References
Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Hix, Simon (2021). “Brahmin Left versus Merchant Right? Education, Class, Multiparty Competition, and Redistribution in Western Europe.” The British Journal of Sociology 72(1): 79–92.
Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Krause, Werner (2018). “The Causal Effect of Radical Right Success on Mainstream Parties’ Policy Positions: A Regression Discontinuity Approach.” British Journal of Political Science 50(3): 829–47.
Abrassart, Aurélien, and Wolter, Stefan C. (2023). “Rejecting Education as the Basis of the Social Prestige of Occupations: The Role of Polarized Political Ideologies and Parties in Switzerland.” Acta Politica 58(1): 1–35.
Achen, Christopher H., and Bartels, Larry M. (2016). Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
James, Adams, de Vries, Catherine E., and Leiter, Debra (2011). “Subconstituency Reactions to Elite Depolarization in the Netherlands: An Analysis of the Dutch Public’s Policy Beliefs and Partisan Loyalties, 1986–98.” British Journal of Political Science 42: 81–105.
Ahler, Douglas J., and Sood, Gaurav (2018). “The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences.” The Journal of Politics 80(3): 964–81.
Antonio, Robert (2000). “After Postmodernism: Reactionary Tribalism.” American Journal of Sociology 106(2): 40–87.
Macarena, Ares, and van Ditmars, Mathilde M. (2023). “Intergenerational Social Mobility, Political Socialization and Support for the Left under Post-Industrial Realignment.” British Journal of Political Science 53 (2): 536–54.
Arzheimer, Kai (2009). “Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980–2002.” American Journal of Political Science 53(2): 259–75.
Attewell, David (2021). “Deservingness Perceptions, Welfare State Support and Vote Choice in Western Europe.” West European Politics 44(3): 611–34.
Autor, David H., and Dorn, David (2013). “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market.” American Economic Review 103(5): 1553–97.
Bale, Tim, and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira, eds. (2021). Riding the Populist Wave: Europe’s Mainstream Right in Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bartolini, Stefano (2000). “The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bartolini, Stefano (2005a). Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building and Political Structuring between the Nation-State and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartolini, Stefano (2005b). “La Formations Des Clivages.” Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 12(1): 9–34.
Bartolini, Stefano, and Mair, Peter (1990). Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter (2015). The Politics of Advanced Capitalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul F., and McPhee, Willam N. (1954). Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Betz, Hans-Georg (2004). La Droite Populiste En Europe: Extrême et Démocrate? Paris: Autrement.
Betz, Hans-Georg, and Johnson, Carol (2004). “Against the Current – Stemming the Tide: The Nostalgic Ideology of the Contemporary Radical Populist Right.” Journal of Political Ideologies 9(3): 311–27.
Böhmelt, Tobias, Ezrow, Lawrence, Lehrer, Roni, and Ward, Hugh (2016). “Party Policy Diffusion.” American Political Science Review 110 (2): 397–410.
Bolet, Diane (2020). “Local Labour Market Competition and Radical Right Voting: Evidence from France.” European Journal of Political Research 59(4): 817–41.
Bolet, Diane (2021). “Drinking Alone: Local Socio-Cultural Degradation and Radical Right Support – The Case of British Pub Closures.” Comparative Political Studies 54(9): 1653–92.
Bornschier, Simon (2009). “Cleavage Politics in Old and New Democracies.” Living Reviews in Democracy 1(1): 1–13.
Bornschier, Simon (2010). Cleavage Politics and the Populist Right: The New Cultural Conflict in Western Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bornschier, Simon (2012). “Why a Right-Wing Populist Party Emerged in France but Not in Germany: Cleavages and Actors in the Formation of a New Cultural Divide.” European Political Science Review 4(1): 121–45.
Bornschier, Simon (2017). “Populist Mobilization across Time and Space: An Introduction.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 301–12.
Bornschier, Simon (2018). “Globalization, Cleavages, and the Radical Right.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, edited by Rydgren, Jens. New York: Oxford University Press, 212–38.
Bornschier, Simon, and Kriesi, Hanspeter (2013). “The Populist Right, the Working Class, and the Changing Face of Class Politics.” In Class Politics and the Radical Right, edited by Rydgren, Jens. Abingdon: Routledge, 10–29.
Bornschier, Simon, Häusermann, Silja, Zollinger, Delia, and Colombo, Céline (2021). “How ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Relates to Voting Behavior – Social Structure, Social Identities, and Electoral Choice.” Comparative Political Studies 54(12): 2087–122.
Bos, Linda, Schemer, Christian, Corbu, Nicoleta et al. (2020). “The Effects of Populism as a Social Identity Frame on Persuasion and Mobilisation: Evidence from a 15-Country Experiment.” European Journal of Political Research 59(1): 3–24.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1985). “The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups.” Theory and Society 14(6): 723–44.
Bremer, Björn, and Schulte-Cloos, Julia (2019). “The Restructuring of British and German Party Politics in Times of Crisis.” In European Party Politics in Times of Crisis, edited by Hutter, Swen and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 281–301.
Breyer, Magdalena, Palmtag, Tabea, and Zollinger, Delia (2023). “Narratives of Backlash? Perceptions of Changing Status Hierarchies in Open-Ended Survey Responses.” URPP Equality of Opportunity Discussion Paper Series No.15.
Burgoon, Brian, van Noort, Sam, Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Underhill, Geoffrey (2019). “Positional Deprivation and Support for Radical Right and Radical Left Parties.” Economic Policy 34(97): 49–93.
Busch, Kathrin (2016). “Estimating Parties’ Left-Right Positions: Determinants of Voters’ Perceptions’ Proximity to Party Ideology.” Electoral Studies 41: 159–78.
Cameron, James E. (2004). “A Three-Factor Model of Social Identity.” Self and Identity 3(3): 239–62.
Carter, Elisabeth (2005). The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Chhibber, Pradeep, and Torcal, Mariano (1997). “Elite Strategy, Social Cleavages, and Party Systems in a New Democracy: Spain.” Comparative Political Studies 30(1): 27–54.
Conover, Pamela J. (1988). “The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking.” British Journal of Political Science 18(1): 51–76.
Coser, Lewis A. (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. An Examination of the Concept of Social Conflict and Its Use in Empirical Sociological Research. New York: The Free Press.
Cramer, Katherine J. (2016). The Politics of Resentment – Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dalton, Russel J. (2018). Political Realignment: Economics, Culture and Electoral Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., and Wattenberg, Martin P., eds. (2002). Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Russell Scott, J. Flanagan, C., and Beck, Paul Allen, eds. (1984). Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Damhuis, Koen (2020). Roads to the Radical Right: Understanding Different Forms of Electoral Support for Radical Right-Wing Parties in France and the Netherlands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Damhuis, Koen, and Westheuser, Linus (2023). “Cleavage Politics beyond Ideology: How Common Sense Divides,” Manuscript.
Dancygier, Rafaela M., and Walter, Stefanie (2015). “Globalization, Labor Market Risks, and Class Cleavages.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, edited by. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, and Kitschelt, Herbert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133–56.
Dassonneville, Ruth (2022). Voters under Pressure: Group-Based Cross-Pressure and Electoral Volatility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dassonneville, Ruth, and Hooghe, Marc (2017). “Economic Indicators and Electoral Volatility: Economic Effects on Electoral Volatility in Western Europe, 1950–2013.” Comparative European Politics 15(6): 919–43.
Dassonneville, Ruth, Stubager, Rune, and Thau, Mads (2022). “The effectiveness of group appeals.” Working Paper.
Deegan-Krause, Kevin, and Enyedi, Zsolt (2010). “Agency and Structure of Party Competition: Alignment, Stability and the Role of Political Elites.” West European Politics 33(3): 686–710.
De Jonge, Léonie (2021). The Success and Failure of Right-Wing Populist Parties in the Benelux Countries. Abingdon: Routledge.
Vries, De, Catherine, E., and Hobolt, Sara B. (2020). Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
De Wilde, Pieter, Koopmans, Ruud, Merkel, Wolfgang, Strijbis, Oliver, and Zürn, Michael, eds. (2019). The Struggle over Borders: Cosmopolitanism and Communitarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dolinsky, Alona O. (2023). “Parties’ Group Appeals across Time, Countries, and Communication Channels – Examining Appeals to Social Groups via the Parties’ Group Appeals Dataset.” Party Politics 29(6): 1130–46.
Duyvendak, Jan Willem (2011). The Politics of Home. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Elchardus, Mark, and Spruyt, Bram (2012). “The Contemporary Contradictions of Egalitarianism: An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between the Old and New Left/Right Alignments.” European Political Science Review 4(2): 217–39.
Elgenius, Gabriella, and Rydgren, Jens (2019). “Frames of Nostalgia and Belonging: The Resurgence of Ethno-Nationalism in Sweden.” European Societies 21(4): 583–602.
Elgenius, Gabriella, and Rydgren, Jens (2022). “Nationalism and the Politics of Nostalgia.” Sociological Forum 37(S1): 1230–43.
Emanuele, Vincenzo, and Chiaramonte, Alessandro (2018). “A Growing Impact of New Parties: Myth or Reality? Party System Innovation in Western Europe after 1945.” Party Politics 24(5): 475–87.
Enggist, Matthias, and Pinggera, Michael (2021). “Radical Right Parties and Their Welfare State Stances – Not So Blurry after All?” West European Politics 45(1): 102–28.
Engler, Sarah, and Weisstanner, David (2021) “The Threat of Social Decline: Income Inequality and Radical Right Support.” Journal of European Public Policy 28(2): 153–73.
Enyedi, Zsolt (2005). “The Role of Agency in Cleavage Formation.” European Journal of Political Research 44(5): 697–720.
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1999). “Politics without Class? Postindustrial Cleavages in Europe and America.” In Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary, and Stephens, John D.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 293–316.
Evans, Geoffrey, ed. (1999). The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Evans, Geoffrey, and Tilley, James. (2011). “How Parties Shape Class Politics: Explaining the Decline of the Class Basis of Party Support.” British Journal of Political Science 42: 137–61.
Evans, Geoffrey, and de Graaf, Nan Dirk, eds. (2013). Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Finney, Patrick (2010). Remembering the Road to World War Two: International History, National Identity, Collective Memory. New York: Routledge.
Fitzgerald, Jennifer (2018). Close to Home: Local Ties and Voting Radical Right in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flemmen, Magne Paalgard, Jarness, Vegard, and Rosenlund, Lennart (2019). “Class, Lifestyles and Politics: Homologies of Social Position, Taste and Political Stances.” In Empirical Investigations of Social Space, edited by Blasius, Jörg, Lebaron, Frédéric, Roux, Brigitte Le, and Schmitz, Andreas. Cham: Springer, 155–74.
Florida, Richard (2012). The Rise of the Creative Class, Revisited. New York: Basic Books.
Franklin, Mark (1992). “The Decline of Cleavage Politics.” In Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social Und Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries, edited by Mark Franklin, , Mackie, Thomas, and Henry Valen, . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 383–405.
Franklin, Mark, Mackie, Thomas, and Valen, Henry, eds. (1992). Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gamson, William A. (1992). “The Social Psychology of Collective Action.” In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon, D. Morris and Mueller, Carol McClurg. New Haven: Yale University Press, 53–76.
Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja, and Palier, Bruno (2022a). The World Politics of Social Investment: Volume I: Welfare States in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja, Kurer, Thomas, Palier, Bruno, and Pinggera, Michael (2022b). “The Emergence of Knowledge Economies: Educational Expansion, Labor Market Changes, and the Politics of Social Investment.” In The World Politics of Social Investment, edited by Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja, and Palier, Bruno. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 251–83.
Garzia, Diego, Frederico Ferreira da Silva, and De Angelis, Andrea (2022). “Partisan Dealignment and the Personalisation of Politics in West European Parliamentary Democracies, 1961–2018.” West European Politics 45(2): 311–34.
Gest, Justin (2016). The New Minority: White Working Class Politics in an Age of Immigration and Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gethin, Amory, Martínez-Toledano, Clara, and Piketty, Thomas (2021). Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities: A Study of Fifty Democracies, 1948–2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gidron, Noam, and Ziblatt, Daniel (2019). “Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies.” Annual Review of Political Science 22(1): 17–35.
Noam, Gidron, and Hall, Peter A. (2017). “The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right.” The British Journal of Sociology 68: 57–84.
Gidron, Noam, Adams, James, and Horne, Will (2020). American Affective Polarization in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gingrich, Jane, and Lynch, Julia (2019). “Integrative Institutions and Mainstream Party Collapse: The Regional Context.” Paper presented at the Council For European Studies Annual Meeting.
Gingrich, Jane, and Häusermann, Silja (2015). “The Decline of the Working-Class Vote, the Reconfiguration of the Welfare Support Coalition and Consequences for the Welfare State.” Journal of European Social Policy 25(1): 50–75.
Goggin, Stephen N., Henderson, John A., and Theodoridis, Alexander G. (2020). “What Goes with Red and Blue? Mapping Partisan and Ideological Associations in the Minds of Voters.” Political Behavior 42(4): 985–1013.
Golder, Matt (2016). “Far Right Parties in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science 19(1): 477–97.
Gougou, Florent, and Persico, Simon (2017). “A New Party System in the Making? The 2017 French Presidential Election.” French Politics 15(3): 303–21.
Green-Pedersen, Christoffer (2007). “The Growing Importance of Issue Competition: The Changing Nature of Party Competition in Western Europe.” Political Studies 55(3): 607–28.
Green-Pedersen, Christoffer (2019). Reshaping of West European Party Politics: Agenda-Setting and Party Competition in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hall, Peter A. (2020). “The Electoral Politics of Growth Regimes.” Perspectives on Politics 18(1): 185–99.
Hall, Peter A. (2021). “How Growth Strategies Evolve in the Developed Democracies.” In Growth and Welfare in the Global Economy: How Growth Regimes Evolve, edited by Hassel, Anke and Palier, Bruno. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57–97.
Hall, Peter A. (2022). “The Shifting Relationship between Post-War Capitalism and Democracy.” Government and Opposition 57(1): 1–30.
Harteveld, Eelco, Van Der Brug, Wouter, De Lange, Sarah, and Van Der Meer, Tom (2022). “Multiple Roots of the Populist Radical Right: Support for the Dutch PVV in Cities and the Countryside.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 440–61.
Häusermann, Silja, and Kriesi, Hanspeter (2015). “What Do Voters Want? Dimensions and Configurations in Individual-Level Preferences and Party Choice.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, edited by Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 202–30. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Häusermann, Silja, and Kitschelt, Herbert, eds. (2024). Beyond Social Democracy: The Transformation of the Left in Emerging Knowledge Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Häusermann, Silja, Kemmerling, Achim, and Rueda, David (2020). “How Labor Market Inequality Transforms Mass Politics.” Political Science Research and Methods 8(2): 344–55.
Häusermann, Silja, Pinggera, Michael, Ares, Macarena, and Enggist, Matthias (2022). “Class and Social Policy in the Knowledge Economy.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 462–84.
Häusermann, Silja, Abou-Chadi, Tarik, Bürgisser, Reto et al. (2022). Wählerschaft und Perspektiven der Sozialdemokratie in der Schweiz. Zürich: NZZ Libro.
Häusermann, Silja , Kurer, Thomas, and Schwander, Hanna (2014). “High-Skilled Outsiders? Labor Market Vulnerability, Education and Welfare State Preferences.” Socio-Economic Review 13(2): 235–58.
Häusermann, Silja, Kurer, Thomas, and Zollinger, Delia (2023). “Aspiration versus Apprehension: Economic Opportunities and Electoral Preferences.” British Journal of Political Science 53(4): 1230–51.
Hawkins, Kirk A., Carlin, Ryan E., Levente Littvay, and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira, eds. (2018). The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge.
Hegewald, Sven, and Schraff, Dominik. (2022). “Place-Based Affect and the Cosmopolitan-Nationalist Divide.” Unpublished manuscript, available as preprint at https://osf.io/ab3dg/. Helbling, Marc, and Jungkunz, Sebastian (2020). “Social Divides in the Age of Globalization.” West European Politics 43(6): 1187–210.
Hobolt, Sara B., Leeper, Thomas J., and Tilley, James (2021). “Divided by the Vote: Affective Polarization in the Wake of the Brexit Referendum.” British Journal of Political Science 51(4): 1476–93.
Hochschild, Arlie R. (2016). Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: The New Press.
Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary (2018). “Cleavage Theory Meets Europe’s Crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the Transnational Cleavage.” Journal of European Public Policy 25(1): 109–35.
Hooghe, Liesbet, Marks, Gary, and Kamphorst, Jonne (2022). “Fields of Education and the Transnational Cleavage,” manuscript.
Huber, Lena Maria (2022). “Beyond Policy: The Use of Social Group Appeals in Party Communication.” Political Communication 39(3): 293–310.
Huddy, Leonie (2001). “From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory.” Political Psychology 22(1): 127–56.
Hutter, Swen, and Kriesi, Hanspeter, eds. (2019). European Party Politics in Times of Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ignazi, Piero (1992). “The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 22(1): 3–33.
Ignazi, Piero (2020). “The Four Knights of Intra-Party Democracy: A Rescue for Party Delegitimation.” Party Politics 26: 9–20.
Inglehart, Ronald (1984). “The Changing Structure of Political Cleavages in Western Society.” In Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? edited by Russell J. Dalton, Scott Flanagan, C., and Paul Allen Beck. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 25–69.
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David (2019). Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Iyengar, Shanto, Sood, Gaurav, and Lelkes, Yphtach (2012). “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76: 405–31.
Shanto, Iyengar, Lelkes, Yphtach, Levendusky, Matthew, Malhotra, Neil, and Westwood, Sean J. (2019). “The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States.” Annual Review of Political Science 22(1): 129–46.
Jacobs, Nicholas F., and Kal Munis, B. (2019). “Place-Based Imagery and Voter Evaluations: Experimental Evidence on the Politics of Place.” Political Research Quarterly 72(2): 263–77.
Kane, John V., Mason, Lilliana, and Wronski, Julie (2021). “Who’s at the Party? Group Sentiments, Knowledge, and Partisan Identity.” The Journal of Politics 83(4): 1783–99.
Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter, eds. (1994). How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter (2018). Democracy and the Cartelization of Political Parties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kitschelt, Herbert (1988). “Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems.” World Politics 40(2): 194–234.
Kitschelt, Herbert (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kitschelt, Herbert, and McGann, Anthony J. (1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp (2014). “Occupations as a Site of Political Preference Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1670–706.
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp (2023). “Polarity Reversal: The Socioeconomic Reconfiguration of Partisan Support in Knowledge Societies.” Politics & Society 51(4): 520–66. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323292221100220. Klandermans, Bert (2001). “Why Social Movements Come into Being and Why People Join Them.” In The Blackwell Companion to Sociology, edited by Judith, R. Blau. Malden. Mass: Blackwell, 268–81.
Knutsen, Oddbjørn (2004). Social Structure and Party Choice in Western Europe: A Comparative Longitudinal Study. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Knutsen, Oddbjørn, and Scarbrough, Elinor (1995). “Cleavage Politics.” In The Impact of Values, edited by Jan, W. van Deth and Scarbrough, Elinor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 492–523.
Kriesi, Hanspeter (1989). “New Social Movements and the New Class in the Netherlands.” American Journal of Sociology 94(5): 165–85.
Kriesi, Hanspeter (1998). “The Transformation of Cleavage Politics: The 1997 Stein Rokkan Lecture.” European Journal of Political Research 33(2), 165–85.
Kriesi, Hanspeter (1999). “Movements of the Left, Movements of the Right: Putting the Mobilization of Two New Types of Social Movements into Political Context.” In Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary, and Stephens, John D. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 398–423.
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Dolezal, Martin et al. (2012). Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Lachat, Romain et al. (2008). “West European Politics in the Age of Globalization.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kurer, Thomas (2020). “The Declining Middle: Occupational Change, Social Status, and the Populist Right.” Comparative Political Studies 53(10–11): 1798–835.
Kurer, Thomas, and Van Staalduinen, Briitta (2022). “Disappointed Expectations: Downward Mobility and Electoral Change.” American Political Science Review 116(4): 1340–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000077. Kurer, Thomas, and Palier, Bruno (2019). “Shrinking and Shouting: The Political Revolt of the Declining Middle in Times of Employment Polarization.” Research & Politics 6(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019831164. Lamont, Michèle (2000). The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Lamont, Michèle, and Molnár, Virág (2002). “The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 28(1): 167–95.
Lijphart, Arend (1979). “Religious vs. Linguistic vs. Class Voting: The ‘Crucial Experiment’ of Comparing Belgium, Canada, South Africa and Switzerland.” American Political Science Review 73(2): 442–58.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein (1967). “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments, edited by Lipset, Seymour Martin and Rokkan, Stein. New York: The Free Press, 1–64.
Jasmine, Lorenzini, and van Ditmars, Mathilde M. (2019). “Austria, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland: Old and New Winning Formulas of the Populist Radical Right.” In European Party Politics in Times of Crisis, edited by Hutter, Swen and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261–80.
Mair, Peter (1997). Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mair, Peter (2013). Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso Books.
Manow, Philip. (2018). Die Politische Ökonomie Des Populismus. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
Marino, Bruno, Martocchia Diodati, Nicola, and Verzichelli, Luca (2022). “The Personalization of Party Politics in Western Europe (1985–2016): Evidence from an Expert Survey.” Acta Politica 57(3): 571–96.
Marks, Gary (1989). Unions in Politics: Britain, Germany, and the United States in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Marks, Gary, Hooghe, Liesbet, Nelson, Moira, and Edwards, Erica (2006). “Party Competition and European Integration in the East and West: Different Structure, Same Causality.” Comparative Political Studies 39: 155–75.
Marks, Gary, David, Attewell, Hooghe, Liesbet, Rovny, Jan, and Steenbergen, Marco (2023). “The Social Bases of Political Parties: A New Measure and Survey.” British Journal of Political Science 53: 249–60.
Marx, Karl (1937 [1852]). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Moscow: Progress.
Mason, Lilliana (2018). Uncivil Agreement – How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mason, Lilliana, and Wronski, Julie (2018). “One Tribe to Bind Them All: How Our Social Group Attachments Strengthen Partisanship.” Political Psychology 39: 257–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12485. Maxwell, Rahsaan (2019). “Cosmopolitan Immigration Attitudes in Large European Cities: Contextual or Compositional Effects?” American Political Science Review 672: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000898. Meguid, Bonnie M. (2008). Party Competition between Unequals: Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyer, Thomas M, and Wagner, Markus (2020). “Perceptions of Parties’ Left-Right Positions: The Impact of Salience Strategies.” Party Politics 26(5): 664–74.
Mierke-Zatwarnicki, Alex (2022). “Varieties of identity politics: A macro-historical approach.” Working Paper.
Minkenberg, Michael (2000). “The Renewal of the Radical Right: Between Modernity and Anti-Modernity.” Government and Opposition 35(2): 170–88.
Minkenberg, Michael, and Perrineau, Pascal (2007). “The Radical Right in the European Elections 2004.” International Political Science Review 28(1): 29–55.
Mudde, Cas (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oesch, Daniel (2006a). Redrawing the Class Map: Stratification and Institutions in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Oesch, Daniel (2006b). “Coming to Grips with a Changing Class Structure: An Analysis of Employment Stratification in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.” International Sociology 21(2): 263–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580906061379. Oesch, Daniel (2013). Occupational Change in Europe: How Technology and Education Transform the Job Structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oesch, Daniel, and Rennwald, Line (2018). “Electoral Competition in Europe’s New Tripolar Political Space: Class Voting for the Left, Centre-Right and Radical Right.” European Journal of Political Research (January) 57(4): 783–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12259. Off, Gefjon (2023). “Gender Equality Salience, Backlash and Radical Right Voting in the Gender-Equal Context of Sweden.” West European Politics 46(3): 451–76.
Oskarson, Maria, Oscarsson, Henrik, and Boije, Edvin (2016). “Consideration and Choice: Analyzing Party Choice in the Swedish European Election 2014.” Scandinavian Political Studies 39(3): 242–63.
Patana, Pauliina (2022). “Residential Constraints and the Political Geography of the Populist Radical Right: Evidence from France.” Perspectives on Politics 20(3): 842–59.
Pirro, Andrea L. P. (2023). “Far Right: The Significance of an Umbrella Concept.” Nations and Nationalism 29(1): 101–12.
Pless, Anna, Tromp, Paul, and Houtman, Dick (2023). “Religious and Secular Value Divides in Western Europe: A Cross-National Comparison (1981–2008).” International Political Science Review 44(2): 178–94.
Poguntke, Thomas (1987). “New Politics and Party Systems: The Emergence of a New Type of Party?” West European Politics 10(1): 76–88.
Poguntke, Thomas (2002). “Party Organizational Linkage: Parties without Firm Social Roots?” In Political Parties in the New Europe, edited by Luther, Kurt Richard and Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 43–62.
Poguntke, Thomas, and Webb, Paul, eds. (2005). The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Powell, Walter W., and Snellman, Kaisa (2004). “The Knowledge Economy.” Annual Review of Sociology 30: 199–220.
Reiljan, Andres (2020). “‘Fear and Loathing across Party Lines’ (Also) in Europe: Affective Polarisation in European Party Systems.” European Journal of Political Research 59(2): 376–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12351. Rennwald, Line, and Evans, Geoffrey (2014). “When Supply Creates Demand: Social Democratic Party Strategies and the Evolution of Class Voting.” West European Politics 37(5): 1108–35.
Ridgeway, Cecilia L. (2019). Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter? New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Robison, Joshua, Stubager, Rune, Thau, Mads, and Tilley, James (2021). “Does Class-Based Campaigning Work? How Working Class Appeals Attract and Polarize Voters.” Comparative Political Studies 54(5): 723–52.
Roccas, Sonia, and Brewer, Marilynn B. (2002). “Social Identity Complexity.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 6(2): 88–106.
Rokkan, Stein (1999). State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan, Based on His Collected Works, edited by Flora, Peter with Kuhnle, Stein and Urwin, Derek. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Burgoon, Brian (2018). “The Paradox of Well-Being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting among the Less Well-Off?” Comparative Political Studies 51(13): 1720–53.
Rose, Richard, and McAllister, I. (1986). Voters Begin to Choose: From Closed-Class to Open Elections in Britain. London: Sage.
Rueda, David (2005). “Insider–Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties.” American Political Science Review 99(1): 61–74.
Rydgren, Jens (2005). “Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family.” European Journal of Political Research 44(3): 413–37.
Rydgren, Jens (2007). “The Sociology of the Radical Right.” Annual Review of Sociology 33(1): 241–62.
Rydgren, Jens (2013). Class Politics and the Radical Right. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sartori, Giovanni (1968). “The Sociology of Parties: A Critical Review.” In Party Systems, Party Organizations, and the Politics of New Masses, edited by Stammer, Otto. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, 1–25.
Savage, Mike (2015). Class in the 21st Century. London: Pelican Books.
Savage, Mike, Devine, Fiona, Cunningham, Niall et al. (2013). “A New Model of Social Class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment.” Sociology 47(2): 219–50.
Sczepanski, Ronja (2022). “Who are the cosmopolitans? How perceived social sorting and social identities relate to European and national identities.” Working Paper.
Shayo, Moses (2009). “A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class, and Redistribution.” American Political Science Review 103(2): 147–74.
Snow, David A., and McAdam, Doug (2000). “Identity Work Processes in the Context of Social Movements: Clarifying the Identity/Movement Nexus.” In Self, Identity, and Social Movements, edited by Stryker, Sheldon, Owens, Timothy J., and White, Robert W.. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 41–67.
Snow, David A., Burke Rochford, E., Worden, Steven K., and Benford, Robert D. (1986). “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51(4): 464–81.
Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Klüver, Heike (2019). “Party Convergence and Vote Switching: Explaining Mainstream Party Decline across Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 58(4): 1021–42.
Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Klüver, Heike (2020). “Responding to Far Right Challengers: Does Accommodation Pay Off?” Journal of European Public Policy 27(2): 273–91.
Steenbergen, Marco R., and Willi, Thomas (2019). “What Consideration Sets Can Teach Us about Electoral Competition: A Two-Hurdle Model.” Electoral Studies 57: 263–74.
Steenbergen, Marco R., Hangartner, Dominik, and De Vries, Catherine E. (2015). “The Adaptive Voter: Choice Sets and Party Competition in the 1988 and 1992 U.S. Presidential Elections.”
Stryker, Sheldon (1980). Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings.
Stryker, Sheldon (2000). “Identity Competition: Key to Differential Social Movement Participation?” In Self, Identity, and Social Movements, edited by Stryker, Sheldon, Owens, Timothy J, and White, Robert W. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 21–39.
Stubager, Rune (2008). “Education Effects on Authoritarian-Libertarian Values: A Question of Socialization.” British Journal of Sociology 59(2): 327–50.
Stubager, Rune (2009). “Education-Based Group Identity and Consciousness in the Authoritarian-Libertarian Value Conflict.” European Journal of Political Research 48(2): 204–33.
Stuckelberger, Simon, and Tresch, Anke (2022). “Group Appeals of Parties in Times of Economic and Identity Conflicts and Realignment.” Political Studies. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217221123147. Tajfel, Henri (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Henri, Tajfel, and Turner, John C. (1979). “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William, G. Austin and Worchel, Stephen. Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 33–48.
Thau, Mads (2019). “How Political Parties Use Group-Based Appeals: Evidence from Britain 1964–2015.” Political Studies 67(1): 63–82.
Thau, Mads (2021). “The Social Divisions of Politics: How Parties’ Group-Based Appeals Influence Social Group Differences in Vote Choice.” The Journal of Politics 83(2): 675–88.
Thijssen, Peter, and Verheyen, Pieter (2022). “It’s All about Solidarity Stupid! How Solidarity Frames Structure the Party Political Sphere.” British Journal of Political Science 52(1): 128–45.
Noam, Titelman, and Lauderdale, Benjamin E. (2023). “Can Citizens Guess How Other Citizens Voted Based on Demographic Characteristics?” Political Science Research and Methods 11(2): 254–74.
de Werfhorst, Van, Herman, G., and Kraaykamp, Gerbert (2001). “Four Field-Related Educational Resources and Their Impact on Labor, Consumption, and Sociopolitical Orientation.” Sociology of Education, 74(4): 296–317.
van Spanje, Joost (2010). “Contagious Parties: Anti-Immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe.” Party Politics 16(5): 563–86.
van Spanje, Joost, and de Graaf, Nan Dirk (2018). “How Established Parties Reduce Other Parties’ Electoral Support: The Strategy of Parroting the Pariah.” West European Politics 41(1): 1–27.
Weakliem, David L. (1993). “Class Conciousness and Political Change: Voting and Political Attitudes in the British Working Class, 1964 to 1970.” American Sociological Review 58(3): 382–97.
Weisstanner, David, and Armingeon, Klaus (2020). “How Redistributive Policies Reduce Market Inequality: Education Premiums in 22 OECD Countries.” Socio-Economic Review 18(3): 839–56.
Westheuser, Linus (2021). “Pre-Political Bases of a New Cleavage: Social Identities, Moral Economy, and Classed Politics in Germany.” Scuola Normale Superiore (Florence): PhD thesis.
Westheuser, Linus, and Zollinger, Delia (2021). “Cleavage Theory Meets Bourdieu: Studying the Emergence of Cleavage Identities.” Unpublished manuscript. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-213654. Wlezien, Christopher, and Jennings, Will (2023). “Institutions, Parties and the Evolution of Electoral Preferences.” European Journal of Political Research 62: 1347–68. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12579. Wren, Anne, ed. (2013). The Political Economy of the Service Transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zald, Mayer N. (1996). “Culture, Ideology, and Strategic Framing.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261–74.
Zollinger, Delia (2022). “Status and Identity in Advanced Knowledge Societies – How Identity Construction and Political Contestation Counteract Status Concerns.” Manuscript.
Zollinger, Delia (2023). “Place-based Identities and Cleavage Formation in the Knowledge Society.” Manuscript.
Zollinger, Delia (2024). “Cleavage Identities in Voters’ Own Words: Harnessing Open-Ended Survey Responses.” American Journal of Political Science 68(1): 139–59.