References
Abramson, L., Uzefovsky, F., Toccaceli, V., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2020). The genetic and environmental origins of emotional and cognitive empathy: Review and meta-analyses of twin studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 114, 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2020.03.023. Achim, A. M., Ouellet, R., Roy, M. A., & Jackson, P. L. (2011). Assessment of empathy in first-episode psychosis and meta-analytic comparison with previous studies in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 190(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2010.10.030. Adler, N., Dvash, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2015). Empathic embarrassment accuracy in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 8(3), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/AUR.1439. Aguado, L., Fernández-Cahill, M., Román, F. J., Blanco, I., & de Echegaray, J. (2018). Evaluative and psychophysiological responses to short film clips of different emotional content. Journal of Psychophysiology, 32(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/A000180. Allison, P. D., & Liker, J. K. (1982). Analyzing sequential categorical data on dyadic interaction: A comment on Gottman. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 393–403.
Amir, E. (2022). Raising empathy: Synthesizing performance art and social psychology. AMASS Conference: Dialogical Arts through Sustainable Communities, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2/JQUERY.MIN.JS. Amminger, G. P., Schäfer, M. R., Klier, C. M., et al. (2012). Facial and vocal affect perception in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis, first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 6(4), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1751-7893.2012.00362.X. Amminger, G. P., Schäfer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., et al. (2012). Emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(5), 1030–1039. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCHBUL/SBR015. Anders, S., Heinzle, J., Weiskopf, N., Ethofer, T., & Haynes, J. D. (2011). Flow of affective information between communicating brains. NeuroImage, 54(1), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2010.07.004. Atias, D., Todorov, A., Liraz, S., et al. (2019). Loud and unclear: Intense real-life vocalizations during affective situations are perceptually ambiguous and contextually malleable. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(10), 1842–1848. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000535. Atkins, D., Uskul, A. K., & Cooper, N. R. (2016). Culture shapes empathic responses to physical and social pain. Emotion, 16(5), 587–601.
Atkinson, A. P., Dittrich, W. H., Gemmell, A. J., & Young, A. W. (2004). Emotion perception from dynamic and static body expressions in point-light and full-light displays. Perception, 33(6), 717–746. https://doi.org/10.1068/P5096. Avenanti, A., Bueti, D., Galati, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(7), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1481. Aviezer, H., Hassin, R. R., Ryan, J., et al. (2008). Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Psychological Science, 19(7), 724–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9280.2008.02148.X. Azevedo, R. T., Macaluso, E., Avenanti, A., et al. (2013). Their pain is not our pain: Brain and autonomic correlates of empathic resonance with the pain of same and different race individuals. Human Brain Mapping, 34(12), 3168–3181. https://doi.org/10.1002/HBM.22133. Banks, S. J., Bellerose, J., Douglas, D., & Jones-Gotman, M. (2012). Bilateral skin conductance responses to emotional faces. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 37(3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10484-011-9177-7. Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963001006643. Barone, D. F., Hutchings, P. S., Kimmel, H. J., et al. (2005). Increasing empathic accuracy through practice and feedback in a clinical interviewing course. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 156–171.
Bartz, J. A., Nitschke, J. P., Krol, S. A., & Tellier, P. P. (2019). Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy: A replication in men and novel insights in women. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4(12), 1042–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BPSC.2019.01.014. Bastiaansen, J. A. C. J., Thioux, M., & Keysers, C. (2009). Evidence for mirror systems in emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 2391–2404. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0058. Batson, C. D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Psychology Press.
Bird, G., & Viding, E. (2014). The self to other model of empathy: Providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.021. Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(4), 698–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONCOG.2005.06.004. Blakemore, S. J., Bristow, D., Bird, G., Frith, C., & Ward, J. (2005). Somatosensory activations during the observation of touch and a case of vision-touch synaesthesia. Brain, 128(7), 1571–1583. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh500. Bloom, P. (2017). Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. Random House.
Blunden, H., & Brodsky, A. (2021). Beyond the emoticon: Are there unintentional cues of emotion in email? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220936054. Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2017). Empathy in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psychiatry Research, 249, 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2016.12.033. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59.
Britton, J. C., Taylor, S. F., Berridge, K. C., Mikels, J. A., & Liberzon, I. (2006). Differential subjective and psychophysiological responses to socially and nonsocially generated emotional stimuli. Emotion, 6(1), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.150. Brooks, J. A., Tzirakis, P., Baird, A., et al. (2023). Deep learning reveals what vocal bursts express in different cultures. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(2), 240–250.
Brouwer, A. M., Van Wouwe, N., Mühl, C., van Erp, J., & Toet, A. (2013). Perceiving blocks of emotional pictures and sounds: effects on physiological variables. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–10.
Brüne, M., Abdel-Hamid, M., Lehmkämper, C., & Sonntag, C. (2007). Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: What predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best? Schizophrenia Research, 92(1–3), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2007.01.006. Bryson, J. J. (2019). The past decade and future of AI’s impact on society. Towards a New Enlightenment, 11, 150–185.
Cameron, C. D., Hutcherson, C. A., Ferguson, A. M., et al. (2019). Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(6), 962–976.
Carnap, R. (1995). Laws, Explanation, and Probability. In Gardne, M. (Ed.), An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Dover Publications, pp. 3–39.
Cetinic, E., & She, J. (2022). Understanding and creating art with AI: Review and outlook. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 18(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3475799. Chatel-Goldman, J., Congedo, M., Jutten, C., & Schwartz, J. L. (2014). Touch increases autonomic coupling between romantic partners. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNBEH.2014.00095. Chakravarthula, S. N., Xiao, B., Imel, Z. E., Atkins, D. C., & Georgiou, P. G. (2015). Assessing empathy using static and dynamic behavior models based on therapist’s language in addiction counseling. Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association conference of the International Speech Communication Association, pp. 669–672.
Chan, S., & Cassels, T. G. (2010). The role of culture in affective empathy cultural and bicultural differences. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10(3–4), 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853710X531203 Chaudhary, K., Alam, M., Al-Rakhami, M. S., & Gumaei, A. (2021). Machine learning-based mathematical modelling for prediction of social media consumer behavior using big data analytics. Journal of Big Data, 8(1), 1–20.
Chen, K. H., Brown, C. L., Wells, J. L., et al. (2021). Physiological linkage during shared positive and shared negative emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(5), 1029–1056. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000337. Cheng, Y., Chen, C., & Decety, J. (2017). How situational context impacts empathic responses and brain activation patterns. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00165. Cheng, Y., Chen, C., Lin, C. P., Chou, K. H., & Decety, J. (2010). Love hurts: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 51(2), 923–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2010.02.047. Cheng, Y., Yang, C. Y., Lin, C. P., Lee, P. L., & Decety, J. (2008). The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: A magnetoencephalography study. NeuroImage, 40(4), 1833–1840. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2008.01.064. Chew, D., Tollit, M. A., Poulakis, Z., et al. (2020). Youths with a non-binary gender identity: A review of their sociodemographic and clinical profile. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(4), 322–330.
Choshen-Hillel, S., Sadras, I., Gordon-Hecker, T., et al. (2022). Physicians prescribe fewer analgesics during night shifts than day shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(27), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.2200047119. Clark, M. S., von Culin, K. R., Clark-Polner, E., & Lemay, E. P. (2017). Accuracy and projection in perceptions of partners’ recent emotional experiences: Both minds matter. Emotion, 17(2), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/EMO0000173. Cohen, D., Landau, D. H., Friedman, D., et al. (2021). Exposure to social suffering in virtual reality boosts compassion and facial synchrony. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106781. Coll, M. P. (2018). Meta-analysis of ERP investigations of pain empathy underlines methodological issues in ERP research. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(10), 1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy072. Coll, M. P., Viding, E., Rütgen, M., et al. (2017). Are we really measuring empathy? Proposal for a new measurement framework. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 83, 132–139.
Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Baker, K. S., Reynolds, K. J., Batalha, L., & Cunnington, R. (2013). Racial bias in neural empathic responses to pain. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0084001. Cordaro, D. T., Keltner, D., Tshering, S., Wangchuk, D., & Flynn, L. M. (2016). The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan. Emotion, 16(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/EMO0000100. Cui, F., Ma, N., & Luo, Y. J. (2016). Moral judgment modulates neural responses to the perception of other’s pain: An ERP study. Scientific Reports, 6, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20851. Cui, F., Zhu, X., & Luo, Y. (2017). Social contexts modulate neural responses in the processing of others’ pain: An event-related potential study. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(4), 850–857. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-017-0517-9. Czeszumski, A., Eustergerling, S., Lang, A., et al. (2020). Hyperscanning: A valid method to study neural inter-brain underpinnings of social interaction. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00039. Czeszumski, A., Liang, S. H. Y., Dikker, S., et al. (2022). Cooperative behavior evokes interbrain synchrony in the prefrontal and temporoparietal cortex: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fNIRS hyperscanning studies. Eneuro, 9(2), 1–9.
Dahl, T. S., & Boulos, M. N. K. (2013). Robots in health and social care: A complementary technology to home care and telehealthcare? Robotics, 3(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ROBOTICS3010001. Danziger, N., Prkachin, K. M., & Willer, J. C. (2006). Is pain the price of empathy? The perception of others’ pain in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Brain, 129(9), 2494–2507. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl155. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126.
de Corte, K., Buysse, A., Verhofstadt, L. L., et al. (2007). Measuring empathic tendencies: Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the interpersonal reactivity index. Psychologica Belgica, 47(4), 235–260. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-47-4-235. de Groot, J. H. B., Croijmans, I., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2020). More data, please: Machine learning to advance the multidisciplinary science of human sociochemistry. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581701. de Waal, F. B. M., & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: Behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(8), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.72 Demurie, E., de Corel, M., & Roeyers, H. (2011). Empathic accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RASD.2010.03.002. Diamond, L. M. (2020). Gender fluidity and nonbinary gender identities among children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 14(2), 110–115.
DiGirolamo, M. A., Simon, J. C., Hubley, K. M., Kopulsky, A., & Gutsell, J. N. (2019). Clarifying the relationship between trait empathy and action-based resonance indexed by EEG mu-rhythm suppression. Neuropsychologia, 133, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2019.107172. Dor-Ziderman, Y., Cohen, D., Levit-Binnun, N., & Golland, Y. (2021). Synchrony with distress in affective empathy and compassion. Psychophysiology, 58(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13889. Drimalla, H., Landwehr, N., Hess, U., & Dziobek, I. (2019). From face to face: The contribution of facial mimicry to cognitive and emotional empathy. Cognition and Emotion, 1672–1686.
Duda, R. O., Hart, P. E., & Stork, D. G. (2012). Pattern Classification. John Wiley.
Dumas, G., Nadel, J., Soussignan, R., Martinerie, J., & Garnero, L. (2010). Inter-brain synchronization during social interaction. PLoS ONE, 5(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012166. Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., et al. (2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-007-0486-X. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991640. Ekman, P., Friesen, W., & Ellsworth, P. (1972). Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings. Pergamon.
Epley, N., & Eyal, T. (2019). Through a looking glass, darkly: Using mechanisms of mind perception to identify accuracy, overconfidence, and underappreciated means for improvement. In Olsen, J. M. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 60). Academic Press, pp. 65–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.04.002. Epley, N., Keysar, B., van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. Article in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327. Eyal, T., Steffel, M., & Epley, N. (2018). Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 547–571. https://doi.org/10.1037/PSPA0000115. Eysenbach, G. (2023). The role of chatgpt, generative language models, and artificial intelligence in medical education: A conversation with chatgpt and a call for papers. JMIR Medical Education, 9(1), 1–13.
Fabi, S., & Leuthold, H. (2017). Empathy for pain influences perceptual and motor processing: Evidence from response force, ERPs, and EEG oscillations. Social Neuroscience, 12(6), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1238009. Fallon, N., Roberts, C., & Stancak, A. (2020). Shared and distinct functional networks for empathy and pain processing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(7), 709–723. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa090. Fan, Y., Duncan, N. W., de Greck, M., & Northoff, G. (2011). Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 903–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.009. Feldman, R., Magori-Cohen, R., Galili, G., Singer, M., & Louzoun, Y. (2011). Mother and infant coordinate heart rhythms through episodes of interaction synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 34(4), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INFBEH.2011.06.008. Feng, C., Li, Z., Feng, X., et al. (2016). Social hierarchy modulates neural responses of empathy for pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(3), 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv135. Ferguson, A. M., Cameron, C. D., & Inzlicht, M. (2020). Motivational effects on empathic choices. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 90, 1–17.
Fourie, M. M., Subramoney, S., Gobodo- Madikizela, P. (2017). A less attractive feature of empathy: Intergroup empathy bias. In Empathy – An Evidence-Based Interdisciplinary Perspective. IntechOpen, pp. 45–61. https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69287. Fox, N. A., Yoo, K. H., Bowman, L. C., et al. (2016). Assessing human mirror activity with EEG mu rhythm: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142(3), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/BUL0000031. Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., et al. (2016). Basic and complex emotion recognition in children with autism: Cross-cultural findings. Molecular Autism, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13229-016-0113-9. Fusaro, M., Tieri, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2016). Seeing pain and pleasure on self and others: Behavioural and psychophysiological reactivity in immersive virtual reality. Journal of Neurophysiology, 116(6), 2656–2662. https://doi.org/10.1152/JN.00489.2016. Gantiva, C., Araujo, A., Castillo, K., Claro, L., & Hurtado-Parrado, C. (2021). Physiological and affective responses to emoji faces: Effects on facial muscle activity, skin conductance, heart rate, and self-reported affect. Biological Psychology, 163, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOPSYCHO.2021.108142. Gendron, M., Roberson, D., van der Vyver, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). Cultural relativity in perceiving emotion from vocalizations. Psychological Science, 25(4), 911–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613517239. Genzer, S., Ong, D. C., Zaki, J., & Perry, A. (2022). Mu rhythm suppression over sensorimotor regions is associated with greater empathic accuracy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 17(9), 788–801. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCAN/NSAC011. Gesn, P. R., & Ickes, W. (1999). The development of meaning contexts for empathic accuracy: Channel and sequence effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 746–761. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.746. Gibson, J., Malandrakis, N., Romero, F., Atkins, D. C., & Narayanan, S. (2015). Predicting therapist empathy in motivational interviews using language features inspired by psycholinguistic norms. Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, pp. 1947–1951.
Gleichgerrcht, E., Torralva, T., Rattazzi, A., et al. (2013). Selective impairment of cognitive empathy for moral judgment in adults with high functioning autism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(7), 780–788. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCAN/NSS067. Goel, S., Jara-Ettinger, J., & Gendron, M. (2022). Modeling cue-integration in emotion inferences. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 44(44), 862–868.
Goldman, A. I. (2006). Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Goldstein, P., Weissman-Fogel, I., Dumas, G., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2018). Brain-to-brain coupling during handholding is associated with pain reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(11), E2528–E2537. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1703643115. Goldstein, P., Weissman-Fogel, I., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2017). The role of touch in regulating inter-partner physiological coupling during empathy for pain. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03627-7. Golland, Y., Arzouan, Y., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2015). The mere co-presence: Synchronization of autonomic signals and emotional responses across co-present individuals not engaged in direct interaction. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0125804. Grant, B. J., Fetterman, Z., Weyhaupt, M. B., Kim, M., & Tullett, A. M. (2018). It takes two: A replication. Journal of Research in Personality, 72, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRP.2016.06.023. Green, M. F., Bearden, C. E., Cannon, T. D., et al. (2012). Social cognition in schizophrenia, Part 1: Performance across phase of illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 854–864. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCHBUL/SBQ171. Green, M. F., Olivier, B., Crawley, J. N., Penn, D. L., & Silverstein, S. (2005). Social cognition in schizophrenia: Recommendations from the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia new approaches conference. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 882–887. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCHBUL/SBI049. Grove, R., Baillie, A., Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2014). The latent structure of cognitive and emotional empathy in individuals with autism, first-degree relatives and typical individuals. Molecular Autism, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-5-42. Grynberg, D., & Konrath, S. (2020). The closer you feel, the more you care: Positive associations between closeness, pain intensity rating, empathic concern and personal distress to someone in pain. Acta Psychologica, 210, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103175. Guhn, A., Merkel, L., Hübner, L., et al. (2020). Understanding versus feeling the emotions of others: How persistent and recurrent depression affect empathy. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2020.06.023. Guo, X., Zheng, L., Zhang, W., et al. (2012). Empathic neural responses to others’ pain depend on monetary reward. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(5), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr034. Hajcak, G., & Foti, D. (2020). Significance? … significance! empirical, methodological, and theoretical connections between the late positive potential and P300 as neural responses to stimulus significance: An integrative review. Psychophysiology, 57(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/PSYP.13570. Hajcak, G., Macnamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(2), 129–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640903526504. Hartmann, H., Forbes, P., Rutgen, M., & Lamm, C. (2022). Placebo analgesia reduces costly prosocial helping to lower another’s pain. Psychological Science, 33(11), 1881–1867.
Hasson, Y., Amir, E., Sobol-Sarag, D., Tamir, M., & Halperin, E. (2022). Using performance art to promote intergroup prosociality by cultivating the belief that empathy is unlimited. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1–15.
Hasson, U., Ghazanfar, A. A., Galantucci, B., Garrod, S., & Keysers, C. (2012). Brain-to-brain coupling: A mechanism for creating and sharing a social world. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TICS.2011.12.007. Hawk, S. T., van Kleef, G. A., Fischer, A. H., & van der Schalk, J. (2009). “Worth a thousand words”: Absolute and relative decoding of nonlinguistic affect vocalizations. Emotion, 9(3), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0015178. Hein, G., Silani, G., Preuschoff, K., Batson, C. D., & Singer, T. (2010). Neural responses to ingroup and outgroup members’ suffering predict individual differences in costly helping. Neuron, 68(1), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.003. Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29.
Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., & Zak, J. (2018). Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494. Hillman, E. M. (2014). Coupling mechanism and significance of the BOLD signal: A status report. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37, 161–181.
Ho, F., & Mussap, A. J. (2019). The gender identity scale: Adapting the gender unicorn to measure gender identity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(2), 217–231.
Hobson, H. M., & Bishop, D. V. M. (2017). The interpretation of mu suppression as an index of mirror neuron activity: Past, present and future. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160662. Hoenen, M., Lübke, K. T., & Pause, B. M. (2015). Somatosensory mu activity reflects imagined pain intensity of others. Psychophysiology, 52(12), 1551–1558. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12522. Hoenen, M., Lübke, K. T., & Pause, B. M. (2018). Empathic cognitions affected by undetectable social chemosignals: An EEG study on visually evoked empathy for pain in an auditory and chemosensory context. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00243. Hofer, M. K., Chen, F. S., & Schaller, M. (2020). What your nose knows: Affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses to the scent of another person. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(6), 617–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420964175. Holding, B. C., Sundelin, T., Lekander, M., & Axelsson, J. (2019). Sleep deprivation and its effects on communication during individual and collaborative tasks. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39271-6. Ickes, W., Stinson, L., Bissonnette, V., & Garcia, S. (1990). Naturalistic social cognition: Empathic accuracy in mixed-sex dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 730–742. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.730. Indolia, S., Goswami, A. K., Mishra, S. P., & Asopa, P. (2018). Conceptual understanding of convolutional neural network- A deep learning approach. Procedia Computer Science, 132, 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCS.2018.05.069. Ionta, S., Costantini, M., Ferretti, A., et al. (2020). Visual similarity and psychological closeness are neurally dissociable in the brain response to vicarious pain. Cortex, 133, 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.028. Israelashvili, J., Oosterwijk, S., Sauter, D., & Fischer, A. (2019). Knowing me, knowing you: Emotion differentiation in oneself is associated with recognition of others’ emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 33(7), 1461–1471. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1577221. Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D., & Fischer, A. (2020). Two facets of affective empathy: Concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition. Cognition and Emotion, 34(6), 1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1724893. Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G. B., Yu, H., Caldara, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2012). Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(19), 7241–7244. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1200155109. Jami, P. Y., Walker, D. I., & Mansouri, B. (2023). Interaction of empathy and culture: A review. Current Psychology, 1–16.
Jones, A. P., Happé, F. G. E., Gilbert, F., Burnett, S., & Viding, E. (2010). Feeling, caring, knowing: Different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(11), 1188–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-7610.2010.02280.X. Jospe, K., Genzer, S., klein Selle, N., Ong, D., Zaki, J., & Perry, A. (2020). The contribution of linguistic and visual cues to physiological synchrony and empathic accuracy. Cortex, 132, 296–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.001. Joyal, C. C., Neveu, S. M., Boukhalfi, T., Jackson, P. L., & Renaud, P. (2018). Suppression of sensorimotor alpha power associated with pain expressed by an avatar: A preliminary EEG study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00273. Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2014). Dissociating the ability and propensity for empathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(4), 163–166.
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2017). Plea for cross-species social neuroscience. In Wöhr, M. & Krach, S. (Eds.), Social Behavior from Rodents to Humans. Springer, pp. 179–191.
Keysers, C., Wicker, B., Gazzola, V., et al. (2004). A touching sight: SII/PV activation during the observation and experience of touch. Neuron, 42, 335–346.
Kirkland, R., Peterson, E., Baker, C., & Pulos, S. (2013). Meta-analysis reveals adult female superiority in “reading the mind in the eyes test.” North American Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 121–146. www.researchgate.net/publication/260712981. Kitayama, S., Duffy, S., Kawamura, T., & Larsen, J. T. (2003). Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at new look. Psychological Science, 14(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.02432. Klein, K. J. K., & Hodges, S. D. (2001). Gender differences, motivation, and empathic accuracy: When it pays to understand. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(6), 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201276007. Kogler, L., Müller, V. I., Werminghausen, E., Eickhoff, S. B., & Derntl, B. (2020). Do I feel or do I know? Neuroimaging meta-analyses on the multiple facets of empathy. Cortex, 129, 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.031. Kohler, C. G., Walker, J. B., Martin, E. A., Healey, K. M., & Moberg, P. J. (2010). Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(5), 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCHBUL/SBN192. Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1716–1723.
Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear- and sadness-inducing films. Psychophysiology, 44(5), 787–806. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-8986.2007.00550.X. Kyle, S. D., Beattie, L., Spiegelhalder, K., Rogers, Z., & Espie, C. A. (2014). Altered emotion perception in insomnia disorder. Sleep, 37(4), 775–783. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.3588. Lamm, C., Batson, C. D., & Decety, J. (2007). The neural substrate of human empathy: Effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(1), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42. Lamm, C., Bukowski, H., & Silani, G. (2016). From shared to distinct self-other representations in empathy: Evidence from neurotypical function and socio-cognitive disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0083. Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. NeuroImage, 54(3), 2492–2502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014. Lamm, C., Nausbaum, H. C., Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2007). What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain. PLoS ONE, 2(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001292. Lange, J., Heerdink, M. W., & van Kleef, G. A. (2022). Reading emotions, reading people: Emotion perception and inferences drawn from perceived emotions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2021.06.008. Laukka, P., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2021). Cross-cultural emotion recognition and in-group advantage in vocal expression: A meta-analysis. Emotion Review, 13(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919897295. Laukka, P., Thingujam, N. S., Iraki, F. K., et al. (2016). The expression and recognition of emotions in the voice across five nations: A lens model analysis based on acoustic features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(5), 686–705. https://doi.org/10.1037/PSPI0000066. Lecker, M., & Aviezer, H. (2021). More than words? Semantic emotion labels boost context effects on faces. Affective Science, 2(2), 163–170.
Lecker, M., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., & Aviezer, H. (2020). Bidirectional contextual influence between faces and bodies in emotion perception. Emotion, 20(7), 1154–1164.
Lehmann, K., Böckler, A., Klimecki, O., Müller-Liebmann, C., & Kanske, P. (2022). Empathy and correct mental state inferences both promote prosociality. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20855-8. Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1983). Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.587. Levy, J., Goldstein, A., & Feldman, R. (2017). Perception of social synchrony induces mother–child gamma coupling in the social brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(7), 1036–1046. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCAN/NSX032. Levy, J., Goldstein, A., Influs, M., et al. (2016). Adolescents growing up amidst intractable conflict attenuate brain response to pain of outgroup. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(48), 13696–13701. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1612903113. Li, X., Liu, Y., Ye, Q., Lu, X., & Peng, W. (2020). The linkage between first-hand pain sensitivity and empathy for others’ pain: Attention matters. Human Brain Mapping, 41(17), 4815–4828. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25160. Liu, D., Liu, S., Liu, X., et al. (2018). Interactive brain activity: Review and progress on EEG-based hyperscanning in social interactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01862. Lobchuk, M., Halas, G., West, C., et al. (2016). Development of a novel empathy-related video-feedback intervention to improve empathic accuracy of nursing students: A pilot study. Nurse Education Today, 46, 86–93.
Loggia, M. L., Mogil, J. S., & Bushnell, M. C. (2008). Empathy hurts: Compassion for another increases both sensory and affective components of pain perception. Pain, 136(1–2), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.017. Logothetis, N. K. (2008). What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature, 453(7197), 869–878.
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001). Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature, 412(6843), 150–157.
Marangoni, C., Garcia, S., Ickes, W., & Teng, G. (1995). Empathic accuracy in a clinically relevant setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 854–869.
Mayo, O., Lavidor, M., & Gordon, I. (2021). Interpersonal autonomic nervous system synchrony and its association to relationship and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiology and Behavior, 235, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113391. McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.424. MCDonald, B., Bockler, A., & Kanske, P. (2022). Soundtrack to the social world: Emotional music enhances empathy, compassion, and prosocial decisions but not theory of mind. Emotion, 22(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001036. Milton, D. E. (2012). The double empathy problem. Disability & Society, 27(6), 883–887.
Mischkowski, D., Crocker, J., & Way, B. M. (2016). From painkiller to empathy killer: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) reduces empathy for pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(9), 1345–1353. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw057. Mishor, E., Amir, D., Weiss, T., et al. (2021). Sniffing the human body volatile hexadecanal blocks aggression in men but triggers aggression in women. Science Advances, 7(47), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.ABG1530. Morawska, A. (2020). The effects of gendered parenting on child development outcomes: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 553–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10567-020-00321-5. Morrison, I., Lloyd, D., di Pellegrino, G., & Roberts, N. (2004). Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: Is empathy a multisensory issue. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(2), 270–278.
Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I. (2010). Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Current Biology, 20(8), 750–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CUB.2010.02.045. Murphy, B. A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2019). Are self-report cognitive empathy ratings valid proxies for cognitive empathy ability? Negligible meta-analytic relations with behavioral task performance. Psychological Assessment, 31(8), 1062–1072. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000732. Murphy, B. A., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Algoe, S. B. (2022). Why we should reject the restrictive isomorphic matching definition of empathy. Emotion Review, 14(3), 167–181.
Naor, N., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Sheppes, G., & Okon-Singer, H. (2017). The impact of empathy and reappraisal on emotional intensity recognition. Cognition and Emotion, 32(5), 972–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1372366. Naor, N., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Sheppes, G., & Okon-Singer, H. (2018). The impact of empathy and reappraisal on emotional intensity recognition. Cognition and Emotion, 32(5), 972–987.
Nath, S., Marie, A., Ellershaw, S., Korot, E., & Keane, P. A. (2022). New meaning for NLP: the trials and tribulations of natural language processing with GPT-3 in ophthalmology. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 106(7), 889–892. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJOPHTHALMOL-2022-321141. Neumann, D. L., Chan, R. C. K., Boyle, G. J., Wang, Y., & Westbury, H. R. (2015). Measures of empathy: Self-report, behavioral, and neuroscientific approaches. In Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Matthews, G. (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs. Elsevier, pp. 257–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00010-3. Neumann, D. L., & Westbury, H. R. (2011). The psychophysiological measurement of empathy. In Scapaletti, D. J. (Ed.), Psychology of Empathy. Nova Science, pp. 119–142.
Noy, L., Dekel, E., & Alon, U. (2011). The mirror game as a paradigm for studying the dynamics of two people improvising motion together. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(52), 20947–20952. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1108155108. Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Viinikainen, M., et al. (2012). Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(24), 9599–9604. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1206095109. Ong, D. C. (2021). An ethical framework for guiding the development of affectively-aware artificial intelligence. 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, ACII. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597441. Ong, D. C., Zaki, J., & Goodman, N. D. (2019). Computational models of emotion inference in theory of mind: A review and roadmap. Topics in Cognitive Science, 11(2), 338–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/TOPS.12371. Orm, S., Vatne, T., Tomeny, T. S., & Fjermestad, K. (2022). Empathy and prosocial behavior in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(2), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40489-021-00251-0. Osborne-Crowley, K. (2020). Social cognition in the real world: Reconnecting the study of social cognition with social reality. Review of General Psychology, 24(2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268020906483. Palomba, D., Sarlo, M., Angrilli, A., Mini, A., & Stegagno, L. (2000). Cardiac responses associated with affective processing of unpleasant film stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 36(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00099-9. Palumbo, R. V., Marraccini, M. E., Weyandt, L. L., et al. (2017). Interpersonal autonomic physiology: A systematic review of the literature. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(2), 99–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316628405. Paradiso, E., Gazzola, V., & Keysers, C. (2021). Neural mechanisms necessary for empathy-related phenomena across species. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 68, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2021.02.005. Pellicano, E., & den Houting, J. (2022). Annual research review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 381–396.
Peng, W., Lou, W., Huang, X., et al. (2021). Suffer together, bond together: Brain-to-brain synchronization and mutual affective empathy when sharing painful experiences. NeuroImage, 238, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118249. Perenc, L., & Pęczkowski, R. (2018). Cognitive and affective empathy among adolescent siblings of children with a physical disability. Disability and Health Journal, 11(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DHJO.2017.08.008. Pérez-Edgar, K., MacNeill, L. A., & Fu, X. (2020). Navigating through the experienced environment: Insights from mobile eye tracking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420915880. Perry, A., Bentin, S., Bartal, I. B. A., Lamm, C., & Decety, J. (2010). “Feeling” the pain of those who are different from us: Modulation of EEG in the mu/alpha range. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.4.493. Perry, A., Saunders, S. N., Stiso, J., et al. (2017). Effects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotion understanding: EEG and behavioural evidence. Brain, 140(4), 1086–1099. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx031. Pinti, P., Tachtsidis, I., Hamilton, A., et al. (2020). The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1464(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/NYAS.13948. Pittelkow, M. M., aan het Rot, M., Seidel, L. J., Feyel, N., & Roest, A. M. (2021). Social anxiety and empathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78,1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2021.102357. Ponnet, K., Buysse, A., Roeyers, H., & de Clercq, A. (2008). Mind-reading in young adults with ASD: Does structure matter? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 905–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-007-0462-5. Ponnet, K., Buysse, A., Roeyers, H., & de Corte, K. (2005). Empathic accuracy in adults with a pervasive developmental disorder during an unstructured conversation with a typically developing stranger. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-005-0003-Z. Ponnet, K. S., Roeyers, H., Buysse, A., de Clercq, A., & van der Heyden, E. (2004). Advanced mind-reading in adults with Asperger syndrome. Autism, 8(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361304045214. Powell, P. A. (2018). Individual differences in emotion regulation moderate the associations between empathy and affective distress. Motivation and Emotion, 42(4), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9684-4. Preckel, K., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2018). On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010. Prehn-Kristensen, A., Wiesner, C., Bergmann, T. O., Wolff, S., & Jansen, O. (2009). Induction of empathy by the smell of anxiety. PLoS ONE, 4(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005987. Preis, M. A., Schmidt-Samoa, C., Dechent, P., & Kroener-Herwig, B. (2013). The effects of prior pain experience on neural correlates of empathy for pain: An fMRI study. Pain, 154(3), 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.11.014. Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1–72.
Quintana, P., Nolet, K., Baus, O., & Bouchard, S. (2019). The effect of exposure to fear-related body odorants on anxiety and interpersonal trust toward a virtual character. Chemical Senses, 44(9), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz063. Rainville, P., Duncan, G. H., Price, D. D., Carrier, B., & Bushnell, M. C. (1997). Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science, 277(5328), 968–971. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.277.5328.968. Ren, Q., Lu, X., Zhao, Q., Zhang, H., & Hu, L. (2020). Can self-pain sensitivity quantify empathy for others’ pain? Psychophysiology, 57(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13637. Ren, Q., Yang, Y., Wo, Y., Lu, X., & Hu, L. (2022). Different priming effects of empathy on neural processing associated with firsthand pain and nonpain perception. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1509(1), 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14723. Rocha, M., Parma, V., Lundström, J. N., & Soares, S. C. (2018). Anxiety body odors as context for dynamic faces: Categorization and psychophysiological biases. Perception, 47(10–11), 1054–1069. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006618797227. Rodríguez-Hidalgo, C., Tan, E. S. H., & Verlegh, P. W. J. (2017). Expressing emotions in blogs: The role of textual paralinguistic cues in online venting and social sharing posts. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 638–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2017.04.007. Roeyers, H., Buysse, A., Ponnet, K., & Pichal, B. (2001). Advancing advanced mind-reading tests: Empathic accuracy in adults with a pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00718. Rueda, P., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy in youth with Asperger syndrome. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2014.950221. Rum, Y., Genzer, S., Markovitch, N., Jenkins, J., Perry, A., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2022). Are there positive effects of having a sibling with special needs? Empathy and prosociality of twins of children with non-typical development. Child Development, 93(4), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/CDEV.13740. Rütgen, M., Seidel, E. M., Pletti, C., et al. (2018). Psychopharmacological modulation of event-related potentials suggests that first-hand pain and empathy for pain rely on similar opioidergic processes. Neuropsychologia, 116, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.023. Rütgen, M., Seidel, E. M., Riečanský, I., & Lamm, C. (2015). Reduction of empathy for pain by placebo analgesia suggests functional equivalence of empathy and first-hand emotion experience. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(23), 8938–8947. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3936-14.2015. Rütgen, M., Seidel, E. M., Silani, G., et al. (2015). Placebo analgesia and its opioidergic regulation suggest that empathy for pain is grounded in self pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(41), E5638–E5646. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511269112. Saarela, M. V., Hlushchuk, Y., Williams, A. C. D. C., et al. (2007). The compassionate brain: Humans detect intensity of pain from another’s face. Cerebral Cortex, 17(1), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj141. Sasson, N. J., Pinkham, A. E., Richard, J., et al. (2010). Controlling for response biases clarifies sex and age differences in facial affect recognition. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34(4), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10919-010-0092-Z. Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Calder, A. J., & Scott, S. K. (2010). Perceptual cues in nonverbal vocal expressions of emotion. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(11), 2251–2272. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470211003721642. Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S. K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(6), 2408–2412. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0908239106. Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S. K. (2015). Emotional vocalizations are recognized across cultures regardless of the valence of distractors. Psychological Science, 26(3), 354–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614560771. Schurz, M., Radua, J., Tholen, M. G., et al. (2021). Toward a hierarchical model of social cognition: A neuroimaging meta-analysis and integrative review of empathy and theory of mind. Psychological Bulletin, 147(3), 293–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000303. Sened, H., Bar-Kalifa, E., Pshedetzky-Shochat, R., Gleason, M., & Rafaeli, E. (2020). Fast and slow empathic perceptions in couples’ daily lives use different cues. Affective Science, 1(2), 87–96.
Sened, H., Lavidor, M., Lazarus, G., et al. (2017). Empathic accuracy and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(6), 742–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/FAM0000320. Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Shur, S., Barcai-Goodman, L., et al. (2007). Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 149(1–3), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2005.10.018. Sheng, F., Liu, Q., Li, H., Fang, F., & Han, S. (2014). Task modulations of racial bias in neural responses to others’ suffering. NeuroImage, 88, 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2013.10.017. Sherman, J. W., Klauer, K. C., & Allen, T. J. (2021). Mathematical Modeling of Implicit Social Cognition: The Machine in the Ghost. In Gawronski, B. & Payne, B. K. (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. The Guilford Press, pp. 156–174
Shvimmer, S., Simhon, R., Gilad, M., & Yitzhaky, Y. (2022). Classification of emotional states via transdermal cardiovascular spatiotemporal facial patterns using multispectral face videos. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14808-4. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J., et al. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1157–1162. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094645. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P. (2006). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature, 439(7075), 466–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04271. Smith, M. J., Horan, W. P., Karpouzian, T. M., et al. (2012). Self-reported empathy deficits are uniquely associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 137(1–3), 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2012.01.012. Soto, J. A., & Levenson, R. W. (2009). Emotion recognition across cultures: The influence of ethnicity on empathic accuracy and physiological linkage. Emotion, 9(6), 874–884. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0017399. Spies, M., Hahn, A., Kranz, G. S., et al. (2016). Gender transition affects neural correlates of empathy: A resting state functional connectivity study with ultra high-field 7T MR imaging. Neuroimage, 138, 257–265.
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto empathy questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381. Stellar, J. E., Manzo, V. M., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion, 12(3), 449–459.
Stephens, G. J., Silbert, L. J., & Hasson, U. (2010). Speaker-listener neural coupling underlies successful communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(32), 14425–14430. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008662107. Stinson, L., & Ickes, W. (1992). Empathic accuracy in the interactions of male friends versus male strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.5.787. Sundberg, J., Patel, S., Björkner, E., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Interdependencies among voice source parameters in emotional speech. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 2(3), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AFFC.2011.14. Suzuki, Y., Galli, L., Ikeda, A., Itakura, S., & Kitazaki, M. (2015). Measuring empathy for human and robot hand pain using electroencephalography. Scientific Reports, 5, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15924. Thomas, G., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (2003). Mind-reading accuracy in intimate relationships: Assessing the roles of the relationship, the target, and the judge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1079–1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1079. Thomas, G., & Maio, G. R. (2008). Man, I feel like a woman: When and how gender-role motivation helps mind-reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1165–1179. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0013067. Thompson, A., Bartholomeusz, C., & Yung, A. R. (2011). Social cognition deficits and the “ultra high risk” for psychosis population: A review of literature. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 5(3), 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1751-7893.2011.00275.X. Thompson, A., Papas, A., Bartholomeusz, C., et al. (2012). Social cognition in clinical “at risk” for psychosis and first episode psychosis populations. Schizophrenia Research, 141(2–3), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2012.08.007. Timmers, I., Park, A. L., Fischer, M. D., et al. (2018). Is empathy for pain unique in its neural correlates? A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of empathy. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00289. Timmons, A. C., Margolin, G., & Saxbe, D. E. (2015). Physiological linkage in couples and its implications for individual and interpersonal functioning: A literature review. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(5), 720–731. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000115. Trilla, I., Weigand, A., & Dziobek, I. (2021). Affective states influence emotion perception: Evidence for emotional egocentricity. Psychological Research, 85(3), 1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00426-020-01314-3. Tzafilkou, K., Economides, A. A., & Protogeros, N. (2021). Mobile sensing for emotion recognition in smartphones: A literature review on non-intrusive methodologies. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 38(11), 1037–1051.
Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Empathy development throughout the life span. In Sommerville, J. A. & Decety, J. (Eds.), Social Cognition Development across the Life Span. Routledge, pp. 89–115. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315520575-12. Viessmann, O., & Polimeni, J. R. (2021). High-resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla: Challenges, promises and recent developments for individual-focused fMRI studies. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 40, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COBEHA.2021.01.011. Vishne, G., Jacoby, N., Malinovitch, T., Epstein, T., & Ahissar, M. (2021). Slow update of internal representations impedes synchronization in autism. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25740-y. Wang, M. Y., Luan, P., Zhang, J., Xiang, Y. T., Niu, H., & Yuan, Z. (2018). Concurrent mapping of brain activation from multiple subjects during social interaction by hyperscanning: A mini-review. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 8(8), 819–837. https://doi.org/10.21037/QIMS.2018.09.07. Wang, Y., Song, W., Tao, W., et al. (2022). A systematic review on affective computing: Emotion models, databases, and recent advances. Information Fusion, 83–84, 19–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INFFUS.2022.03.009, Weisz, E., & Zaki, J. (2017). Empathy building interventions: A review of existing work and suggestions for future directions. In Seppala, E., Simon-Thomas, E., Brown, S.L. et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science. Oxford University Press, pp. 205–217.
Wells, J. L., Haase, C. M., Rothwell, E. S., et al. (2022). Positivity resonance in long-term married couples: Multimodal characteristics and consequences for health and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/PSPI0000385. Whitehouse, A. J., Hickey, M., & Ronald, A. (2011). Are autistic traits in the general population stable across development?. PLoS ONE, 6(8), 1–8.
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655–664.
Xiao, B., Can, D., Georgio, P. G., Atkins, D., & Natayanan, S. S. (2012). Analyzing the language of therapist empathy in motivational interview based psychotherapy. In Proceedings of the 2012 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference, 1–4. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6411762. Xiao, B., Imel, Z. E., Georgiou, P., Atkins, D. C., & Narayanan, S. S. (2016). Computational analysis and simulation of empathic behaviors: A survey of empathy modeling with behavioral signal processing framework. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 1–11.
Xygkou, A., Siriaraya, P., Covaci, A., et al. (2023). The ”conversation” about loss: Understanding how chatbot technology was used in supporting people in grief. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
Yitzhak, N., Pertzov, Y., Guy, N., & Aviezer, H. (2020). Many ways to see your feelings: Successful facial expression recognition occurs with diverse patterns of fixation distributions. Emotion, 22(5), 844–860. https://doi.org/10.1037/EMO0000812. Yoon, S., Byun, S., & Jung, K. (2018). Multimodal speech emotion recognition using audio and text. 2018 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1109/SLT.2018.8639583. Young, G. W., O’Dwyer, N., & Smolic, A. (2021). Exploring virtual reality for quality immersive empathy building experiences. Behaviour and Information Technology, 41(16), 3415–3431. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1993336. Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. (2008). It takes two the interpersonal nature of empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 19(4), 399–404.
Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 675–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3085. Zaki, J., Wager, T. D., Singer, T., Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2016). The anatomy of suffering: Understanding the relationship between nociceptive and empathic pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(4), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.003. Zaki, J., Weber, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. (2009). The neural bases of empathic accuracy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(27), 11382–11387. www.pnas.orgcgidoi10.1073pnas.0902666106. Zhao, Q., Neumann, D. L., Yan, C., Djekic, S., & Shum, D. H. (2021). Culture, sex, and group-bias in trait and state empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–19.
Zheng, L., Zhang, F., Wei, C., et al. (2016). Decreased empathic responses to the “lucky guy” in love: The effect of intrasexual competition. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00660. Zhou, Q., Valiente, C., & Eisenberg, N. (2004). Empathy and its measurement. In Lopez, S. J. & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures. American Psychological Association, pp. 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-017.