Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 57
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2012
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9780511779152

Book description

The world is currently faced with two significant problems: fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation, which are continuously being exacerbated due to increasing global energy consumption. As a substitute for petroleum, renewable fuels have been receiving increasing attention due a variety of environmental, economic, and societal benefits. The first-generation biofuels - ethanol from sugar or corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils - are already on the market. The goal of this book is to introduce readers to second-generation biofuels obtained from non-food biomass, such as forest residue, agricultural residue, switch grass, corn stover, waste wood, municipal solid wastes, and so on. Various technologies are discussed, including cellulosic ethanol, biomass gasification, synthesis of diesel and gasoline, bio-crude by hydrothermal liquefaction, bio-oil by fast pyrolysis, and the upgradation of biofuel. This book strives to serve as a comprehensive document presenting various technological pathways and environmental and economic issues related to biofuels.

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Abbaslou, M., Reza, M., Soltan Mohammadzadeh, J. S., Dalai, A. K. 2009. Review on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in supercritical media. Fuel Process Technol 90(7–8):849–856.
,ACE. 2009. Petroleum. Available from: http://www.speedace.info/petroleum.htm. Accessed March 11, 2009.
Achten, W. M. J., Verchot, L., Franken, Y. J., et al. 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenerg 32(12):1063–1084.
Adjaye, J. D., Sharma, R. K., Bakhshi, N. N. 1992. Characterization and stability analysis of wood-derived bio-oil. Fuel Process Technol 31(3):241–256.
Agbogbo, F. K., Coward-Kelly, G. 2008. Cellulosic ethanol production using the naturally occurring xylose-fermenting yeast, Pichia stipitis. Biotechnol Lett 30(9):1515–1524.
Agbogbo, F. K., Haagensen, F. D., Milam, D., Wenger, K. S. 2008. Fermentation of acid-pretreated corn stover to ethanol without detoxification using Pichia stipitis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 145(1–3):53–58.
Agranet, . 2009. F.O. Licht's World Ethanol & Biofuels Report. Available from: http://www.agra-net.com/portal2/home.jsp?template=productpage&pubid=ag072.
Aitani, A. M. 2004. Oil refining and products. In: Cleveland, C. J., editor. Encyclopedia of Energy. New York, NY, Elsevier, pp. 15–729.
Antal, M. J., Hofmann, L., Moreira, J. R., Brown, C. T., Steenblick, R. 1981. Design and operation of a solar fired biomass flash pyrolysis reactor. IGT's Symposium: Energy from Biomass and Wastes V, Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
Appell, H. R. 1977. The production of oil from wood waste. In: Anderson, L., Tilman, D. A., editors. Fuels from Waste. New York, NY, Academic Press, pp. 121–140.
Archer, D., Wang, P. 1990. The dielectric constant of water and Debye–Huckel limiting law slopes. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19:371–411.
,[ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials. 2003. ASTM G173–03. Available from: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
,ASTM. 2009. ASTM D6751-09 standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels. Available from: http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6751.htm.
Authier, O., Ferrer, M., Mauviel, G., Khalfi, A.-E., Lede, J. 2009. Wood fast pyrolysis: Comparison of lagrangian and eulerian modeling approaches with experimental measurements. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(10):4796–4809.
,[AWEA] American Wind Energy Association. 2005. The economics of wind energy. Available from: http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/EconomicsOfWind-Feb2005.pdf and http://www.awea.org/faq/cost.html.
Babu, B. V., Chaurasia, A. S. 2003. Modeling for pyrolysis of solid particle: Kinetics and heat transfer effects. Energ Convers Manage 44(14):2251–2275.
Backman, R., Frederick, W. J., Hupa, M. 1993. Basic studies on black-liquor pyrolysis and char gasification. Bioresource Technol 46(1–2):153–158.
Bai, F. W., Anderson, W. A., Moo-Young, M. 2008. Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks. Biotechnol Adv 26(1):89–105.
Bala, B. K. 2005. Studies on biodiesels from transformation of vegetable oils for diesel engines. Energ Edu Sci Technol 15(1–2):1–45.
Balat, M. 2007. An overview of biofuels and policies in the European Union countries. Energ Sources 2(2):167–181.
Bandura, A. V., Lvov, S. N. 2006. The ionization constant of water over wide ranges of temperature and density. J Phys Chem Ref Data 35(1):15–30.
Bauen, A., Woods, J., Hailes, R. 2004. BIOPOWERSWITCH! A biomass blueprint to meet 15% of OECD electricity demand by 2020. Prepared for WWF International. Available from: http://assets.panda.org/downloads/biomassreportfinal.pdf.
Beaumont, O. 1985. Flash pyrolysis products from beech wood. Wood Fiber Sci 17:228–239.
Bech, N., Larsen, M. B., Jensen, P. A., Dam-Johansen, K. 2009. Modeling solid-convective flash pyrolysis of straw and wood in the pyrolysis centrifuge reactor. Biomass Bioenerg 33(6–7):999–1011.
Becker, J., Boles, E. 2003. A modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that consumes l-arabinose and produces ethanol. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(7):4144–4150.
Berl, E. 1944. Production of oil from plant material. Science 99(2573):309–312.
Bhattacharya, S. C., Abdul Salam, P. 2002. Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries. Biomass Bioenerg 22:305–317.
,Biox Corporation. 2009. Production process. Available from: http://www.bioxcorp.com/production_process.php.
Blanco, M. I. 2009. The economics of wind energy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(6–7):1372–1382.
Bobleter, O. 1994. Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived from plants. Prog Polym Sci 19:797–841.
Bolinger, M., Wiser, R. 2006. A comparative analysis of business structures suitable for farmer-owned wind power projects in the United States. Energ Policy 34(14):1750–1761.
Boocock, D. G. B. 2001. Single-phase process for production of fatty acid methyl esters as biofuels from mixtures of triglycerides and fatty acids. PCT Int. Appl., 26 pp., CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 200 1012581 A1 200 10222.
Boocock, D. G. B., Konar, S. K., Mao, V., Sidi, H. 1996. Fast one-phase oil-rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters. Biomass Bioenerg 11(1):43–50.
Boutin, O., Ferrer, M., Lédé, J. 1998. Radiant flash pyrolysis of cellulose: Evidence for the formation of short life time intermediate liquid species. J Anal Appl Pyrol 47(1):13–31.
,BP. 2009. Statistical Review of World Energy. Available from: http://bp.com/statisticalreview. Accessed June 2009.
Branca, C., Di Blasi, C. 2006. Multistep mechanism for the devolatilization of biomass fast pyrolysis oils. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(17):5891–5899.
Bridgwater, A. V. 2003. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chem Eng J 91(2–3):87–102.
Bridgwater, A. V., Meier, D., Radlein, D. 1999. An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Org Geochem 30(12):1479–1493.
Brown, R. C. 2003. Biorenewable Resources: Engineering New Products from Agriculture. Ames, IA, Iowa State University Press.
Brown, R. C., Holmgren, J. 2009. Fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Program/307/biomasstoDiesel/RobertBrown&JenniferHolmgrenpresentationslides.pdf. Accessed June 2009.
Brunner, G. 2009. Near critical and supercritical water. Part I. Hydrolytic and hydrothermal processes. J Supercrit Fluid 47:373–381.
Bukur, D. B., Nowicki, Z., Manne, R. K., Lang, X. 1995. Activation studies with a precipitated iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. II. Reaction studies. J Catal 155(2):366–375.
Bush, G. W. 2007. State of the Union Address. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070123-2.html Washington, DC.
Byrd, A. J., Pant, K. K., Gupta, R. B. (2007). Hydrogen production from ethanol by reforming in supercritical water using Ru/Al2O3 catalyst. Energ Fuel 21(6):3541–3547.
Byrd, A. J., Pant, K. K., Gupta, R. B. (2008). Hydrogen production from glycerol by reforming in supercritical water over Ru/Al2O3 catalyst. Fuel 87(13–14):2956–2960.
,[CDIAC] Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. 2009. Oak Ridge, TN, Ridge National Laboratory. Available from: http://cdiac.ornl.gov.
Chandel, A. K., Narasu, M. L., Chandrasekhar, G., Manikyam, A., Rao, L. V. 2009. Use of Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane) as biomaterial for cell immobilization and modulated ethanol production by thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS3. Bioresour Technol 100(8):2404–2410.
Chandra, R. P., Bura, R., Mabee, W. E., Berlin, A., Pan, X., Saddler, J. N. 2007. Substrate pretreatment: The key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics?Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 108: 67–93.
Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. 2009. Wind farm – A power source in future power systems. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(6–7):1288–1300.
Cheng, Q. 2007. The impact of biofuel development on grain market. Heilongjiang Grain 4:26–29.
Chongkhong, S., Tongurai, C., Chetpattananondh, P. 2009. Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process. Renew Energ 34(4):1059–1063.
Chornet, E., Overend, R. P. 1985. Biomass liquefaction: An overview. In: Overend, R. P., Milne, T. A., Mudge, L. K., editors. Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. New York, NY, Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 967–1002.
Chum, H. L., Black, S. K. 1990. Process for fractionating fast-pyrolysis oils, and products derived therefrom. U.S. Patent 4942269.
,CleanTechnica. 2008. Available from: http://cleantechnica.com/files/2008/03/wood1.jpg.
Colares, J. F. 2008. A brief history of Brazilian biofuel legislation. Syracuse J Law Commerce 35:101–116.
,[COSO] Crude Oil Supply Outlook. 2007. Report to the Energy Watch Group EWG-Series No 3/2007, October. Available from: http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG_Oilreport_10–2007.pdf.
Cuff, D. J., Young, W. J. 1980. The United States Energy Atlas. New York, NY, Free Press/Macmillan.
Czernik, S., Bridgwater, A. V. 2004. Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energ Fuel 18(2):590–598.
Dale, B. E., Leong, C. K., Pham, T. K., Esquivel, V. M., Rios, I., Latimer, V. M. 1996. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosics at low enzyme levels: Application of the AFEX process. Bioresource Technol 56(1):111–116.
Davis, B. H. 2002. Overview of reactors for liquid phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Catal Today 71:249–300.
Davis, H., Figueroa, C., Schaleger, L. 1982. Hydrogen or carbon monoxide in the liquefaction of biomass. Adv Hydrogen Energ 3(2):849–862.
Davis, K. S. 2001. Corn Milling, Processing and Generation of Co-products. Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Minnesota Corn Growers Association Technical Symposium, September 11, 2001.
Davis, S. C., Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., DeLucia, E. H. 2009. Life-cycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels. Trends Plant Sci 14(3):140–146.
Torre Ugarte, D. G., English, B. C., Jensen, K. 2007. Sixty billion gallons by 2030: Economic and agricultural impacts of ethanol and biodiesel expansion. Am J Agr Econ 89(5):1290–1295.
Wit, M., Faaij, A. 2009. European biomass resource potential and costs. Biomass Bioenerg, Available online August 21, 2009, doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.07.011.
Demirbas, A., Gullu, D., Caglar, A., Akdeniz, F. 1997. Determination of calorific values of fuel from lignocellulosics. Energ Source 19: 765–770.
Demirbas, A. 2000a. Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energ Convers Manage 41:633–646.
Demirbas, A. 2000b. Recent advances in biomass conversion technologies. Energ Edu Sci Technol 6:19–41.
Demirbas, A. 2000c. Biomass resources for energy and chemical industry. Energ Edu Sci Technol 5:21–45.
Demirbas, A. 2002a. Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in supercritical methanol. Energ Convers Manage 43:2349–56.
Demirbas, A. 2002b. Pyrolysis and steam gasification processes of black liquor. Energ Convers Manage 43:877–884.
Demirbas, A. 2003. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: A survey. Energ Convers Manage 44:2093–2109.
Demirbas, A. 2004a. Ethanol from cellulosic biomass resources. Int J Green Energ 1:79–87.
Demirbas, A. 2004b. Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels. Prog Energ Combust 30(2):219–230.
Demirbas, A. 2005a. Pyrolysis of ground beech wood in irregular heating rate conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 73:39–43.
Demirbas, A. 2005b. Bioethanol from cellulosic materials: A renewable motor fuel from biomass. Energ Source 27:327–337.
Demirbas, A. 2006a. Electrical power production facilities from green energy sources. Energ Sources 1: 291–301.
Demirbas, A. 2006b. Energy priorities and new energy strategies. Energ Edu Sci Technol 16:53–109.
Demirbas, A. 2006c. Global biofuel strategies. Energ Edu Sci Technol 17:27–63.
Demirbas, A. 2007a. Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuel. Energ Policy 35: 4661–4670.
Demirbas, A. 2007b. Progress and recent trends in biofuels. Prog Energ Combust 33:1–18.
Demirbas, A. 2007c. The influence of temperature on the yields of compounds existing in bio-oils obtained from biomass samples via pyrolysis. Fuel Proc Technol 88:591–597.
Demirbas, A. 2008a. Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines. London, Springer.
Demirbas, A. 2008b. Economic and environmental impacts of the liquid biofuels. Energ Edu Sci Technol 22:37–58.
Demirbas, A. 2008c. Biofuel sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections. Energ Convers Manage 49:2106–2116.
Demirbas, A. H. 2009. Inexpensive oil and fats feedstocks for production of biodiesel. Energ Edu Sci Technol A 23(1–2):1–13.
Demirbas, A., Arin, G. 2002. An overview of biomass pyrolysis. Energ Source 24:471–482.
Demirbas, M. F. 2007. Electricity production using solar energy. Energ Source A 29:563–569.
Demirbas, M. F., Balat, M. 2006. Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of bio-fuels: A global perspective. Energ Convers Manage 47(15–16):2371–2381.
Deng, L., Yan, Z., Fu, Y., Guo, Q. X. 2009. Green solvent for flash pyrolysis oil separation. Energ Fuel 23(6):3337–3338.
Diaz, E., Mohedano, A. F., Calvo, L., Gilarranz, M. A., Casas, J. A., Rodriguez, J. J. 2007. Hydrogenation of phenol in aqueous phase with palladium on activated carbon catalysts. Chem Eng J 131(1–3):65–71.
Diebold, J. P. 2000. A review of the chemical and physical mechanisms of the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oil. Available from: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/27613.pdf.
Diebold, J. P., Czernik, S. 1997. Additives to lower and stabilize the viscosity of pyrolysis oils during storage. Energ Fuel 11(5):1081–1091.
,[DNR] Department of Natural Resources, Louisiana. 2009. Basic ethanol production. Available from: http://dnr.louisiana.gov/sec/execdiv/TECHASMT/alternative_fuels/ethanol/fuel_alcohol_1987/015.htm. Accessed August 2009.
Dry, M. E. 2002. The Fischer–Tropsch process: 1950–2000. Catal Today 71:227–241.
Dufey, A. 2006. Biofuels production, trade and sustainable development: Emerging issues. Environmental Economics Programme, Sustainable Markets Discussion Paper No. 2. London, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), September.
Eckhardt, A., 2009. Freedom Fuel: How and Why Biodiesel Policy Should Reflect Freedom. Available from: http://www.cascadepolicy.org/2005/10/14/freedom-fuel-how-and-why-biodiesel-policy-should-reflect-freedom/. Accessed Dec 3, 2009.
,[EC] European Commission. 2003. Renewable energies: A European policy. Promoting Biofuel in Europe. European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, B-1049, Bruxelles, Belgium.
Edinger, R., Kaul, S. 2000. Humankind's detour toward sustainability: Past, present, and future of renewable energies and electric power generation. Renew Sust Energ Rev 4:295–313.
,[EIA] Energy Information Agency. 2009a. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/.
,EIA. 2009b. Energy KIDS: Renewable hydropower. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/water.html.
Elbashir, N. O., Roberts, C. B. 2004. Selective control of hydrocarbon product distribution in supercritical phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. ACS Div Petrol Chem Prepr 49:422–425.
Elliott, D. C. 2007. Historical developments in hydroprocessing bio-oils. Energ Fuel 21(3):1792–1815.
Elliott, D. C., Schiefelbein, G. F. 1989. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass. Amer Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem Preprints 34(4):1160–1166.
Encinar, J. M., Gonzalez, J. F., Rodríguez, J. J., Tejedor, A. 2002. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: Transesterification of Cynara cardunculus L. oils with ethanol. Energ Fuel 16:443–450.
,[EREC] European Renewable Energy Council. 2006. Renewable Energy Scenario by 2040. Brussels, EREC Statistics.
Escobar, J. C., Lora, E. S., Venturini, O. J., Yanez, E. E., Castillo, E. F., Almazan, O. 2009. Biofuels: Environment, technology and food security. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(6–7):1275–1287.
,[ESRL] Earth System Research Laboratory. 2009. Teacher resources: Carbon cycle toolkit. Available from: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/education/carbon_toolkit/basics.html.
,[EWEA] European Wind Energy Association. 2005. Report: Large scale integration of wind energy in the European power supply: Analysis, issues and recommendations. Available from http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/grid/051215_Grid_report.pdf.
Fang, Z., Minowa, T., Smith, R. L.., Ogi, T., Kozinski, J. A. 2004. Liquefaction and Gasification of Cellulose with Na2CO3 and Ni in Subcritical Water at 350 C. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43:2454–2463.
Fang, Z., Sato, T., Smith, R. L.., Inomata, H., Arai, K., Kozinski, J. A. 2008. Reaction chemistry and phase behaviour of lignin in high-temperature and super critical water. Bioresource Technol 99:3424–3430.
Feng, W., Kooi, H. J., Swaan Arons, Jakob. 2004a. Phase equilibria for biomass conversion processes in subcritical and supercritical water. Chem Eng J 98:105–113.
Feng, W., Kooi, H. J., Swaan Arons, J. 2004b. Biomass conversions in subcritical and supercritical water: driving force, phase equilibria, and thermodynamic analysis. Chem Eng Process 43:1459–1467.
Foster, B. L., Dale, B. E., Doran-Peterson, J. B. 2001. Enzymatic hydrolysis of ammonia-treated sugar beet pulp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91(3):269–282.
Fratzl, P. 2003. Cellulose and collagen: from fibres to tissues. Curr Opin Colloid In 8(1):32–39.
Fridleifsson, I. B. 2001. Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people. Renew Sust Energ Rev 5:299–312.
Galbe, M., Sassner, P., Wingren, A., Zacchi, G. 2007. Process engineering economics of bioethanol production. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 108:303–327.
Galbe, M., Zacchi, G. 2007. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for efficient bioethanol production. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 108:41–65.
Garcia-Perez, M., Chaala, A., Roy, C. 2002. Vacuum pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. J Anal Appl Pyrol 65:111–136.
Garg, H. P., Datta, G. 1998. Global status on renewable energy. In: Solar Energy Heating and Cooling Methods in Building. From the International Workshop of Iran University of Science and Technology, May 19–20.
Gavillan, R. M., Mattschei, P. K. 1980. Fractionation of oil obtained by pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to recover a phenolic fraction for use in making phenol-formaldehyde resins. U.S. Patent 4233465.
,[GBEP] Global Bioenergy Partnership. 2007. A review of the current state of bioenergy development in G8+5 countries, New York, NY.
Gleick, P. H. 1999. The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Oakland, CA, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security.
,Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 2009. Datasets and images. Available from: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs. Accessed August 20, 2009.
Goldemberg, J. 2002. Brazilian Energy Initiative. World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Goldemberg, J., Coelho, S. T., Nastari, P. M., Lucon, O. 2004. Ethanol learning curve-the Brazilian experience. Biomass Bioenerg 26:301–304.
Goldemberg, J., Coelho, S. T., Guardabassi, P. 2008. The sustainability of ethanol production from sugarcane. Energ Policy 36(6):2086–2097.
Goldstein, I. S. 1981. Organic Chemicals from Biomass. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
Gopinathan, M. C., Sudhakaran, R. 2009. Biofuels: Opportunities and challenges in India. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 45(3):350–371.
Goudriaan, F., Peferoen, D. G. R. 1990. Liquid fuels from biomass via a hydrothermal process. Chem Eng Sci 45(8):2729–2734.
Goyal, H. B., Seal, D., Saxena, R. C. 2007 (volume date 2008). Biofuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 12:504–517.
Graham, L. A., Belisle, S. L., Baas, C.-L. 2008. Emissions from light duty gasoline vehicles operating on low blend ethanol gasoline and E85. Atmos Environ 42: 4498–4516.
Grebner, D. L., Perez-Verdin, G., Sun, C., Munn, I. A., Schultz, E. B., Mamey, T. G. 2008. Woody biomass feedstocks; A case study on availability, production costs, and implications for bioenergy conversion in Mississippi. In: Solomon, B., and Luzadis, V., editors. Renewable Energy From Forest Resources in the United States. New York, NY, Routledge, pp. 261–280.
Gronli, M. 1996. A theoretical and experimental study of the thermal degradation of biomass. PhD Thesis, University of Trondheim, Norway.
Guettel, R., Kunz, U., Turek, T. 2008. Reactors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Chem Eng Technol 31(5):746–754.
Gui, M. M., Lee, K. T., Bhatia, S. 2008. Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy 33(11):1646–1653.
Gunasekaran, P., Raj, K. C. 1999. Ethanol fermentation technology: Zymomonas mobilis. Curr Sci India 77:56–68.
Gupta, R. B. 2008. Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
Gutherz, J. M., Schiller, M. E. 1991. A passive solar heating system for the perimeter zone of office buildings. Energy Source 13(1):39–54.
,[GWEC] Global Wind Energy Council. 2009. Available from: http://www.gwec.net/.
Haas, M. J., McAloon, A. J., Yee, W. C., Foglia, T. A. 2006. A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. Bioresource technology 97:671–8.
Hacisalihoglu, B., Demirbas, A. H., Hacisalihoglu, S. 2008. Hydrogen from gas hydrate and hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Energ Edu Sci Technol 21:109–115.
Hall, D. O., Mynick, H. E., Williams, R. H. 1991. Carbon sequestration versus fossil fuel substitution: alternative roles for biomass in coping with greenhouse warming. In: White, J. C., editor. Global Climate Change: the Economic Costs of Mitigation and Adaptation. New York, NY, Elsevier Science, pp. 241–282.
Hansen, A. C., Zhang, Q., Lyne, P. W. L. 2005. Ethanol-diesel fuel blends: A review. Bioresource Technol 96(3):277–285.
Hartley, I. D., Wood, L. J. 2008. Hygroscopic properties of densified softwood pellets. Biomass Bioenerg 32(1):90–93.
Hashaikeh, R., Fang, Z., Butler, I. S., Hawari, J., Kozinski, J. A. 2007. Hydrothermal dissolution of willow in hot compressed water as a model for biomass conversion. Fuel 86:1614–1622.
Hashem, A., Akasha, R. A., Ghith, A., Hussein, D. A. 2007. Adsorbent based on agricultural wastes for heavy metal and dye removal: A review. Energ Edu Sci Technol 19(1–2):69–86.
Hawes, D., Feldman, D., Banu, D. 1993. Latent heat storage in building materials. Energ Buildings 20:77–86.
He, B. J., Zhang, Y., Yin, Y., Funk, T. L., Riskowski, G. L. 2001. Effects of alternative process gases on the thermochemical conversion process of swine manure. T ASAE 44(6):1873–1880.
Hiete, M., Berner, U., Richter, O. 2001. Calculation of global carbon dioxide emissions: Review of emission factors and a new approach taking fuel quality into consideration. Global Biogeochem Cy 15(1):169–181.
Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., Tiffany, D. 2006. Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(30):11206–11210.
Hoekman, S. K. 2009. Biofuel in the US: Challenges and opportunities. Renew Energ 34: 14–22.
Holmgren, J., Marinangeli, R., Nair, P., Elliott, D., Bain, R. 2008. Consider upgrading pyrolysis oils into renewable fuels. Hydrocarb Process 87(9):95–96, 98, 100, 103.
Hopkins, M. W., Antal, M. J. 1984. Radiant flash pyrolysis of biomass using a Xenon falsh tube. J Appl Polymer Sci 29:2163–2175.
Huang, C.-F., Lin, T.-H., Guo, G.-L., Hwang, W.-S. 2009. Enhanced ethanol production by fermentation of rice straw hydrolysate withgout detoxification using a newly adapted strain of Pichia stipitis. Bioresource Technol 100(17):3914–3920.
Huang, W. C., Ramey, D. E., Yang, S. T. 2004. Continuous production of butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum immobilized in a fibrous bed bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol A 113–116:887–898.
Huang, X., Roberts, C. B. 2003. Selective Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over an Al2O3 supported cobalt catalyst in supercritical hexane. Fuel Process Technol 83(1–3):81–99.
,[IEA] International Energy Agency. 2004. Biofuel for transport: An international perspective. Available from: http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf
,IEA. 2007. Key world energy statistics, Paris. Available from: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf.
,IGP. 2009. Available from: http://www.industrialgasplants.com/gifs/floating-gas.jpg. Accessed April 2009.
,[INL, DOE] Idaho National Laboratory, Department of Energy. 2009. Available from: https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=422&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=14&mode=2. Accessed August 2009.
,[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, UNEP and WMO. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
,IPCC. 1997. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Report, 3:1.53, Paris. Available from: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.
,IPCC. 2005. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. IPCC Special Report prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, B., O. Davidson, H.C. de Coninck, M. Loos and L.A. Meyer (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp.
Jacobson, D. L. 2007. PEM fuel cells. Available from: http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/NIF/pemFuelCells.html. Accessed September 7, 2007.
Janse, A. M. C., Jong, X. A., Prins, W., Swaaij, W. P. M. 1999. Heat transfer coefficients in the rotating cone reactor. Powder Technol 106(3):168–175.
Jansen, J. C. 2003. Policy support for renewable energy in the European Union. A review of the regulatory framework and suggestions for adjustment. Available from: http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2003/c03113.pdf.
Jean-Baptiste, P., Ducroux, R. 2003. Energy policy and climate change. Energ Policy 31:155–166.
Jean-Marie, A., Griboval-Constant, A., Khodakov, A. Y., Diehl, F. 2009. Cobalt supported on alumina and silica-doped alumina: Catalyst structure and catalytic performance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. CR Acad Sci II C 12(6–7):660–667.
Jeffries, T. W., Jin, Y. S. 2004. Metabolic engineering for improved fermentation of pentoses by yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:495–509.
Jin, F. M., Zhou, Z. Y., Takehiko, M. 2005. Controlling hydrothermal reaction pathways to improve acetic acid production from carbohydrate biomass. Environ Sci Technol 39(6):1893–1902.
Jin, Y., Datye, A. K. 2000. Phase transformations in iron Fischer–Tropsch catalysts during temperature-programmed reduction. J Catal 196:8–17.
Jørgensen, H., Kristensen, J. B., Felby, C. 2007. Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: Challenges and opportunities. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref 1:119–134.
Jothimurugesan, K., Goodwin, J. G., Santosh, S. K., Spivey, J. J. 2000. Development of Fe Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for slurry bubble column reactors. Catal Today 58:335–344.
Jun, K.-W., Roh, H.-S., Kim, K.-Su., Ryu, J.-S., Lee, K.-W. (2004). Catalytic investigation for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from bio-mass derived syngas. Appl Catal A-Gen 259(2):221–226.
Kadiman, O. K. 2005. Crops: Beyond foods. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of Crop Security, Malang, Indonesia, September 20–23.
Kalogirou, S. A. 2004. Solar thermal collectors and applications. Prog Energ Combust 30:231–295.
Karagoez, S., Bhaskar, T., Muto, A., Sakata, Y., Oshiki, T., Kishimoto, T. 2005. Low-temperature catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass: analysis of liquid products. Chem Eng J 108(1–2):127–137.
Karhumaa, K., Wiedemann, B., Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Boles, E., Gorwa-Grauslund, M. F. 2006. Co-utilization of l-arabinose and d-xylose by laboratory and industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Microb Cell Fact 10:5–18.
Karr, W. E., Holtzapple, M. T. 2000. Using lime pretreatment to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Biomass and Bioenergy 18: 189–199.
Kartha, S., Larson, E. D. 2000. Bioenergy primer: Modernised biomass energy for sustainable development, Technical Report UN Sales Number E.00.III.B.6. New York, NY, United Nations Development Programme.
Kim, H., Choi, B. 2008. Effect of ethanol-diesel blend fuels on emission and particle size distribution in a common-rail direct injection engine with warm-up catalytic converter. Renew Energ 33: 2222–2228.
Kim, S., Dale, B. E. 2004. Global potential bioethanol production from wasted crops and crop residues. Biomass Bioenerg 26:361–375.
Kim Oanh, N. T., Upadhyay, N., Zhuang, Y.-H., et al. 2006. Particulate air pollution in six Asian cities: Spatial and temporal distributions, and associated sources. Atmos Environ 40(18):3367–3380.
Klinke, H. B., Thomsen, A. B., Ahring, B. K. 2004. Inhibition of ethanol-producing yeast and bacteria by degradation products produced during pre-treatment of biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 66:10–26.
Kodama, T. 2003. High-temperature solar chemistry for converting solar heat to chemical fuels. Prog Energ Combust Sci 29(6):567–597.
Kohl, A. L. 1986. Black liquor gasification. Can J Chem Eng 64:299–304.
Koizumi, T., Ohga, , , K. 2007. Biofuels Policies in Asian Countries: Impact of the Expanded Biofuels Programs on World Agricultural Markets. Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 5:1–20.
Kong, L. Z., Li, G. M., Wang, H. 2008. Hydrothermal catalytic conversion of biomass for lactic acid production. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:383–388.
Kosugi, T., Pyong, S. P. 2003. Economic evaluation of solar thermal hybrid H2O turbine. Energy 28:185–198.
Kruse, A., Dinjus, E. 2007a. Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant. 1. Properties and synthesis reactions. J Supercrit Fluid 39: 362–380.
Kruse, A., Dinjus, E. 2007b. Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant. 2. Degradation reactions. J Supercrit Fluid 41:361–379.
Kumar, P., Barrett, D. M., Delwiche, M. J., Stroeve, P. 2009. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(8):3713–3729.
Kumar, S., Byrd, A., Gupta, R. B. 2009. Sub- and super-critical water technology for biofuels: swtichgrass to ethanol, biocrude, and hydrogen. The 31st Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, San Francisco, May.
Kumar, S., Gupta, R. B. 2008. Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in sub- and supercritical water in a continuous flow reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:9321–9329.
Kumar, S., Gupta, R. B. 2009. Biocrude production from switchgrass using subcritical water. Energ Fuel, 23:5151–5159.
Kusdiana, D., Saka, S. 2001. Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuels as treated in supercritical methanol. Fuel 80:693–698.
Kusdiana, D., Saka, S. 2004a. Two-step preparation for catalyst-free biodiesel fuel production: Hydrolysis and methyl esterification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 113–116:781–791.
Kusdiana, D., Saka, S. 2004b. Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment. Bioresource Technol 91:289–295.
Kutz, M. (ed). 2007. Environmentally Conscious Alternative Energy Production. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons.
Lachke, A. 2002. Biofuel from D-xylose – the second most abundant sugar. Resonance 7: 50–58.
Lal, R. 2005. World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel. Environ Int 31:575–584.
Larson, E. D., Jin, H. 1999. Biomass conversion to Fischer-Tropsch liquids: Preliminary energy balances. In: Overend, R., Chornet, E., editors. Proceedings of the Fourth Biomass Conference of the Americas. Kidlington, Elsevier Science, vol. 1–2, pp. 843–854.
Laurent, E., Delmon, B. 1994. Influence of water in the deactivation of a sulfided NiMo/γ-A12O3 catalyst during hydrodexygenation. J Catal 146(1):284–291.
Laxman, R. S., Lachke, A. H. 2008. Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Part 1: Pretreatment of the substrates. In: Pandey, A., editor. Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp. 121–139.
Lédé, J., Pharabod, F. 1997. Chimie solaire dans le Monde et en France. Entropie 204: 47–55.
Lédé, J. 1998. Solar thermochemical conversion of biomass. Solar Energ 65(1):3–13.
Lédé, J., Berthelot, P., Villermaux, J., Rolin, A., François, H., Déglise, X. 1980. Pyrolyse flash de déchets ligno-cellulosiques en vue de leur valorisation par l'énergie solaire concentrée. Rev Phys Appl 15:545–552.
Lédé, J., Villermaux, J., Royère, C., Blouri, B., Flamant, G. 1983. Utilisation de l'énergie solaire concentrée pour la pyrolyse du bois et des huiles lourdes du pétrole. Entropie 110: 57–69.
Lee, S. Y., Holder, G. D. 2001. Methane hydrates potential as a future energy source. Fuel Process Technol 71:181–186.
Leistritz, F. L., Hodur, N. M. 2008. Biofuels: A major rural economic development opportunity. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref 2(6):501–504.
Lin, S.-Y. 2009. Hydrogen production from coal. In: Gupta, R. B., editor. Hydrogen Fuel. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp. 103–125.
Low, S. A., Isserman, A. M. 2009. Ethanol and the local economy: Industry trends, location factors, economic impacts, and risks. Econ Dev Q 23(1):71–88.
Luijkx, G. C. A., Rantwijk, F. V., Bekkum, H. V. 1993. Hydrothermal formation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol from 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and D-fructose. Carbohyd Res 242:131–139.
Luo, Z. Y., Wang, S. R., Liao, S. R. 2004. Research on biomass fast pyrolysis for liquid fuel. Biomass Bioenerg 26(5):455–462.
Lurgi, . 2009. Biodiesel. Available from: http://www.lurgi.com/website/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/02_Biodiesel-E.pdf.
Ma, F., Hanna, M. A. 1999. Biodiesel production: A review. Bioresource Technol 70:1–15.
Maine, F. W. 2006. Wood plastics composites workshop, June 15, 2006. Available from: http://www.seainnovation.com.
Mani, S., Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S. 2004, Grinding performance and physical properties of wheat and barley straws, corn stover and switchgrass. Biomass and Bioenergy 27:339–352.
Martin, C., Galbe, M., Wahlbom, C. F., Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Jonsson, L. J. 2002. Ethanol production from enzymatic hydrolysates of sugarcane bagasse using recombinant xylose-utilising Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microbial Technol 31:274–282.
Masaru, W., Takafumi, S., Hiroshi, I. 2004. Chemical reactions of C1 compounds in near-critical and supercritical water. Chem Rev 104:5803–5821.
McKendry, P. 2002. Energy production from biomass (part 3): Gasification technologies. Bioresource Technol 83(1):55–63.
Mehtiev, S. F. 1986. Origin of petroleum. Geol Balcan 16(4):3–16.
Merino, S. T., Cherry, J. 2007. Progress and challenges in enzyme development for biomass utilization. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 108:95–120.
Millet, M. A., Baker, A. J., Scatter, L. D. 1976. Physical and chemical pretreatment for enhancing cellulose saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp 6:125–153.
Minowa, T., Zhen, F., Ogi, T. 1998. Cellulose decomposition in hot-compressed water with alkali or nickel catalyst. J Supercrit Fluid 13:253–259.
Minowa, T., Zhen, F., Ogi, T. 1999. Liquefaction of cellulose in hot-compressed water using sodium carbonate: Production distribution at different reaction temperature. J Chem Eng Jpn 30(1):186–190.
Miyazawa, T., Funazukuri, T. 2005. Polysaccharide hydrolysis accelerated by adding carbon dioxide under hydrothermal conditions. Biotechnol Prog 21:1782–1785.
Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U.., Steele, P. H. 2006. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review. Energ Fuel 20:848–889.
Mok, W. S., Antal, M. J. 1992. Uncatalyzed solvolysis of whole biomass hemicellulose by hot compressed liquid water. Ind Eng Chem Res 31:1157–1161.
Monnet, F. 2003. An introduction to anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. A report by Remade Scotland. Available from: http://www.biogasmax.eu/media/introanaerobicdigestion_073323000_1011_24042007.pdf.
Mulkins-Phillips, G. J., Stewart, J. E. 1974. Effect of environmental parameters on bacterial degradation of bunker C oil, crude oils, and hydrocarbons. Appl Microbiol 28:915–922.
Murphy, H., Niitsuma, H. 1999. Strategies for compensating for higher costs of geothermal electricity with environmental benefits. Geothermics 28:693–711.
Murray, J. P., Fletcher, E. A. 1994, Reaction of steam with cellulose in a fluidized bed using concentrated sunlight. Energy (Oxford, UK) 19:1083–1098.
Muthukumaran, P., Gupta, R. B. 2000. Sodium-carbonate-assisted supercritical water oxidation of chlorinated waste. Ind Eng Chem Res 39(12):4555–4563.
Nakamura, G., ,UC Cooperative Extension. 2004. Biomass thinning for fuel reduction and forest restoration: Issues and opportunities. Available from: http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/5098/16265.pdf. Accessed May 2009.
Nas, B., Berktay, A. 2007. Energy potential of biodiesel generated from waste cooking oil: an environmental approach. Energ Sources 2:63–71.
,[NBII] National Biological Information Infrastructure, U.S. Geological Survey. 2009. Available from: http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_thumbnail/92 Sorghum 0 field of sorghum.jpg. Accessed August 2009.
Nelson, D. A., Molton, P. M., Russell, J. A., Hallen, R. T. 1984. Application of direct thermal liquefaction for the conversion of cellulosic biomass. Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 23(3):471–475.
,[NIFC] National Interagency Fire Center. 2009. Fire information: National fire news. Available from: http://www.nifc.gov/fire_info/nfn.htm. Accessed May 2009.
Nitschke, W. R., Wilson, C. M. 1965. Rudolph Diesel, Pionier of the Age of Power. Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma Press.
Noureddini, H., Gao, X., Philkana, R. S. 2005. Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil. Bioresource Technol 96(7):769–777.
,[NRCS, USDA] National Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2009. Conservation showcase. Available from: http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/news/showcase/showcase.html. Accessed May 2009.
,[NREL] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2005. Biomass resources available in the United States. Available from: http://www.nrel.gov/gis/biomass.html Accessed April 2009.
,NREL. 2009a. http://www.nrel.gov/otec/achievements.html. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
,NREL. 2009b. http://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html Accessed April 2009.
,[OECD] Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development. 2008. Directorate on trade and agriculture: Economic assessment of biofuel support policies. Paris, OECD Publishing.
Ohgren, K., Bengtsson, O., Gorwa-Grauslund, M. F., Galbe, M., Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Zacchi, G. 2006. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of glucose and xylose in steam-pretreated corn stover at high fiber content with Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB3400. J Biotechnol 126(4):488–498.
Oliveira, A. J., Ramalho, J. 2006. Brazilian Agroenergy Plan 2006–2011. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply. Brasılia, Embrapa Publishing House.
Openshaw, K. 2000. A review of Jatropha curcas: An oil plant of unfulfilled promise. Biomass Bioenerg 19:1–15.
,[ORNL] Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 2000. Boosting bioenergy and carbon storage in green plants. Available from: http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/bioenergy.htm.
,ORNL. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. Available from: http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf. Accessed April 2005.
,ORNL. 2009. Biochar. Available from: http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/biochar_factsheet.html. Accessed May 2009.
Osato, K., Omura, M., Suto, Y., et al. 2004. High-pressure treatment apparatus and method of operating high-pressure treatment apparatus. PCT Int. Appl., 19, pp., CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 200 4105927 A2 200 41209.
Overend, R. P. 1996. Production of electricity from biomass crops: US perspective. Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Papadikis, K., Gu, S., Bridgwater, A. V. 2009. CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors: Modelling the impact of biomass shrinkage. Chem Eng J 149(1–3):417–427.
Patzlaff, J., Liu, Y., Graffmann, C., Gaube, J. 1999. Studies on product distributions of iron and cobalt catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Appl Catal. A-Gen 186(1–2):109–119.
Penche, C. 1998. Layman's Guidebook on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site. European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), Directorate General for Energy (DG XVII).
Perez-Verdin, G., Grebner, D. L., Munn, I. A., Sun, C., Grado, S. C. 2008. Economic impacts of woody biomass utilization for bioenergy in Mississippi. Forest Prod J 58(11):75–83.
Peterson, A. A., Vogel, F., Lachance, R. P., Froling, M., Antal, M. J.., Tester, J. W. 2008. Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies. Energ Environ Sci 1:32–65.
Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., et al. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399(6735):429–436.
Petrou, E. C., Pappis, C. P. 2009. Biofuels: A survey on pros and cons. Energ Fuel 23(2):1055–1066.
Phillip, E. S. 1999. Organic chemical reactions in supercritical water. Chem Rev 99:603–621.
Pinzi, S., Garcia, I. L., Lopez-Gimenez, F. J., Luque de Castro, M. D., Dorado, G., Dorado, M. P. 2009. The ideal vegetable oil-based biodiesel composition: A review of social, economical and technical implications. Energ Fuel 23(5):2325–2341.
Pirkle, J. L., Kaufmann, R. B., Brody, D. J., et al. 1998. Exposure of the U.S. population to lead, 1991–1994. Environ Health Persp 106:745–750.
Prins, M. J., Ptasinski, K. J., Janssen, F. J. J. G. 2004. Exergetic optimisation of a production process of Fischer–Tropsch fuels from biomass. Fuel Proc Technol 86:375–389.
Ragauskas, A. J., Williams, C. K., Davison, B. H.., et al. 2006. The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311(5760):484–489.
Ramage, J., Scurlock, J. 1996. Biomass. In: Boyle, G., editor. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p 137–182.
Reed, T. B., Lerner, R. M. 1973. Methanol. Versatile fuel for immediate use. Science (Washington, DC, United States) 182:1299–1304.
,[RFA] Renewable Fuels Association. 2009. Ethanol Industry Statistics, Washington, DC.
Riedel, T., Claeys, M., Schulz, H., et al. 1999. Comparative study of FTS with H2/CO and H2/CO2 syngas using Fe and Co catalysts. Appl Catal A-Gen 186:201–213.
Robins, W. K., Hsu, C. S. 2000. Petroleum composition. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons.
Saga, K., Yokoyama, S., Imou, K., Kaizu, Y. 2008. A comparative study of the effect of CO2 emission reduction by several bioenergy production systems. Int Energy J 9:53–60.
Saka, S., Kusdiana, D. 2001. Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol. Fuel 80:225–231.
Salmenoja, K. 1993. Black-liquor gasification: Theoretical and experimental studies. Bioresource Technol 46:167–171.
Sanderson, M. A., Adler, P. R. 2008. Perennial forages as second generation bioenergy crops. Int J Mol Sci 9:768–788.
Santos, D. T., Sarrouh, B. F., Rivaldi, J. D., Converti, A., Silva, S. S. 2008. Use of sugarcane bagasse as biomaterial for cell immobilization for xylitol production. J Food Eng 86:542–548.
Sasaki, M., Goto, K., Tajima, K., Adschiri, T., Arai, K. 2002. Rapid and selective retro-aldol condensation of glucose to glycolaldehyde in supercritical water. Green Chem 4:285–287.
Sauve, S., Mcbride, M. B., Hendershot, W. H. 1997. Speciation of lead in contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 98:149–155.
Savoie, P., Descoteaux, S. 2004. Artificial drying of corn stover in mid-size bales. Can Biosys Eng 46:225–226.
Schmitz, T. G., Seale, J. L., Buzzanell, P. 2002. Brazil's domination of the world sugar market. In: Schmitz, A., Spreen, T. H., Messina, W. A.., Moss, C. B., editors. Sugar and Related Sweetener Markets: International Perspectives. Oxfordshire, CABI Publishing, pp. 123–139.
Schulz, H. 1999. Short history and present trends of FT synthesis. Appl Catal A-Gen 186:1–16.
Scott, D. S. 1988. Pyrolysis process for biomass. Canadian Patent No. 1241541, September.
Shaddix, C. R., Hardesty, D. R. 1999. Combustion properties of biomass flash pyrolysis oils: Final project report, Sandia Report (SAND99–8238) prepared by Sandia National Laboratories, California.
Shah, S., Sharma, S., Gupta, M. N. 2004. Biodiesel preparation by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha oil. Energ Fuel 18:154–159.
Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., Benemann, J., Roessler, P. 1998. A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program – Biodiesel from Algae. Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Report: NREL/TP-580-24190.
Sierra, R., Smith, A., Granda, C., Holtzapple, M. T. 2008. Producing fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Chem Eng Prog 104(8):S10–S18.
Sievers, C., Valenzuela-Olarte, M. B., Marzialetti, T., Musin, I., Agrawal, P. K., Jones, C. W. 2009. Ionic-liquid-phase hydrolysis of pine wood. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(3):1277–1286.
Sims, R. E. H. 2002. The Brilliance of Bioenergy: In Business and in Practice. London, Earthscan Publications.
Smeets, E. M. W., Faaij, A. P. C. 2007. Bioenergy potentials from forestry in 2050. An assessment of the drivers that determine the potential. Climatic Change 81:353–390.
Spath, P. L., Dayton, D. C. 2003. Preliminary screening: Technical and economic assessment of synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals with emphasis on the potential for biomass-derived syngas. NREL/TP-510–34929, December.
Speidel, H. K., Lightner, R. L., Ahmed, I. 2000. Biodegradability of new engineered fuels compared to conventional petroleum fuels and alternative fuels in current use. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 84–86:879–897.
Srivastava, A., Prasad, R. 2000. Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renew Sust Energ Rev 4:111–133.
Stelmachowski, M., Nowicki, L. 2003. Fuel from the synthesis gas-the role of process engineering. Appl Energ 74:85–93.
Steynberg, A. P., Dry, M. E., Davis, B. H., Breman, B. B. 2004. Fischer–Tropsch reactors. In: Steynberg, A., Dry, M., editors. Fischer–Tropsch Technology. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 64–96.
Sumathi, S., Chai, S. P., Mohamed, A. R. 2008. Utilization of oil palm as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 12(9):2404–2421.
Swenson, D. 2008. The economic impact of ethanol production in Iowa. Ames, IA, Iowa State University. Available from http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12865.pdf Accessed March 5, 2008.
Taylor, R. W., Berjoan, R., Coutures, J. P. 1980. Solar gasification of carbonaceous materials. Report No. UCRL-53063, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Livermore, CA, California University.
Theander, O. 1985. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and extractives. In: Overand, R. P., Mile, A. T., Mudge, L. K., editors. Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. London, Elsevier, pp. 35–60.
Tijmensen, M. J. A., Faaij, A. P. C., Hamelinck, C. N., Hardeveld, M. R. M. 2002. Exploration of the possibilities for production of Fischer Tropsch liquids and power via biomass gasification. Biomass Bioenerg 23:129–152.
Timell, T. E. 1967. Recent progress in the chemistry of wood hemicelluloses. Wood Sci Technol 1(1):45–70.
Trieb, F. 2000. Competitive solar thermal power stations until 2010: The challenge of market introduction. Renew Energ 19:163–171.
Tyner, W. E., Taheripour, F. 2007. Renewable energy policy alternatives for the future. Am J Agr Econ 89:1303–1310.
,[UCS] Union of Concerned Scientists. 2009. Heat-trapping gases. Available from: http://www.ucsusa.org/publications/catalyst/heat-trapping-gasses.html. Accessed August 2009.
,United Nations. 2006. The emerging biofuels market: Regulatory, trade and development implications. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, New York and Geneva.
,[UNDP] United Nations Development Programme. 2000. World Energy Assessment. Energy and the challenge of sustainability.
,[UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2007. Global Environment Outlook (GEO-4): Environment for development. UNEP, Kenya.
,UNEP. 2008. UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe, GEO Data Portal. Compiled from CDIAC, Marland.G. T.A. Boden, and R.J. Anders. 2008. Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions.
,University of Cambridge. 2009. The history behind the ozone hole. Available from: http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part1.html. Accessed July 2009.
,U.S. Congress. 2007. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
,[USDA] United States Department of Agriculture. 2003. Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division Foreign Agricultural Service. EU: Biodiesel Industry Expanding Use of Oilseeds. Available from: http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2003/09/biodiesel3/USDA. 2006. The economic feasibility of ethanol production from sugar in the United States. Washington DC, July. Available from: http://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdf.
,[U.S. DOE] U.S. Department of Energy. 2006. Biodiesel handling and use guidelines. DOE /GO-102006–2358, Third Edition, Oak Ridge, TN.
,U.S. DOE. 2008. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Available from: https://eed.llnl.gov. Accessed March 11, 2009.
,U.S. DOE. 2009. Energy KIDS. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts. Accessed March 11, 2009.
,U.S. DOE, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EFRE). 2009. Ethanol myths and facts. Available from: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/printable_versions/ethanol_myths_facts.html. Accessed August 2009.
,[U.S. EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions. Draft Technical Report, EPA420-P-02–001, October.
,U.S. EPA. 2009a. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/2007/graphics/Air_pollution_pathways_textbox.gif. Accessed April 2009.
,U.S. EPA. 2009b. Nitrogen oxides. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/nox.htm. Accessed April 2009.
,U.S. EPA. 2009c. Sulfur oxide. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/so2.htm. Accessed April 2009.
,U.S. EPA. 2009d. Mercury modeling in watersheds and water bodies. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/athens/research/modeling/mercury./<τπ/> Accessed April 2009.
Utlu, Z. 2007. Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil. Energy Sources 29:1295–1304.
Van, G. J., Shanks, B., Pruszko, R., Clements, D., Knothe, G. 2004. Biodiesel Production Technology. Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Paper Contract No.: DE-AC36–99-GO10337.
Steen, E., Claeys, M. 2008. Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for the biomass-to-liquid process. Chem Eng Technol 31(5):655–666.
Vidal, B. J. W. 2006. A photosynthesis civilization II (A Civilizac-ão da Fotossíntese II). See also: http://www.institutodosol.org.br/artigos.asp#S.
Wagner, W., Pruss, A. 2002. The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the thermodynamic properties of ordinary water substance for general and scientific use. J Phys Chem Ref Data 31(2):387–535.
Walker, J. D., Petrakis, L., Colwell, R. R. 1976. Comparison of biodegradability of crude and fuel oils. Can J Microbiol 22:598–602.
Walter, A., Cortez, L. 1999. An historical overview of the Brazilian bioethanol program. Renew Energ Dev 11:2–4.
Walters, C. C. 2006. The origin of petroleum. Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing 1:79–101.
Wardle, D. A. 2003. Global sale of green air travel supported using biodiesel. Renew Sust Energ Rev 7(1):1–64.
,[WEC] World Energy Council. 2004. Survey of energy resources. London, WEC.
Wenzl, H. F. J. 1970. The Chemical Technology of Wod. New York, NY, Academic Press.
White, D. H., Wolf, D. 1987. A continuous extruder-feeder for reactor systems for biomass fuels processing. Energ Biomass Wastes 10:1685–1688.
White, D. H., Wolf, D. 1995. Direct biomass liquefaction by an extruder-feeder system. Chem Eng Commun 135: 1–19.
,[WHO] World Health Organization. 2005. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.WHO, Switzerland.
Williams, R. H., Larson, E. D. 1996. Biomass gasifier gas turbine power generating technology. Biomass Bioenerg 10(2–3):149–166.
Witze, A. 2007. Energy: That's oil, folks…Nature 445:14–17.
Wolfson, A., Litvak, G., Dlugy, C., Shotland, Y., Tavor, D. 2009. Employing crude glycerol from biodiesel production as an alternative green reaction medium. Ind Crop Prod 30(1):78–81.
Wu, B. S., Bai, L., Xiang, H. W., Li, Y. W., Zhang, Z. X., Zhong, B. 2004. An active iron catalyst containing sulfur for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Fuel 83:205–512.
Yamaguchi, T. 1998. Structure of subcritical and supercritical hydrogen-bonded liquids and solutions. J Mol Liq 78:43–50.
Yang, H., Zhou, Y., Liu, J. 2009. Land and water requirements of biofuel and implications for food supply and the environment in China. Energ Policy 37:1876–1885.
Yesodharan, S. 2002. Supercritical water oxidation: An environmentally safe method for the disposal of organic wastes. Curr Sci 82(9–10):1112–1122.
Yu, Y., Lou, X., Wu, H. W. 2008. Some recent advances in hydrolysis of biomass in hot-compressed water and its comparisons with other hydrolysis methods. Energ Fuel 22(1):46–60.
Yudovich, Ya. E., Ketris, M. P. 2005. Mercury in coal: A review. Part 1. Geochemistry. Int J Coal Geol 62(3):107–134.
Yung, M. M., Jablonski, W. S., Magrini-Bair, K. A. 2009. Review of catalytic conditioning of biomass-derived syngas. Energ Fuel 23(4):1874–1887.
Zhang, B., Keitz, M., Valentas, K. 2008. Thermal effects on hydrothermal biomass liquefaction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 147:143–150.
Zhang, Q., Chang, J., Wang, T. J., Xu, Y. 2007. Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research. Energ Convers Manage 48:87–92.
Zhang, X., Peterson, C., Reece, D., Haws, R., Moller, G. 1998. Biodegradability of biodiesel in the aquatic environment. Transactions of the ASAE 41:1423–1430.
Zhang, Y., Dub, M. A., McLean, D. D., Kates, M. 2003. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. BioresourceTechnol 90:229–240.
Zhao, C., Kou, Y., Lemonidou, A. A., Li, X. B., Lercher, J. A. 2009. Highly selective catalytic conversion of phenolic bio-oil to alkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48(22):3987–3990, S3987/1–S3987/6.
Zhu, L., O'Dwyer, J. P., Chang, V. S., Granda, C. B., Holtzapple, M. T. 2008. Structural features affecting biomass enzymatic digestibility. Biores Technol 99(9):3817–3828.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.