Croom Helm.
Sen, Gita, and Adrienne Germain. 1994. Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment, and Rights. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Sherif, Mohamed Ahmed. 1975. Ghazali’s Theory of Virtue. New York: State University of New York Press.
Sherr, Avrom, Richard Moorhead, and Alan Paterson. 1994. Lawyers, the Quality Agenda: Assessing and Developing Competence and Quality in Legal Aid. London: H.M.S.O.
Silver, Charles. 2002. Does Civil Justice Cost Too Much? Texas Law Review 80, no. 7: 2073.
Smirnov, Theories. 1996. Understanding Justice in an Islamic Context: Some Points of Contrast with Western Philosophy. East & West 46, no. 3: 337.
Smith, M. G. 1969. Some Developments in the Analytic Framework of Pluralism. In Pluralism in Africa, ed. L. Kuper and M. G. Smith., pp. 415–58. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Solomon, Barbara. 1976. Black Empowerment: Social Work in Oppressed Communities. New York: Columbia University Press.
Starr, June. 1992. Law as Metaphor: From Islamic Courts to Palace of Justice. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Storskrubb, Eva, and Jacques Ziller. Access to Justice in European Comparative Law. Contribution to Book. http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/7782.
Strickland, Ruth Ann. 2004. Restorative Justice. New York: Peter Lang, May.
Strauss, A. and, J. Corbin. 1994. Grounded Theory Methodology. In Handbook of Qualitative Research, N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, eds., pp. 217–285. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sudarshan, Ramaswamy. 2003. Rule of Law and Access to Justice: Perspectives from UNDP Experience. Paper presented at the European Commission Expert Seminal on Rule of Law and the Administration of Justice as part of Good Governance, Brussels, 3–4 July.
Sweeney, Paul D., and Dean B. McFarlin. 1997. Process and Outcome: Gender Differences in the Assessment of Justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior 18, no. 1 (January): 83–98.
Task Force on Civil Equal Justice Funding. 2003. Final Report and Recommendations of the Task Force on Civil Equal Justice Funding. Washington: Washington State Supreme Court, September.
Tata, Jasmine, and Lynn Bowes-Sperry. 1996. Emphasis on Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice: Differential Perceptions of Men and Women. Psychological Reports 79: 1327–30.
Teehankee, Julio C. 2003. Background Paper on Access to Justice Indicators in the Asia-Pacific Region. La Salle Institute of Governance With the Support of the United Nations Development Program. http:// regionalcentrebangkok.undp.or.th/practices/governance/a2j/docs/AccesstoJusticeIndicators.pdf.
Thibaut, John. 1975. Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Transparency International. 2007. Global Corruption Report: 2007 Corruption in Judicial Systems. Leiden: Cambridge University Press.
Törnblom, Kjell, and R. Vermunt. 2007. Towards an Integration of Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice, and Social Resource Theories. Social Justice Research 20, no. 3 (September 1): 312–35.
Trubek, David M., and Marc Galanter. 1974. Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the United States. Wisconsin Law Review 1974: 1062.
Trubek, David M., and Alvaro Santos. 2006. The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tull, Donald, and Dell Hawkins. 1987. Marketing Research: Measurement and Method: A Text with Cases. New York: Macmillan.
Turabi, Hasan. 1980. Tajdid Usul al-Fiqh al-Islami. Khartum: Dar al-Fikr.
Tyler, T. 1996. The Relationship of the Outcome and Procedural Fairness: How Does Knowing the Outcome Influence Judgments About the Procedure? Social Justice Research 9, no. 4: 311–26.
Tyler, Thomas. 1987. What Is Procedural Justice?: Criteria Used by Citizens to Assess the Fairness of Legal Procedures. Evanston: Kellogg Graduate School of Management.
Tyler, Tom. 2006a. Restorative Justice and Procedural Justice: Dealing with Rule Breaking. Journal of Social Issues 62, no. 2 (June 1): 307–26.
Tyler, Tom R. 2006b. Why People Obey the Law. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Umbreit, Mark S. 1985. Crime and Reconciliation: Creative Options for Victims and Offenders. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
Upham, F. 2002. Mythmaking in the Rule of Law Orthodoxy. Working Paper. Rule of Law Series. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Vakil, Sanam. 2011. Women and Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Action and Reaction. New York: Continuum.
Vacovec, Kenneth, and Massachusetts Legal Needs Survey Advisory Committee. 2003. Policy Implications of the Massachusetts Legal Needs Survey. Boston: Massachusetts Legal Needs Survey Advisory Committee.
Valkonen, I. 1975. Report from the National Representatives of the Scandinavian Nurses’ Federation’s Meeting in Iceland. Sairaanhoitaja. Sjuksköterskan 50, no. 19 (October 7): 16–20.
Van den Bos, K. 2005. What Is Responsible for the Fair Process Effect? In Handbook of Organizational Justice, J. Greenberg and J. A. Colquitt, eds., pp. 273–300. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Van den Bos, Kees, and Joost Miedema. 2000. Toward Understanding Why Fairness Matters: The Influence of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Procedural Fairness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 3: 355–66.
Van den Bos, Kees, Henk A. M. Wilke, and E. Allan Lind. 1998. When Do We Need Procedural Fairness? The Role of Trust in Authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 6: 1449–58.
Verdonschot, Jin Ho, Maurits Barendrecht, Laura Klaming, and Peter Kamminga. 2008. Measuring Access to Justice: The Quality of Outcomes. SSRN.
Wadud, Amina. 1995. Towards a Qur’anic Hermeneutics of Social Justice: Race, Class and Gender. Journal of Law and Religion 12, no. 1 (January 1): 37–50.
Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books.
Weinrib, Ernest Joseph. 1995. The Idea of Private Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wenzel, Michael. 2006. A Letter from the Tax Office: Compliance Effects of Informational and Interpersonal Justice. Social Justice Research 19, no. 3 (September 1): 345–64.
Wiggins, Mark, and Catherine Stevens. 1999. Aviation Social Science: Research Methods in Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Williams, P. 1994. The Cost of Civil Litigation: An Empirical Study. International Review of Law and Economics 14, no. 1: 73–86.
Wilmot, A. 2005. Designing Sampling Strategies for Qualitative Social Research: With Particular Reference to the Office for National Statistics’ Qualitative Respondent Register. Survey Methodology Bulletin Office for National Statistics, no. 56: 53–65.
Women and Children Legal Research Foundation. 2008. Women’s Access to Justice, Problems and Challenges. Kabul: Women and Children Legal Research Foundation, July 21. http://www.wclrf.org/English/eng_pages/Researches/Women_a_t_Justice/WATJ.pdf.
Woolf, Harry. 1996. Access to Justice: Final Report to the Lord Chancellor on the Civil Justice System in England and Wales. London: HMSO.
World Bank. 2003. Legal and Judicial Reform: Strategic Directions. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wright, Martin. 1996. Justice for Victims and Offenders: A Restorative Response to Crime. Winchester: Waterside Press.
Yrigoyen Fajardo, Raquel. 2005. Pathways to Justice: Access to Justice with a Focus on Poor, Women and Indigenous Peoples. Phnom Penh: Ministry of Justice Cambodia.
Zander, M. 1978. Legal Service for the Community. London: Temple Smith.
Zehr, Howard. 1990. Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottsdale: Herald Press.
Zeitune, José. 2004. International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors: A Practitioners’ Guide. International Commission of Jurists.
Zerang, M. 2002. Development of the Legal System in Iran. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Documentation Center.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.