Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 1
    • Show more authors
    • Open Access
      You have digital access to this book
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      31 January 2025
      27 February 2025
      ISBN:
      9781009234689
      9781009507622
      9781009234719
      Open access funder:
      University of Illinois
      Creative Commons:
      Creative Common License - CC Creative Common License - BY Creative Common License - NC
      This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0.
      https://creativecommons.org/creativelicenses
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.28kg, 94 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.16kg, 94 Pages
    Open Access
    You have digital access to this book
    Selected: Digital
    View content
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    Causation in Physics demonstrates the importance of causation in the physical world. It details why causal mastery of natural phenomena is an important part of the effective strategies of experimental physicists. It develops three novel arguments for the viewpoint that causation is indispensable to the ontology of some of our best physical theories. All three arguments make much of the successes of experimental physics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

    Bibliography

    For Annalen der Physik or Annalen der Physik und Chemie (the latter title was used from 1824 to 1899), I cite volume numbers in accord with the norms established by the journal in June of 2010.

    Albert, David Z. 2015. After Physics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Albert, David Z. 2000. Time and Chance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Ambady, Nalini and Bharucha, Jamshed. 2009. “Culture and the Brain.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18 (6): 342345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01664.x.
    Andersen, Holly K. 2011. “Mechanisms, Laws, and Regularities.Philosophy of Science 78 (2): 325331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/659229.
    Anderson, Carl D. 1933. “The Positive Electron.Physical Review 43: 491494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.43.491.
    Armstrong, David. 1997. A World of States of Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Arrell, C.A., Ojeda, J., Mewes, L., Grilj, J., Frassetto, F., Poletto, L., van Mourik, F., and Chergui, M.. 2016. “Laser-Assisted Photoelectric Effect from Liquids.” Physical Review Letters 117: 143001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.143001.
    Atiq, Mahdi, Karamian, Mozafar, and Golshani, Mehdi. 2009. “A Quasi-Newtonian Approach to Bohmian Mechanics I: Quantum Potential.Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie 34 (1): 6781.
    Auletta, Gennaro, Ellis, George F. R., and Jaeger, Luc. 2008. “Top-Down Causation by Information Control: From a Philosophical Problem to a Scientific Research Programme.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 5 (27): 11591172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0018.
    Baird, Davis, Hughes, R. I. G., and Nordmann, A.. 1998. Heinrich Hertz: Classical Physicist, Modern Philosopher. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
    Bartels, Andreas. 1996. “Modern Essentialism and the Problem of Individuation of Spacetime Points.” Erkenntnis 45: 2543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226369.
    Beddor, Bob. 2021. “Reasons for Reliabilism.” In Reasons, Justification, and Defeat, edited by Brown, Jessica and Simion, Mona, pp. 146176. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Price, Huw (eds.). 2017. Making a Difference: Essays on the Philosophy of Causation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Beebee, Helen, Christopher, Hitchcock, and Peter, Menzies. 2009. “Introduction.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 118. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Bell, John S. 2004. Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Belousek, Darrin W. 2003. “Formalism, Ontology and Methodology in Bohmian Mechanics.Foundations of Science 8: 109172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023925900377.
    Ben-Menahem, Yemima. 1993. “Struggling with Causality: Einstein’s Case.Science in Context 6 (1): 291310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700001393.
    Bennett, Karen. 2011. “Construction Area (No Hard Hat Required).Philosophical Studies 154: 79104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-011-9703-8.
    Bergmann, Michael. 2006. Justification without Awareness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Bhattacharyya, Jishnu, Colombo, Mattia, and Sotiriou, Thomas P.. 2016. “Causality and Black Holes in Spacetimes with a Preferred Foliation.Classical and Quantum Gravity 33: 235003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/33/23/235003.
    Bird, Alexander. 2007. Nature’s Metaphysics: Laws and Properties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Blanchard, Thomas. 2016. “Physics and Causation.Philosophy Compass 11: 256266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12319.
    Bohm, David. 1952a. “A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of ‘Hidden’ Variables. I.Physical Review 85 (1): 166179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.85.166.
    Bohm, David. 1952b. “A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of ‘Hidden’ Variables. II.Physical Review 85 (2): 180193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.85.180.
    Bowes, Simon. 2023. Naturally Minded: Mental Causation, Virtual Machines, and Maps. Cham:: : Palgrave Macmillan.
    Brau, Benjamin, May, Christopher, Ormond, Robert, and Essick, John. 2010. “Determining the Muon Mass in an Instructional Laboratory.American Journal of Physics 78: 6470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1119/1.3230034.
    Briggs, David and Seah, Martin P. (eds.). 1996. Practical Surface Analysis, Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Volume 1. New York, NY: Wiley.
    Brown, Jessica and Simion, Mona (eds.). 2021. Reasons, Justification, and Defeat. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Buchtela, Karl. 2005. “Radiochemical Methods: Gamma-Ray Spectrometry.” In Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, edited by Worsfold, Paul, Townshend, Alan, and Poole, Colin. 2nd ed., pp. 7279. Amsterdam: Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00525-2.
    Burge, Tyler. 2022. Perception: First Form of Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Burge, Tyler. 2010. Origins of Objectivity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Butterfield, Jeremy. 2012. “Laws, Causation and Dynamics at Different Levels.” Interface Focus 2: 101114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0052.
    Cahan, David. 2018. Helmholtz: A Life in Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Cahan, David. 1993. Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    Carroll, John W. 2008. “Nailed to Hume’s Cross?” In Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics, edited by Sider, Theodore, Hawthorne, John, and Zimmerman, Dean W., pp. 6781. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
    Carroll, John W. 1994. Laws of Nature (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Carroll, Sean M. 2004. An Introduction to General Relativity: Spacetime and Geometry. New York, NY: Addison Wesley.
    Cartwright, Nancy. 2007. Hunting Causes and Using Them: Approaches in Philosophy and Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Cartwright, Nancy. 1995. “Précis of Nature’s Capacities and Their Measurement.Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 55 (1): 153156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2108313.
    Cartwright, Nancy. 1994. “Fundamentalism vs. the Patchwork of Laws.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 94: 279292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/94.1.279.
    Cartwright, Nancy. 1989. Nature’s Capacities and Their Measurement. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Cartwright, Nancy. 1979. “Causal Laws and Effective Strategies.” Noûs 13 (4): 419437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2215337.
    Castagnino, Mario, Lara, Luis, and Lombardi, Olimpia. 2003. “The Cosmological Origin of Time Asymmetry.Classical and Quantum Gravity 20 (2): 369391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/20/2/310.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2022. “Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology.” www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section3.html, accessed on July 29, 2022, and now archived at https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section3.html.
    Chalmers, David J. 2006. “Perception and the Fall from Eden.” In Perceptual Experience, edited by Gendler, Tamar Szabó and Hawthorne, John, pp. 49125. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Choi, Sungho. 2006. “Review of ‘Bayesian Nets and Causality.’” Mind 115 (458): 502506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzl502.
    Close, Frank. 2018. Antimatter. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    CMS Collaboration. 2022. “A Portrait of the Higgs Boson by the CMS Experiment Ten Years after the Discovery.” Nature 607 (July): 6068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04892-x.
    Compton, Arthur H. 1923a. “A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements.” The Physical Review 21 (5): 483502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.21.483.
    Compton, Arthur H. 1923b. “The Spectrum of Scattered X-Rays.” The Physical Review 22 (5): 409413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.22.409.
    Copi, Irving M., Carl, Cohen, and Rodych, Victor. 2019. Introduction to Logic. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Corley, Steven and Jacobson, Ted. 1996. “Focusing and the Holographic Hypothesis.Physical Review D 53 (12): R6720–R6724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.53.R6720.
    D’Agostino, Salvo. 1975. “Hertz’s Researches on Electromagnetic Waves.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 6: 261323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/27757343.
    Danks, David. 2009. “The Psychology of Causal Perception and Reasoning.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 447470. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Darrigol, Olivier. 2014. “Georges Sagnac: A Life for Optics.Comptes Rendus Physique 15: 789840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2014.09.007.
    Darrigol, Olivier. 2000. Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Davies, Paul C. W. 1977. The Physics of Time Asymmetry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    Deisseroth, Karl, Mermelstein, Paul G., Xia, Houhui, and Tsien, Richard W.. 2003. “Signaling from Synapse to Nucleus: The Logic Behind the Mechanisms.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13: 354365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00076-x.
    Dirac, P. A. M. 1983. “The Origin of Quantum Field Theory.” In The Birth of Particle Physics, edited by Laurie, M. Brown and Hoddeson, Lillian, pp. 3955. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Dirac, P. A. M. 1927a. “The Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Dynamics.” Proceedings of the Royal Society London A113: 621641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0012.
    Dirac, P. A. M. 1927b. “The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation.” Proceedings of the Royal Society London A114: 243265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0039.
    Dowe, Phil 2004. “Causes Are Physically Connected to Their Effects: Why Preventers and Omissions Are Not Causes.” In Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science, edited by Hitchcock, Christopher, pp. 189196 . Contemporary Debates in Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 190196.
    Dowe, Phil 2000. Physical Causation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Dowe, Phil 1992a. “An Empiricist Defence of the Causal Account of Explanation.International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 6 (2): 123128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02698599208573420.
    Dowe, Phil 1992b. “Process Causality and Asymmetry.” Erkenntnis 37 (2): 179196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00209321.
    Duncan, Anthony, and Janssen, Michel. 2019. Constructing Quantum Mechanics: Volume 1: The Scaffold 1900–1923. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Dürr, Detlef, Goldstein, Sheldon, and Zanghì, Nino. 2013. Quantum Physics without Quantum Philosophy. Heidelberg: Springer.
    Dürr, Detlef and Teufel, Stefan. 2009. Bohmian Mechanics: The Physics and Mathematics of Quantum Theory. Dordrecht: Springer.
    Earman, John. 2011. “Sharpening the Electromagnetic Arrow(s) of Time.” In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time, edited by Callender, Craig, pp. 485527. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Earman, John. 1986. A Primer on Determinism. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
    Earman, John. 1976. “Causation: A Matter of Life and Death.” The Journal of Philosophy 73 (1): 525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2025447.
    Eells, Ellery. 1991. Probabilistic Causality. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Ehring, Douglas. 2009. “Causal Relata.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 387413. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Ehring, Douglas 1997. Causation and Persistence: A Theory of Causation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Ehring, Douglas 1987. “Causal Relata.Synthese 73: 319328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00484745.
    Einstein, Albert. 1982. Ideas and Opinions. New translations and revisions by Sonja Bargmann. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
    Einstein, Albert. June 30, 1920. “To Moritz Schlick [Berlin,] 30 June 1920.ECP 10, pp. 201202. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
    Einstein, Albert. June 7, 1920. “To Moritz Schlick [Berlin,] 7 June 1920.ECP 10, pp. 186187. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
    Einstein, Albert. 1909. “Zum gegenwärtigen Stand des Strahlungsproblems.” Physikalische Zeitschrift 10: 185193. I use the English translation under the title “On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem,” that is, Document 56 in Einstein, Albert. 1989. ECP 2.
    Einstein, Albert. 1908. “Elementare Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung.” Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie 14: 235239. “Elementary Theory of Brownian Motion,” that is, Document 50 in Einstein, Albert. 1989. ECP 2.
    Einstein, Albert. 1907. “Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen.” Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik 4: 411462. I use the English translation under the title “On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It,” that is, Document 47 in Einstein, Albert. 1989. ECP 2. The publication date of the German paper was January 22, 1908. The paper was received in 1907.
    Einstein, Albert. 1905. “Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt.” Annalen der Physik 17: 132148. I use the English translation under the title “On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light,” that is, Document 14 in Einstein, Albert. 1989. ECP 2.
    Elkana, Yehuda. 1974. The Discovery of the Conservation of Energy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Ellis, Brian. 2009. The Metaphysics of Scientific Realism. Montreal & Kingston: McGill–Queen’s University Press.
    Ellis, Brian. 2002. The Philosophy of Nature: A Guide to the New Essentialism. Montreal & Kingston: McGill–Queen’s University Press.
    Ellis, George F. R. 2018. “Top-Down Causation and Quantum Physics.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (46): 1166111663. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.181641211.
    Ellis, George F. R., Bassett, Bruce A. C. C., and Dunsby, Peter K. S.. 1998. “Lensing and Caustic Effects on Cosmological Distances.Classical and Quantum Gravity 15: 23452361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/15/8/015.
    Ellis, George F. R., Noble, Denis, and O’Connor, Timothy. 2012. “Top-Down Causation: An Integrating Theme within and across the Sciences?Interface Focus. 2: 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0110.
    Emam, Moataz H. 2021. Covariant Physics: From Classical Mechanics to General Relativity and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Farr, Matt and Reutlinger, Alexander. 2013. “A Relic of a Bygone Age? Causation, Time Symmetry and the Directionality Argument.” Erkenntnis 78 (Suppl 2): 215235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-013-9510-z.
    Field, Hartry. 2003. “Causation in a Physical World.” In The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics, edited by Michael, J. Loux and Dean, W. Zimmerman, pp. 435460. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Fine, Kit. 1985. “Plantinga on the Reduction of Possibilist Discourse.” In Alvin Plantinga: Profiles, edited by James, E. Tomberlin and van Inwagen, Peter, pp. 145186. Dordrecht: Reidel.
    Focus on Epigenetics. 2010. “Focus on Epigenetics.Nature Neuroscience 13: 1299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1110-1299.
    Franklin, Rosalind E. and Gosling, Raymond G.. 1953. “Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate.Nature 171: 740741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/171740a0.
    French, Anthony P. 1971. Newtonian Mechanics. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
    Frisch, Mathias. 2014. Causal Reasoning in Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Frisch, Mathias. 2009. “The Most Sacred Tenet? Causal Reasoning in Physics.The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60 (3): 459474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axp029.
    Frisch, Mathias. 2007. “Causation, Counterfactuals, and Entropy.” In Causation, Physics, and the Constitution of Reality, edited by Price, Huw and Corry, Richard, pp. 351395. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Frisch, Mathias. 2005. Inconsistency, Asymmetry, and Non-Locality: A Philosophical Investigation of Classical Electrodynamics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Furukawa, Yasu. 2003. “Macromolecules: Their Structures and Functions.” In The Cambridge History of Science Volume 5: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences, edited by Nye, Mary Jo, pp. 429446. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521571999.024.
    Galison, Peter. 1997. Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Glennan, Stuart. 2017. The New Mechanical Philosophy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Glennan, Stuart. 2010. “Mechanisms, Causes, and the Layered Model of the World.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 81 (2): 362381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00375.x.
    Glennan, Stuart. 1996. “Mechanisms and the Nature of Causation.” Erkenntnis 44 (1): 4971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00172853.
    Goldberg, Dave. 2017. The Standard Model in a Nutshell. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Gralla, Samuel E. and Wald, Robert M.. 2010. “Derivation of Gravitational Self-Force.” In Mass and Motion in General Relativity: Fundamental Theories of Physics, vol. 162, edited by Blanchet, L., Spallicci, A., and Whiting, B., pp. 162270. Dordrecht: Springer.
    Gray, Jeremy. 2013. Henri Poincaré: A Scientific Biography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Greczynski, Grzegorz and Hultman, Lars. 2022. “A Step-by-Step Guide to Perform X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.Journal of Applied Physics 132: 011101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086359.
    Hacking, Ian. 1983. Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Hacking, Ian. 1982. “Experimentation and Scientific Realism.” Philosophical Topics 13 (1): 7187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics19821314.
    Hallwachs, Wilhelm. 1888. “Über die Electrisirung von Metallplatten durch Bestrahlung mit electrischem Licht.” Annalen der Physik 270 (8A): 731734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18882700809open_in_newISSN.
    Handal, Josh and Surowiec, Justyna. 2022. “NASA Confirms DART Mission Impact Changed Asteroid’s Motion in Space.” www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroid-s-motion-in-space.
    Hauser, Alain and Bühlmann, Peter. 2012. “Characterization and Greedy Learning of Interventional Markov Equivalence Classes of Directed Acyclic Graphs.Journal of Machine Learning Research 13: 24092464.
    Hedden, Trey, Ketay, Sarah, Aron, Arthur, Rose Markus, Hazel, and Gabrieli, John D. E.. 2008. “Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control.” Psychological Science 19 (1): 1217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02038.x.
    von Helmholtz, Hermann. 1899. “Introduction.” In Heinrich Hertz, The Principles of Mechanics: Presented in New Form, translated by D. E. Jones and J. T. Walley, pp. 1–41. London: MacMillan and Co., LTD.
    von Helmholtz, Hermann. 1853. “On the Conservation of Force: A Physical Memoir.” In Scientific Memoirs: Natural Philosophy, edited by Tyndall, John and Francis, William, pp. 114162. London: Taylor and Francis. HWA1, 1275.
    Healey, Richard A. 1983. “Temporal and Causal Asymmetry.” In Swinburne, Richard (ed.), Space, Time and Causality, pp. 79103. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
    Hertz, Heinrich. 1900. Electric Waves, Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space. 2nd ed. Authorized English translation by D. E. Jones with a preface by Lord Kelvin. New York, NY: Macmillan.
    Hertz, Heinrich. 1893. Electric Waves, Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space. Authorized English translation by D. E. Jones with a preface by Lord Kelvin. London: Macmillan.
    Hertz, Heinrich. 1888. “Über die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electromagnetischen Wirkungen.” Annalen der Physik 270 (7): 551569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18882700708.
    Hertz, Heinrich. 1887. “Über einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung.Annalen der Physik 267 (8): 9831000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18872670827.
    Hertz, Heinrich. 1884. “Über die Beziehungen zwischen den Maxwell’schen electrodynamischen Grundgleichungen und den Grundgleichungen der gegnerischen Electrodynamik.Annalen der Physik 259 (9): 84103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18842590904.
    Hitchcock, Christopher. 1995. “The Mishap at Reichenbach Fall: Singular vs. General Causation.Philosophical Studies 78, 257291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00990114.
    Hoefer, Carl. 2008. “Introducing Nancy Cartwright’s Philosophy of Science.” In Nancy Cartwright’s Philosophy of Science, edited by Hartmann, Stephan, Hoefer, Carl, and Bovens, Luc, pp. 116. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Holton, Gerald and Brush, Stephen G.. 2006. Physics, the Human Adventure: From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
    Howell, Joel D. 2016. “Early Clinical Use of the X-Ray.Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 127: 341349. PMID: 28066069; PMCID: PMC5216491.
    Howell, Joel D. 1995. Technology in the Hospital: Transforming Patient Care in the Early Twentieth Century. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    Huemer, Michael and Kovitz, Ben. 2003. “Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous.” The Philosophical Quarterly 53 (213): 556565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00331.
    Hume, David. 1978. A Treatise of Human Nature, edited by Selby-Bigge, L. A., revised by Nidditch, P. H.. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Innes, P. D. 1907. “On the Velocity of the Cathode Particles Emitted by Various Metals under the Influence of Röntgen Rays, and Its Bearing on the Theory of Atomic Disintegration.Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series A, 79 (532): 442462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1907.0056.
    International Organization for Standardization. 2013. “Surface Chemical Analysis – Vocabulary – Part 1: General Terms and Terms Used in Spectroscopy” (ISO 18115-1:2013(en)).
    Ismael, Jenann T. 2016. How Physics Makes Us Free. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Jacobs, Jonathan D. 2010. “A Powers Theory of Modality: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Reject Possible Worlds.Philosophical Studies 151 (2): 227248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-009-9427-1.
    Jackson, John David. 1999. Classical Electrodynamics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
    Jammer, Max. 1989. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. New York, NY: Tomash Publishers and American Institute of Physics.
    Janiak, Andrew. 2013. “Three Concepts of Causation in Newton.Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 44: 396407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.10.009.
    Janiak, Andrew. 2007. “Newton and the Reality of Force.Journal of the History of Philosophy 45 (1): 127147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2007.0010.
    Johnson, Nicholas. 2009. “The Collision of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251: The Shape of Things to Come.” 60th International Astronautical Congress. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20100002023 (last downloaded 03/22/2023).
    Kalderon, Mark E. 2018. Sympathy in Perception. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Kant, Immanuel. 1998. Critique of Pure Reason: The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Edited by Guyer, Paul and Wood, Allen W.. Translated by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    King, Jeffrey C. 2007. The Nature and Structure of Content. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Kistler, Max. 2013. “The Interventionist Account of Causation and Non-causal Association Laws.” Erkenntnis 78. Supplement 1: Actual Causation, pp. 6584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-013-9437-4.
    Kloprogge, J. Theo and Barry, J. Wood. 2020. “Introduction.” In Handbook of Mineral Spectroscopy: Volume 1: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra, edited by Kloprogge, J. Theo and Barry, J. Wood, pp. xiii–xxv. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    Koenigsberger, Leo. 1906. Hermann von Helmholtz. Translated by Frances A. Welby with preface by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Koons, Robert. 2000. Realism Regained: An Exact Theory of Causation, Teleology, and the Mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Kragh, Helge. 1999. Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Kutach, Douglas. 2013. Causation and Its Basis in Fundamental Physics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lange, Marc. 2015. “Laws of Nature.” In Physical Theory: Method and Interpretation, edited by Sklar, Lawrence, pp. 6393. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lange, Marc. 2010. “Laws of Nature.” In The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, edited by Psillos, Stathis and Curd, Martin, pp. 203212. New York, NY: Routledge.
    Lange, Marc. 2009a. Laws and Lawmakers: Science, Metaphysics, and the Laws of Nature. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lange, Marc. 2009b. “Causation in Classical Mechanics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 649660. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lange, Marc. 2000. Natural Laws in Scientific Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lee, Jeffrey M. 2009. Manifolds and Differential Geometry. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
    Lenard, Philipp. 1902. “Über die lichtelektrische Wirkung.Annalen der Physik 313 (5): 149198.
    Lenard, Philipp and Wolf, Max. 1889. “Zerstäuben der Körper durch das ultraviolette Licht.Annalen der Physik 273 (7): 443456.
    Leplin, Jarrett. 1986. “Methodological Realism and Scientific Rationality.Philosophy of Science 53 (1): 3151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/289290.
    Lewis, David K. 2004. “Void and Object.” In Causation and Counterfactuals, edited by Collins, John, Hall, Ned, and Paul, Laurie A., pp. 277290. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Lewis, David K. 1986a. “Causation.” In Philosophical Papers Volume II, pp. 159172. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lewis, David K. 1986b. On the Plurality of Worlds. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
    Licata, Ignazio and Fiscaletti, Davide. 2014. Quantum Potential: Physics, Geometry and Algebra. Heidelberg: Springer.
    Loewer, Barry. 2023. “The Mentaculus: A Probability Map of the Universe.” In The Probability Map of the Universe: Essays on David Albert’s Time and Chance, edited by Loewer, Barry, Weslake, Brad, and Winsberg, Eric, pp. 1353. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Loewer, Barry. 2020. “The Mentaculus Vision.” In Statistical Mechanics and Scientific Explanation: Determinism, Indeterminism and Laws of Nature, edited by Allori, Valia, pp. 329. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.
    Loewer, Barry. 2012. “Two Accounts of Laws and Time.Philosophical Studies 160: 115137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-012-9911-x.
    Loewer, Barry. 2008. “Why There Is Anything Except Physics.” In Being Reduced: New Essays on Reduction, Explanation, and Causation, edited by Hohwy, Jakob and Kallestrup, Jesper, pp. 149163. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Loewer, Barry. 2007a. “Counterfactuals and the Second Law.” In Causation, Physics, and the Constitution of Reality: Russell’s Republic Revisited, edited by Price, Huw and Corry, Richard, pp. 293326. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Loewer, Barry. 2007b. “Mental Causation, or Something Near Enough.” In Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Mind, edited by Brian, P. McLaughlin and Cohen, Jonathan, pp. 243264. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    Logue, Heather. 2017. “Are Perceptual Experiences Just Representations?” In Current Controversies in Philosophy of Perception, edited by Nanay, Bence, pp. 4356. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Longair, Malcolm. 2014. “C.T.R. Wilson and the Cloud Chamber.Astroparticle Physics 53: 5560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.01.010.
    Lowe, E. J. 2016. “There Are (Probably) No Relations.” In The Metaphysics of Relations, edited by Marmodoro, Anna and Yates, David, pp. 100112. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Lucas, Amand A. and Lambin, Philippe. 2005. “Diffraction by DNA, Carbon Nanotubes and Other Helical Nanostructures.Reports on Progress in Physics 68 (5): 11811249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/68/5/R05
    Lyons, Jack. 2009. Perception and Basic Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Ernst., Mach 1976. Knowledge and Error: Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry. Dordrecht-Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
    Mach, Ernst. 1915. The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of Its Development. Supplement to the Third English Edition. Translated and annotated by Philip E. B. Jourdain. Chicago, IL: The Open Court Publishing Company.
    Mach, Ernst. 1902. Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of Its Development. Translated from the German by Thomas J. McCormack. 2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition. Chicago, IL: The Open Court Publishing Company.
    Machamer, Peter, Darden, Lindley, and Craver, Carl F.. 2000. “Thinking about Mechanisms.” Philosophy of Science 67 (1): 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/392759.
    Malament, David B. 2004. “On the Time Reversal Invariance of Classical Electromagnetic Theory.Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 35: 295315.
    Manchak, J. B. 2020. Global Spacetime Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Maudlin, Tim. 2008. “Non-Local Correlations in Quantum Theory: How the Trick Might be Done.” In Einstein, Relativity and Absolute Simultaneity, edited by Craig, William Lane and Smith, Quentin, pp. 156179. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Maudlin, Tim. 2007. The Metaphysics within Physics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Mellor, D. H. 2004. “For Facts as Causes and Effects.” In Causation and Counterfactuals, edited by Collins, John, Hall, Ned, and Paul, Laurie A., pp. 309323. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Menzies, Peter and Price, Huw. 1993. “Causation as a Secondary Quality.The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44: 187203.
    Miłkowski, Marcin. 2016. “A Mechanistic Account of Computational Explanation in Cognitive Science and Computational Neuroscience.” In Computing and Philosophy, edited by Vincent C. Müller, pp. 191205. New York, NY: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23291-1_13.
    Miller, Boaz. 2016. “What Is Hacking’s Argument for Entity Realism?Synthese 193: 9911006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-015-0789-y.
    Millikan, Robert A. 1950. The Autobiography of Robert A. Millikan. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.
    Millikan, Robert A. 1936. Electron ( and ), Protons, Photons, Neutrons, and Cosmic Rays. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Millikan, Robert A. 1924a. The Electron: Its Isolation and Measurement and the Determination of Some of Its Properties. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Originally published in 1917)
    Millikan, Robert A. 1924b. “The Electron and the Light-Quant from the Experimental Point of View.” www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1923/millikan/lecture/.
    Millikan, Robert A. 1916a. “A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck’s ‘h’.Physical Review 7: 355388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.7.355.
    Millikan, Robert A. 1916b. “Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation and Contact Electromotive Force.Physical Review 7: 1832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.7.18.
    Mills, Robert. 1994. Space, Time and Quanta: An Introduction to Contemporary Physics. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.
    Moser, Paul K. 1996. “Empirical Knowledge.” In Empirical Knowledge: Readings in Contemporary Epistemology. 2nd ed., edited by Moser, Paul K., pp. 134. Washington, DC: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
    Mumford, Stephen 2004. Laws of Nature. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Mumford, Stephen. and Anjum, Rani L. 2011. Getting Causes from Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Friday, February 3, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1981/siegbahn/facts/.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Wednesday, April 5, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1936/anderson/facts/.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Saturday, 25 February 25, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/facts.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927a. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Friday, February 23, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1927/wilson/facts/.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927b. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Saturday, February 25, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1927/compton/facts/.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics. 1927c. Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Monday, September 2, 2024. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1927/wilson/biographical/.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Friday, February 3, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1923/millikan/facts/.
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Sunday, January 15, 2023. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1921/summary/.
    Nelson, Philip. 2017. From Photon to Neuron: Light, Imaging, Vision. With the assistance of Sarina Bromberg, Hermundstad, Ann M., and Kinder, Jesse M.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Ney, Alyssa. 2009. “Physical Causation and Difference-Making.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60 (4): 737764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axp037.
    Nitske, W. Robert. 1971. The Life of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Discoverer of the X Ray. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
    Noble, Denis. 2017. Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Noble, Denis. 2012. “A Theory of Biological Relativity: No Privileged Level of Causation.” Interface Focus 2: 5564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0067.
    Noble, Denis. 2006. The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Norton, John D. 2021. “The Metaphysics of Causation: An Empiricist Critique.” https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/Causation_empiricist.pdf. Accessed on December 2, 2021.
    Norton, John D. 2009. “Is There an Independent Principle of Causality in Physics?The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60 (3): 475486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axp030.
    Norton, John D. 2007a. “Causation as Folk Science.” In Causation, Physics, and the Constitution of Reality: Russell’s Republic Revisited, edited by Price, Huw and Corry, Richard, pp. 1144. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Norton, John D. 2007b. “Do the Causal Principles of Modern Physics Contradict Causal Anti-Fundamentalism?” In Thinking about Cause: From Greek Philosophy to Modern Physics, edited by Machamer, Peter and Wolters, Gereon, pp. 222234. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
    Oxford Demonstrations. “Cloud Chamber.” Department of Physics. https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/accelerate/resources/demonstrations/cloud-chamber.
    Pais, Abraham. 1986. Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Pais, Abraham. 1982. Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, with a new foreword by Sir Roger Penrose. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Papineau, David. 2013. “Causation is Macroscopic but Not Irreducible.” In Mental Causation and Ontology, edited by Gibb, Sophie C., Lowe, Edward J., and Ingthorsson, Rögnvaldur D, pp. 126151. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Patrignani, Claudia et al. 2016. “Review of Particle Physics.” Chinese Physics C 40: 100001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001.
    Paul, L. A. 2009. “Counterfactual Theories.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 158184. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Paul, L. A. 2007. “Constitutive Overdetermination.” In Causation and Explanation, edited by Campbell, Joseph Keim, O’Rourke, Michael, and Silverstein, Harry, pp. 265288. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Paul, L. A. and Hall, Ned. 2013. Causation: A User’s Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Pautz, Adam. 2017. “Experiences Are Representations: An Empirical Argument.” In Current Controversies in Philosophy of Perception, edited by Nanay, Bence, pp. 2342. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Pearl, Judea. 2009. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Penrose, Roger. 2004. The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
    Perlick, Volker. 2004. “Gravitational Lensing from a Spacetime Perspective.Living Reviews of Relativity 7: 594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2004-9.
    Peskin, Michael E. 2019. Concepts of Elementary Particle Physics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Plantinga, Alvin. 1993. Warrant and Proper Function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Polyak, Stephen Lucian. 1957. The Vertebrate Visual System: Its Origin, Structure, and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of Its Role in the Life of Animals and in the Origin of Man: Preceded by a Historical Review of Investigations of the Eye, and of the Visual Pathways and Centers of the Brain. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Pourciau, Bruce. 2006. “Newton’s Interpretation of Newton’s Second Law.Archive for History of Exact Sciences 60: 157207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-005-0107-z.
    Price, Huw. 2017. “Causation, Intervention, and Agency: Woodward on Menzies and Price.” In Making a Difference: Essays on the Philosophy of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Price, Huw, pp. 7398. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Price, Huw. 2007. “Causal Perspectivalism.” In Price, Huw and Corry, Richard, Causation, Physics, and the Constitution of Reality: Russell’s Republic Revisited, pp. 250291. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Price, Huw. 1996. Time’s Arrow and Archimedes’ Point: New Directions for the Physics of Time. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Price, Huw and Weslake, Brad. 2009. “The Time-Asymmetry of Causation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 414443. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Pruss, Alexander R. 2018. Infinity, Causation, and Paradox. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Pruss, Alexander R. 2011. Actuality, Possibility and Worlds. New York, NY: Continuum.
    Putnam, Hilary. 1979. “What Is Mathematical Truth?” In Putnam, Hilary, Mathematics, Matter, and Method: Philosophical Papers Volume 1. 2nd ed., pp. 6078. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Quigg, Chris. 2013. Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad. 1898. “Über eine neue Art von Strahlen.” Annalen der Physik 300 (1): 1217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18983000103.
    Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad. 1896. “On a New Kind of Rays.” Translated by Arthur Stanton. Nature 53 (1369): 274276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/053274b0.
    Ramsey, Frank P. 1990. Philosophical Papers. Edited by Mellor, D. H.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Ramsey, Frank P. 1931. “General Propositions and Causality.” In The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays, edited by Braithwaite, Richard B., pp. 237255. With a preface by Moore, G. E.. London: Kegan Paul.
    Redhead, Michael. 1990. “Explanation.” Edited by Knowles, Dudley. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 27: 135154.
    Reutlinger, Alexander. 2013. “Can Interventionists Be Neo-Russellians? Interventionism, the Open Systems Argument, and the Arrow of Entropy.International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 27 (3): 273293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2013.825497.
    Roberts, John T. 2008. The Law-Governed Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Rohrlich, Fritz. 2000. “Causality and the Arrow of Classical Time.Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 31 (1): 113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1355-2198(99)00030-1.
    Rovelli, Carlo. 1997. “Halfway Through the Woods: Contemporary Research on Space and Time.” In The Cosmos Science: Essays of Exploration, edited by Earman, John and Norton, John, pp. 180223. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
    Rueger, Alexander. 1998. “Local Theories of Causation and the a posteriori Identification of the Causal Relation.Erkenntnis 48: 2740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005317310403.
    Russell, Bertrand. 1912–1913. “On the Notion of Cause.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 13: 126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/13.1.1.
    Sachs, A. M. 1967. “Spark Chambers: A Simplified System for the Observation of Particle Trajectories in Two Types of Chambers.American Journal of Physics 35: 582594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1974193.
    Sachs, Robert G. 1987. The Physics of Time Reversal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Savitt, Steven F. 1994. “Is Classical Mechanics Time Reversal Invariant?The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45 (3): 907913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/45.3.907.
    Sauli, Fabio. 2014. Gaseous Radiation Detectors: Fundamentals and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107337701.
    Schaffer, Jonathan. 2009. “On What Grounds What.” In Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology, edited by Chalmers, David, Manley, David, and Wasserman, Ryan, pp. 347383. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Schaffer, Jonathan. 2008. “Causation and Laws of Nature: Reductionism.” In Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics, edited by Sider, Theodore, Hawthorne, John and Zimmerman, Dean W., pp. 82107. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    Scheibe, Erhard. 2006. Die Philosophie der Physiker. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck.
    Schellenberg, Susanna. 2018. The Unity of Perception: Content, Consciousness, Evidence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Schroeder, Mark. 2021. “Perceptual Reasons and Defeat.” In Reasons, Justification, and Defeat, edited by Brown, Jessica and Simion, Mona, pp. 269283. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Schweber, Silvan S. 1994. QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Segrè, Emilio. 1984. From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves: Classical Physicists and Their Discoveries. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
    Segrè, Emilio. 1980. From X-Rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
    Seitz, Frederick. 2023 (downloaded). “X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).” Presentation for the Molecular Materials Resource Center Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology. https://mmrc.caltech.edu/SS_XPS/XPS_PPT/XPS%20Class%2099.pdf.
    Shankar, Ramamurti. 2016. Fundamentals of Physics II: Electromagnetism, Optics, and Quantum Mechanics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    Shard, Alexander G. 2020. “Practical Guides for X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Quantitative XPS.” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 38: 041201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5141395.
    Shope, Robert K. 1988. “Powers, Causation, and Modality.Erkenntnis 28 (3): 321362. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184900.
    Sider, Theodore. 2011. Writing the Book of the World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Siegbahn, Hans and Siegbahn, Kai. 1973. “ESCA Applied to Liquids.” Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2 (3): 319325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(73)80023-4.
    Siegbahn, Kai M. 1981. “Electron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter.” Nobel Lecture, December 8. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1981/siegbahn/lecture/.
    Siegbahn, Kai M. 1976. “Electron Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure.Pure and Applied Chemistry 48: 7797. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-021569-3.50008-7.
    Simons, Peter. 2003. “Events.The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics, edited by Michael, J. Loux and Dean, W. Zimmerman, pp. 357385. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 357385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284221.003.0013.
    Sloman, Steven. 2005. Causal Models: How People Think About the World and Its Alternatives. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Snoke, David W., Liu, Gangqing, and Girvin, Steven M.. 2012. “The Basis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in Quantum Field Theory.Annals of Physics 327 (7): 18251851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2011.12.016.
    Sosa, Ernest. 2017. Epistemology (Princeton Foundations of Contemporary Philosophy). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Sosa, Ernest. 2015. Judgment and Agency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Sosa, Ernest. 2009. Reflective Knowledge: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume II. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Sosa, Ernest, 2007. A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume I. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    SteinhardtJr., Ralph G. and Serfass, E. J.. 1953. “Surface Analysis with X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer.Analytical Chemistry 25 (5): 697700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60077a005.
    Stokes, Dustin. 2021. Thinking and Perceiving: On the Malleability of the Mind. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Strevens, Michael. 2008. Depth: An Account of Scientific Explanation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Stuewer, Roger H. 1975. The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics. New York, NY: Science History Publications.
    Tavakol, Reza and Ellis, George. 1999. “Holography and Cosmology.Physics Letters B 469: 3745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01269-1.
    Taylor, John R. 2005. Classical Mechanics. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
    Ter Haar, Dirk. 1967. The Old Quantum Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
    Thomson, Joseph J. 1936. Recollections and Reflections. London: G. Bell and Sons.
    Thomson, Joseph J. 1899. “On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.” Philosophical Magazine 48 (295): 547567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786449908621447.
    Thomson, Joseph J. 1897a. “Cathode Rays.” Philosophical Magazine 44 (269): 293316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786449708621070.
    Thomson, Joseph J. 1897b. “Cathode Rays.” Electrician 39: 104109.
    Van der Heide, Paul. 2012. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Principles and Practices. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    van Fraassen, Bas C. 1989. Laws and Symmetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    van’t Hoff, Alice. 2022. “In Defense of Causal Eliminativism.Synthese 200: 393414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-03875-9.
    Virbhadra, K. S. and George, F. R. Ellis. 2000. “Schwarzchild Black Hole Lensing.Physical Review D 62: 084003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.62.084003.
    Wald, Robert M. 2022. Advanced Classical Electromagnetism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Wald, Robert M. 2009. “Introduction to Gravitational Self-Force.” In Mass and Motion in General Relativity: Fundamental Theories of Physics, edited by Blanchet, A. Spallicci, and Whiting, B., vol. 162, pp. 253262. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3015-3_8.
    Wald, Robert M. 1984. General Relativity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Wasserman, Ryan. 2016. “Theories of Persistence.Philosophical Studies 173: 243250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-015-0488-z.
    Watson, James D. and Crick, Francis H. C.. 1953. “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.Nature 171 (4356): 737738.
    Watts, John F. and Wolstenholme, John. 2020. An Introduction to Surface Analysis by XPS and AES. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Weaver, Christina M., 2019. A Multi-Generational Acoustic and Sociolinguistic Study of Emphasis in Turoyo. Doctoral dissertation. The University of Chicago.
    Weaver, Christopher G. 2023. “Hamilton, Hamiltonian Mechanics, and Causation.” Foundations of Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-023-09923-y.
    Weaver, Christopher G. 2022. “Poincaré, Poincaré Recurrence and the H-Theorem: A Continued Reassessment of Boltzmannian Statistical Mechanics.International Journal of Modern Physics B 36 (23): 2230005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217979222300055.
    Weaver, Christopher G. 2021. “In Praise of Clausius Entropy: Reassessing the Foundations of Boltzmannian Statistical Mechanics.Foundations of Physics 51 (Article Number 59). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-021-00437-w.
    Weaver, Christopher G. 2019. Fundamental Causation: Physics, Metaphysics, and the Deep Structure of the World. New York, NY: Routledge Publishers.
    Weinberg, Steven. 2021. Foundations of Modern Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Weinberg, Steven. 2008. Cosmology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Weinberg, Steven. 2003. The Discovery of Subatomic Particles. Revised Edition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Weinert, Friedel. 2009. “Compton Experiment (or Compton Effect).” In Compendium of Quantum Physics: Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy, edited by Greenberger, D., Hentschel, K., and Weinert, F., pp. 115117. New York, NY: Springer.
    Wessels, Linda. 1977. “Schrödinger’s Route to Wave Mechanics.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 10 (4): 311340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(79)90018-9.
    Wheaton, Bruce. 2009a. “Photoelectric Effect.” In Compendium of Quantum Physics: Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy, edited by Greenberger, D., Hentschel, K., and Weinert, F., pp. 472475. New York, NY: Springer.
    Wheaton, Bruce. 1978. “Photoelectric Effect.” In Compendium of Quantum Physics: Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy, edited by Greenberger, D., Hentschel, K., and Weinert, F., pp. 472475. Berlin: Springer.
    Will, Clifford M. 2014. “The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment.Living Reviews in Relativity 17: 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2014-4.
    Williamson, Jon. 2009. “Probabilistic Theories.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 185212. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Williamson, Jon. 2006. “Dispositional versus Epistemic Causality.Minds and Machines 16, 259276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-006-9033-3.
    Williamson, Jon. 2005. Bayesian Nets and Causality: Philosophical and Computational Foundations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Williamson, Timothy. 2013. Modal Logic as Metaphysics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Williamson, Timothy. 2002. “Necessary Existents.” In Logic, Thought and Language, edited by O’Hear, Anthony, pp. 233251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Wilson, Charles T. R. 1911. “On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas.Proceedings of the Royal Society London A 85, 285288.
    Woodward, James. 2021. Causation with a Human Face: Normative Theory and Descriptive Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Woodward, James. 2014. “A Functional Account of Causation,” Philosophy of Science 81: 691713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/678313.
    Woodward, James. 2009. “Agency and Interventionist Theories.” In The Oxford Handbook of Causation, edited by Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Menzies, Peter, pp. 234262. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Woodward, James. 2007. “Causation with a Human Face.” In Causation, Physics, and the Constitution of Reality: Russell’s Republic Revisited, edited by Price, Huw and Corry, Richard, pp. 66105. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Woodward, James. 2003. Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Zagzebski, Linda. 2012. Epistemic Authority: A Theory of Trust, Authority, and Autonomy in Belief. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Zeh, H. Dieter. 2007. The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time. 5th ed. Berlin: Springer.
    Zwiebach, Barton. 2022. Mastering Quantum Mechanics: Essentials, Theory, and Applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.