References
Abinales, P. and Amoroso, D.. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Alagappa, M. (2004). ‘Civil Society and Political Change: An Analytical Framework’. In Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space, Alagappa, M. (ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 25–60.
Almond, G. and Verba, S.. (1963). The Civic Culture, Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Amoroso, D. J. (2014). Traditionalism and the Ascendancy of the Malay Ruling Class in Colonial Malaya. Singapore: NUS Press.
Anderson, P. (1976). ‘The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci’, New Left Review, 100: 5–78.
Armony, A. (2004). The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Aspinall, E. (2004). ‘Indonesia: Transformation of Civil Society and Democratic Breakthrough’. In Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space, M. Alagappa (ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 25–60.
Aspinall, E., Fossati, D., Muhtadi, B., and Warburton, E.. (2020). ‘Elites, Masses and Democratic Decline in Indonesia’, Democratization, 27(4): 505–26.
Baker, C. and Pasuk., P. (2005). A History of Thailand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bal, C. S. (2016). Production Politics and Migrant Labour Regimes: Guest Workers in Asia and the Gulf. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Barr, M. D. (2010). ‘Marxists in Singapore? Lee Kuan Yew’s Campaign Against Catholic Social Justice Activists in the 1980s’, Critical Asian Studies, 42(3): 335–62.
Barr, M. D. (2014a). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence. London: I. B. Tauris.
Barr, M. D. (2019). Singapore: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris.
Berman, S. (1997). ‘Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, World Politics, 49(3): 401–29.
Bermeo, N. (2016). ‘On Democratic Backsliding’, Journal of Democracy, 27(1): 5–19.
Bernhard, M. (1993). ‘Civil Society and Democratic Transition in East Central Europe’, Political Science Quarterly, 108(2): 307–26.
Bowie, K. (1997). Rituals of National Identity: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand. New York: Columbia University Press.
Braunstein, J. (2019). Capital Choices: Sectoral Politics and the Variation of Sovereign Wealth. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan University Press.
Brook, T. (1997). ‘Auto-organization in Chinese Society’. In Civil Society in China, Brook, T. and Frolic, B. M. (eds.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 19–45.
Brown, A. (2007). ‘Labour and Modes of Participation in Thailand’, Democratization, 14(5): 816–33.
Cabãnes, J. and Cornelio, J.. (2017). ‘The Rise of Trolls in the Philippines (And What We Can Do About It)’. In A Duterte Reader: Critical Essays on Rodrigo Duterte Early Presidency, N. Curato (ed.). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, pp. 231–50.
Carnoy, M. (1984). The State and Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Carothers, T. (ed.). (2004). Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Carroll, T. (2010). Delusions of Development: The World Bank and the Post-Washington Consensus in Southeast Asia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Case, W. (2002). Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy More or Less. London: Curzon.
Center for International Human Rights (CIHR). (2020). ‘The Closing of Civil Space in the Philippines’. Submission to the OHCHR for HRC Report 41/2. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York.
Chan, C. K. (1985). ‘Eugenics on the Rise: A Report from Singapore’, International Journal of Health Services, 15(4): 707–12.
Chanida, C., Chaithawat, T., and Thanapol, E.. (2004). ‘The Thai Monarchy and Non-Governmental Organisations’. In The NGO Way: Perspectives and Experiences From Thailand, S. Shigetomi, T. Kasian, and T. Apichart (eds.). Chiba-shi: Institute of Developing Economies, pp. 99–146.
Chong, T. (2010). ‘The State and the New Society: The Role of the Arts in Singapore Nation-building’, Asian Studies Review, 34(2): 131–49.
Chua, B.-H. (1994). ‘Arrested Development: Democratization in Singapore’, Third World Quarterly, 15(4): 655–68.
Chua, B.-H. (1997). Political Legitimacy and Housing: Stakeholding in Singapore. London: Routledge.
Chua, L. J. (2014). Mobilizing Gay Singapore: Rights and Resistance in an Authoritarian State. Singapore: NUS Press.
Clutterbuck, R. (1973). Riot and Revolution in Singapore and Malaya, 1945–63. London: Faber & Faber.
Cohen, J. L. and Arato., A. (1992). Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Croissant, A. and Haynes, J. (eds.). (2021). ‘Democratic Regression in Asia’, Special Issue, Democratization, 28(1).
Curato, N. (2016). ‘Politics of Anxiety, Politics of Hope: Penal Populism and Duterte’s Rise to Power’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 35(3): 91–109.
Deyo, F. C. (1981). Dependent Development and Industrial Order: An Asian Case Study. New York: Praeger.
de Dios, E. and Hutchcroft, P.. (2003). ‘Political Economy’. In The Philippine Economy: Development, Politics and Challenges, Baliscan, A. M. and Hill, H. (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 45–73.
Diamond, L. (2002). ‘Thinking About Hybrid Regimes’, Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 21–35.
Diamond, L. (2016). In Search of Democracy. Abingdon: Routledge.
Dressel, B. (2012). ‘Targeting the Public Purse: Advocacy Coalitions and Public Finance in the Philippines’, Administration and Society, 44(6 supplementary): 65s–84s.
Du Bois, C. (1962). Social Forces in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Edwards, M. (2011). ‘Conclusion: Civil Society as a Necessary and Necessarily Contested Idea’. In The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, M. Edwards (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 480–92.
Edwards, M. (2020). Civil Society. 4th ed. Oxford: Polity Press.
Ehrenberg, J. (1999). Civil Society: The Critical History of an Idea. New York: New York University Press.
Eley, G. (2002). Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Florini, A. (ed.). (2000). The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society. Washington, DC: Japan Center for International Exchange and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Fukuyama, F. (1989). ‘The End of History?’, The National Interest, 16(Summer): 3–18.
Glassman, J. (2010). ‘“The Provinces Elect Governments, Bangkok Overthrows Them”: Urbanity, Class and Post-Democracy in Thailand’, Urban Studies, 47(6): 1301–23.
Glassman, J. (2011). ‘Cracking Hegemony in Thailand: Gramsci, Bourdieu and the Dialectics of Rebellion’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 41(1): 25–46.
Glassman, J. (2018). Drums of War, Drums of Development: The Formation of a Pacific Ruling Class and Industrial Transformation in East and Southeast Asia, 1945–1980. Leiden: Brill.
Glassman, J. (2019). ‘Class, Race, and Uneven Development in Thailand’. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand, C. Pavin (ed.). London: Routledge, pp. 305–17.
Glassman, J. (2020). ‘Lineages of the Authoritarian State in Thailand: Military Dictatorship, Lazy Capitalism and the Cold War Past as Post-Cold War Prologue’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 50(4): 571–92.
Goh, C. T. (1986). A Nation of Excellence. Address at Alumni International Singapore, Ministry of Communications and Information, Singapore, 1 December.
Goh, C. T. (1989). Session No. 1, Volume No. 54, Sitting No. 8, Parliament No. 7. Singapore Parliament Reports, Singapore, 29 November.
Gomez, E. T. (2002). ‘Political Business in Malaysia: Party Factionalism, Corporate Development, and Economic Crisis’. In Political Business in East Asia, E. T. Gomez (ed.). London: Routledge, pp. 82–114.
Gomez, E. T. and Saravanamutta, J.. (2013). The New Economic Policy in Malaysia: Affirmative Action, Ethnic Inequalities and Social Justice. Singapore: National University Press.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Hoare, Q. and Nowell Smith, G. (eds.). London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Hamid, A. F. A. and Razali, C. H. C. M.. (2015). ‘The Changing Face of Political Islam in Malaysia in the Era of Najib Razak, 2009–3013’, SOJOURN: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 30(2): 301–37.
Hansson, E., Hewison, K., and Glassman, J.. (2020). ‘Legacies of the Cold War in East and Southeast Asia: An Introduction’, Special Issue, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 50(4): 493–510.
Hansson, E. and Weiss, M. (eds.). (2018). Political Participation in Asia: Defining and Deploying Political Space. New York: Routledge.
Hau, C. (2017). Elites and Illustrados in Philippine Culture. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Hedman, E. E. (2006). In the Name of Civil Society: From Free Election Movements to People Power in the Philippines. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.
Heng, P. K. (1997). ‘The New Economic Policy and the Chinese Community in Peninsula Malaysia’, The Developing Economies, 35(3): 262–92.
Hewison, K. (1989). Bankers and Bureaucrats: Capital and the Role of the State in Thailand. New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies.
Hewison, K. (2006). ‘Thailand: Boom, Bust and Recovery’. In The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Markets, Power, and Contestation, Rodan, G. (ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp.74–108.
Hewison, K. (2010). ‘Thaksin Shinawatra and the Reshaping of Thai Politics’, Contemporary Politics, 16(2): 119–33.
Hewison, K. (2019). ‘Reluctant Populists: Learning Populism in Thailand’, International Political Science Review, 38(4): 426–40.
Hewison, K. (2021). ‘Crazy Rich Thais: Thailand’s Capitalist Class, 1980–2019’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 51(2): 262–77.
Hewison, K. and Kengkij, K.. (2010). ‘“Thai-Style Democracy”: The Royalist Struggle for Thailand’s Politics’. In Saying the Unsayable: Monarchy and Democracy in Thailand, Ivarsson, S. and Isager, L. (eds.). Copenhagen: Nordic Institute for Southeast Asian Studies Press, pp. 179–202.
Hewison, K. and Rodan, G.. (1994). ‘The Decline of the Left in Southeast Asia’. In The Socialist Register 1994, R. Miliband and L. Panitch (eds.). London: Merlin Press, pp. 235–62.
Hewison, K. and Rodan, G. (2012). ‘Southeast Asia: The Left and the Rise of Bourgeois Opposition’. In Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Politics, Robison, R. (ed.). London: Routledge, pp. 25–39.
Hewison, K., Rodan, G., and Robison, R.. (1993). ‘Introduction: Changing Forms of State Power in Southeast Asia’. In Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism, Hewison, K., Robison, R. and Rodan, G. (eds.). Sydney: Allen and Unwin, pp. 2–8.
Hicken, A. and Kuhonta, E. (eds.). (2014). Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hicken, A. and Kuhonta, E. M. (eds). 2015. Party System Institutionalisation in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies and the Shadows of the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hilley, J. (2001). Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition. London: Zed Books.
Huang, P. C. C. (1993). ‘“Public Sphere”/“Civil Society” in China?’, Modern China, 19(2): 216–40.
Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hutchison, J. (2006). ‘Poverty of Politics in the Philippines’. In The Political Economy of South-East Asia: Conflicts, Crises and Change, Rodan, G., Hewison, K., and Robison, R. (eds.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp. 42–70.
Hutchison, J. (2012). ‘Labour Politics in Southeast Asia: The Philippines in Comparative Perspective’. In Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Politics, Robison, R. (ed.). Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 40–52.
Hutchison, J. and Brown, A. (eds.). (2001). Organising Labour in Globalising Asia. London: Routledge.
Jayasuriya, K. (2020). ‘The Rise of the Right: Populism and Authoritarianism in Southeast Asian Politics’. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2020, Cook, M. and Singh, D. (eds.) . Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 43–56.
Jayasuriya, K. and Hewison, K. (2004). ‘The Antipolitics of Good Governance: From Global Social Policy to a Global Populism?’, Critical Asian Studies, 36(4): 571–90.
Jayasuriya, J. and Rodan, G.. (2007). ‘Beyond Hybrid Regimes: More Participation, Less Contestation in Southeast Asia’, Democratization, 14(5): 773–94.
Jomo, K. S. (1994). U-Turn? Malaysian Economic Development Policies after 1990. Townsville: James Cook University.
Josey, A. (1974). The Struggle for Singapore. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
Kanokwan, M. (2020). ‘NGOs and Civil Society in Thailand’. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand, Pavin, C. (ed.). London: Routledge, pp. 306–78.
Keane, J. (1999). Civil Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Keane, J. (2005). ‘Eleven Theses on Markets and Civil Society’, Journal of Civil Society, 1(1): 25–34.
Kengkij, K. and Hewison, K.. (2009). ‘Social Movements and Political Opposition in Contemporary Thailand’, The Pacific Review, 22: 451–77.
Kerkvleit, B. (1977). The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Khoo, B. T. (2006). ‘Malaysia Balancing Development and Power’. In The Political Economy of South-East Asia, Rodan, G., Hewison, K., and Robison, R. (eds.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp. 170–96.
Khoo, B. T. (2020). Malay Politics: Parlous Condition, Continuing Problems. Trends in Asia, Southeast, Issue 17. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Kim, E. and Yoo., J. (2015). ‘Conditional Cash Transfer in the Philippines: How to Overcome Institutional Constraints for Implementing Social Protection’, Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, 2(1): 75–89.
Koh, C. Y., Goh, C., Wee, K., and Yeoh, B. S. A.. (2017). ‘Drivers of Migration Policy Reform: The Day Off Policy for Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore’, Global Social Policy, 17(2): 188–205.
Kopecký, P. and Mudde, C.. (2003). ‘Rethinking Civil Society’. Democratisation, 10(3): 1–14.
Kunihara, K. K. (1945). Labor in the Philippine Economy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Laclau, E. (2007). On Populist Reason. London: Verso Books.
Laine, J. P. (2014). ‘Debating Civil Society: Contested Conceptualizations and Development Trajectories’, International Journal of Not-for -Profit Law, 16(1): 59–77.
Landau, I. (2008). ‘Law and Civil Society in Cambodia and Vietnam: A Gramscian Perspective’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38(2): 244–58.
Lane, M. R. (1990). The Urban Mass Movement in the Philippines, 1983–87. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Lee, H. G. (2008). ‘Malaysia in 2007: Abdullah Administration under Siege’. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2008, Singh, D. and Than, T. M. M. (eds.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Affairs, pp. 188–206.
Lee, T. (2005). ‘Gestural Politics: Civil Society in “New” Singapore’, SOJOURN: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 20(2): 132–54.
Lemiére, S. (2014). ‘Gangsta and Politics in Malaysia’. In Misplaced Democracy: Malaysian Politics and People, S. Lemiére (ed.). Petalying Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, pp. 91–108.
Levitsky, S. and Way, L. A.. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Liew, C. T. (2013). ‘An Opposition’s Transformation: Interview with Liew Chin Tong’. In Awakening: The Abdullah Years in Malaysia, B. Welsh and J. Chin (eds.). Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, pp. 294–311.
Lorch, J. (2021). ‘Elite Capture, Civil Society and Democratic Backsliding in Bangladesh, Thailand and the Philippines’, Democratization, 28(1): 81–102.
Mauzy, D. (1995). ‘The Tentative Life and Quiet Death of the NECC in Malaysia’. In Managing Change in Southeast Asia: Local Initiatives, Global Connections, de Bernadi, J., Forth, G., and Niessen, S. (eds.). Montreal: University of Montreal, pp. 77–92.
McCargo, D. and Naruemon, T.. (2021). ‘Plural Partisans: Thailand’s People’s Democratic Reform Committee Protesters’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 43(1): 125–50.
Mietzner, M. (2021). Democratic Deconsolidation in Southeast Asia. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mirsky, Y. (1993). ‘Democratic Politics, Democratic Culture’, Orbis, 37(4): 567–80.
Missingham, B. D. (2003). The Assembly of the Poor in Thailand: From Local Struggles to National Protest Movement. Bangkok: Silkworm Books.
Mohammad, M. 2009. ‘Politics of the NEP and Ethnic Relations in Malaysia’. In Multiethnic Malaysia: Past, Present and Future, Lim, T. G., Gomes, A., and Rahman, Azly (eds.). Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, pp. 113–39.
Morgenbesser, L. (2019). The Rise of Sophisticated Authoritarianism in Southeast Asia. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Morlino, L., Dressel, B., and Pelizzo, R.. (2011). ‘The Quality of Democracy in Asia-Pacific: Issues and Findings’, International Political Science Review, 32(5): 491–511.
Mouzelis, N. (1985). ‘On the Concept of Populism: Populist and Clientelist Modes of Incorporation into Semiperipheral Polities’, Politics & Society, 14(3): 329–48.
Munro-Kua, A. (1996). Authoritarian Populism in Malaysia. London: Macmillan.
Nonini, D. M. (2015). ‘Getting By’: Class and State Formation Among Chinese in Malaysia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Ortmann, S. (2015). ‘Political Change and Civil Society Coalitions in Singapore’, Government and Opposition, 50(1): 119–39.
O’Shannassy, M. (2008). ‘Beyond the Barisan Nasional? A Gramscian Perspective of the 2008 Malaysian General Election’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 31(1): 88–109.
Pasuk, P. and Baker, C.. (2008). ‘Introduction’. In Thai Capital After the 1997 Crisis, Pasuk, P. and Baker, C. (eds). Chiang Mai: Silkworm, pp. 1–16.
Pasuk, P. and Baker, C.. (2009). Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Pasuk, P. and Baker, C.. (2011). ‘Populist Challenge to the Establishment: Thaksin Shinawatra and the Transformation of Thai Politics.’ In Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Politics, Robison, R. (ed.). Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 83–96.
Peterson, W. (2001). Theater and the Politics of Culture in Contemporary Singapore. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Platek, D. and Plucienniczak, P.. (2016). ‘Civil Society and Extreme-Right Collective Action in Poland, 1990–2013’, Revue D’Etudes Comparatives Est-Quest, 47: 117–46.
Prajak, K. (2016). ‘Thailand’s Failed 2014 Election: The Anti-Election Movement, Violence and Democratic Breakdown’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(3): 467–85.
Puthucheary, J. (1960). Ownership and Control of the Malaysian Economy. Singapore: Eastern University Press.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). ‘Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital’. Journal of Democracy, 6(1): 65–78.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Pye, O. and Schaffar, W.. (2008). ‘The 2006 Anti-Thaksin Movement in Thailand: An Analysis’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38(1): 38–61.
Quimpo, N. G. (2008). Contested Democracy and the Left in the Philippines after Marcos. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Raquiza, A. (2014). ‘Changing Configuration of Philippine Capitalism’. Philippine Political Science Journal, 35(2): 225–50.
Reid, B. (2005). ‘Poverty Alleviation and Participatory Development in the Philippines’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 35(1): 29–52.
Reid, B. (2008). ‘Developmental NGOs, Semiclientelism, and the State in the Philippines: From “Crossover” to Double-crossed’, Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 23(1): 4–42.
Rodan, G. (1989). The Political Economy of Singapore’s Industrialization. London: Macmillan.
Rodan, G. (1997). ‘Civil Society and Other Possibilities in Southeast Asia’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 27(2): 156–78.
Rodan, G. (2004). Transparency and Authoritarian Rule: Singapore and Malaysia. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Rodan, G. (2016). ‘Capitalism, Inequality and Ideology in Singapore: New Challenges for the Ruling Party’, Asian Studies Review, 40(2): 211–30.
Rodan, G. (2018). Participation without Democracy: Containing Conflict in Southeast Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Rodan, G. and Hughes, C.. (2014). The Politics of Accountability in Southeast Asia: The Dominance of Moral Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rodan, G. and Jayasuriya, K.. (2007). ‘The Technocratic Politics of Administrative Participation: Case Studies of Singapore and Vietnam’, Democratization, 14(5): 795–815.
Rosenblum, N. L. (2000). ‘Primus Inter Pares: Political Parties and Civil Society’, Chicago-Kent Law Review, 75(2): 493–529.
Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E. H., and Stephens, J. D.. (1992). Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Ruzza, C. (2009). ‘Populism and Euroscepticism: Towards Uncivil Society?’, Policy and Society, 28: 87–98.
Seah, C. M. (1973). Community Centres in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Searle, P. (1999). The Riddle of Malaysian Capitalism: Rent Seekers or Real Capitalists? Honolulu: Australian Association of Asian Studies in association with Allen & Unwin and University of Hawaii Press.
Seow, F. (1998). The Media Enthralled: Singapore Revisited. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Sidel, J. T. (1999). Capital, Coercion and Crime: Bossism in the Philippines. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Sinpeng, A. (2021). Opposing Democracy in the Digital Age: The Yellow Shirts in Thailand. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Skocpol, T. (2004). Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civil Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Somchai, P. (2016). ‘Rural Transformations and Democracy in Northeast Thailand’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(3): 134–49.
Soon, C. and Koh, G.. (2017). ‘Introduction’. In Civil Society and the State in Singapore, Soon, C. and Koh, G. (eds.). London: World Scientific, pp. xi–xliii.
Sopranzetti, C. (2020). ‘Mass Politics and the Red Shirts’. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand, Pavin, C. (ed.). London: Routledge, pp. 156–62.
Straits Times Weekly Overseas Edition (STWOE). (1989). ‘Nothing to Lose from Having Nominated MPs, Says BG Lee’, 9 December.
Tan, K. P. (2012). ‘The Ideology of Pragmatism: Neo-Liberal Globalisation and Political Authoritarianism in Singapore’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 42(1): 67–92.
Tan, K. Y. L. (2017). ‘Growing Civil Society in Singapore: The Future Legislative Landscape’. In Civil Society and the State in Singapore, Soon, C. and Koh, G. (eds.). London: World Scientific, pp. 241–80.
Tan, N. (2020). ‘Minimal Factionalism in Singapore’s People’s Action Party’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(1): 124–43.
Tan, N. and Grofman, B.. (2018). ‘Electoral Rules and Manufacturing Legislative Supermajority: Evidence from Singapore’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 56(3): 273–97.
Tay, D. (1999), ‘Opposition Should Forget Differences’. New Straits Times, 12 August.
Teo, T.-A. (2019). ‘Perceptions of Meritocracy in Singapore: Inconsistencies, Contestations and Biases’, Asian Studies Review, 43(2): 184–205.
Toepler, S., Zimmer, A., Frölich, C., and Obuch, K.. (2020). ‘The Changing Space for NGOs: Civil Society in Authoritarian and Hybrid Regimes’, Voluntas, 31: 649–62.
Thompson, M. R. (2016). ‘Bloodied Democracy: Duterte and the Death of Liberal Reformism in the Philippines’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 35(3): 39–68.
Thorn, P. (2017). ‘Redefining Democratic Discourse in Thailand’s Civil Society’. In Military, Monarchy and Repression: Assessing Thailand’s Authoritarian Turn, Veerayooth, K. and Hewison, K. (eds.). London: Routledge, pp. 150–67.
Törnquist, O. (2013). ‘Democracy and the Philippine Left’. In Introduction to Philippine Politics: Local Politics and State Building and Democratization, Atienza, M. E. (ed.). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, pp. 170–219.
Tremewan, C. (1994). The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore. London: Macmillan Press.
Tsun, H. T. (2010). ‘Malaysia’s Electoral System: Government of the People?’, Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 5(1): 1–32.
Ukrist, P. and Connors, M. K.. (2021). ‘Thailand’s Public Secret: Military Wealth’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 51(2): 278–302.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2014). Malaysia Human Development Report 2013: Redesigning an Inclusive Future. Kuala Lumpur: United Nations Development Program.
Veerayooth, K. (2018a). ‘Contingent Authoritarians: Why Thai Civil Society and the Middle Class Oppose Democracy’. In Middle Class, Civil Society and Democracy in Asia, Hsao, H. M. (ed.). London: Routledge, pp. 149–70.
Veerayooth, K. (2018b). ‘Thailand Trapped: Catch-Up Legacies and Contemporary Malaise’, TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia, 6(2): 253–77.
Viterna, J., Clough, E., and Clarke., K. (2015). ‘Reclaiming the “Third Sector” from “Civil Society”: A New Agenda for Development Studies’, Sociology of Development, 1(1): 173–207.
Waldner, D. and Lust, E.. (2018). ‘Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding’, Annual Review of Political Science, 21: 93–113.
Walzer, M. (1991). ‘The Idea of Civil Society’, Dissent, 38(2): 293–304.
Weiss, M. L. (2006). Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in Malaysia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Weiss, M. L. (2014). ‘Of Inequality and Irritation: New Agendas and Activism in Malaysia and Singapore’, Democratization, 21(5): 867–87.
Weiss, M. L. (2020). The Roots of Resilience: Party Machines and Grassroots Politics in Southeast Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Weiss, M. L. (2021). ‘Can Civil Society Safeguard Rights in Asia?’, Asian Studies Review, 45(1): 13–27.
Welsh, B. (2013). ‘Malaysia’s Elections: A Step Backward’, Journal of Democracy, 24(3): 18–32.
Welsh, B. (2018). ‘Hanta Raya: UMNO’s Dead End Politics’. In The End of UMNO? Essays on Malaysia’s Former Dominant Party, Welsh, B. (ed.). Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Development Research Centre, pp. 345–80.
Wolters, W. (1984). Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luzon. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
Wong, C. H. and Othman., N. (2009). ‘Malaysia at 50: An “Electoral One-Party State”? In Governing Malaysia, Baginda, A. R. (ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Strategic Research Centre, pp. 1–58.
Wood, E. M. (1990). ‘The Uses and Abuses of “Civil Society”’. In Socialist Register 1990, Miliband, R., Panitch, L., and Saville, J. (eds.). London: Merlin Press, pp. 60–84.
Wurfel, D. (1959). ‘Unions and Labor Policy in the Philippines’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 12(4): 582–608.
