Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 15
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2023
Print publication year:
2023
Online ISBN:
9781009063623
Subjects:
History of Religion, Sociology of Religion, Religion, Religion: General Interest

Book description

The Hare Krishna movement is a modern manifestation of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, which has its roots in sixteenth century West Bengal, India. The tradition was institutionalized in a modern form when it was registered as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York City in 1966 by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Its mission was to present bhakti-yoga (the yoga of devotion) to a Western audience. This Element introduces the historical origins of the movement and examines its beliefs and practices within the context of its institutional and community dynamics. It also considers the Hare Krishna movement's changing relationship with mainstream society and its shifting demographic makeup in tandem with key challenges and controversies that have beset the movement throughout its history. The Element concludes by considering how the movement's responses to a new set of issues and challenges are pivotal for its future direction in the twenty-first century.

References

Gocara, Akincana. (2019). “ISKCON Performs the First Hare Krishna Gay Marriage Ceremony in Brazil.” AS IT IS, October 24. https://rfranco1008.blogspot.com/2019/10/iskcon-performs-first-hare-krishna-gay.html.
Anderson, J. (1986). “The Hare Krishna Movement in the USSR.” Religion in Communist Lands 14(3), 316–17.
Press, Associated. (1996). “Ex-Hare Krishna Leader Gets 20-Year Sentence.” New York Times, August 29. www.nytimes.com/1996/08/29/us/ex-hare-krishna-leader-gets-20-year-sentence.html.
Godhead, Back To. (1995). “Persecution in Armenia!” Back To Godhead, July 1. www.backtogodhead.in/persecution-in-armenia/.
News, BBC. (2011). “Russia Court Declares Hindu Book Bhagvad Gita Legal.” BBC News, December 28. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16344615.
Trustees, BBT. (2008). “BBT Statement on Annotating Srila Prabhupada’s Books.” ISKCON News, July 2. https://iskconnews.org/bbt-statement-on-annotating-srila-prabhupadas-books/.
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. (2012). “Controversies.” http://bbtedit.com/controversies.
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. (no date). “Bhaktivedanta Vedabase.” https://vedabase.io/en/.
Bhaktivedanta Institute. (2021). “About Us.” http://binstitute.org/bhaktivedanta-institute/.
Blumetti, J. (2019). “‘It’s Latent Misogyny’: Hare Krishnas Divided over Whether to Allow Female Gurus.” Guardian, June 4. www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/04/hare-krishna-india-hinduism-florida-women.
Bromley, D. G. and Melton, J. G. (2012). “Reconceptualizing Types of Religious Organization: Dominant, Sectarian, Alternative, and Emergent Tradition Groups.” Nova Religio 15(3), 428. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.4.
Broo, M. (2003). As Good as God: The Guru in Gaudiya Vaisnavism. Åbo, Finland: Åbo Akademi University Press.
Bryant, E. F. and Ekstrand, M. L. (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Buniatyan, G. and Buniatyan, S. (2007). Salted Bread: A True Story. Badger, CO: Torchlight Publishing.
Burt, A. R. (2013). “Leading the Hare Krishna Movement: The Crisis of Succession in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, 1977–1987.” Ph.D. thesis. University of Leeds.
Burt, A. R. (2019). “An Uncertain Future: The Issue of Succession in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.” In Knott, K. and Francis, M., eds., Minority Religions and Uncertainty. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 8699.
Čargonja, H. (2022). “Realisations, Arrangements, and Ecstasies: Narratives of Religious Experience in the Hare Kṛṣṇa Movement.” Journal of Hindu Studies 15(2), 121–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiac005.
Carrette, J. (2013). Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.
Chatterji, A. P., Hansen, T. B., and Jaffrelot, C. (2019). Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078171.001.0001.
Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 1, California. (1992). George v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness of California. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1775782.html.
Crnic, A. (2009). “Cult versus Church Religiosity: Comparative Study of Hare Krishna Devotees and Catholics in Slovenia.” Social Compass 56(1), 117–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768608100346.
Daner, F. J. (1976). The American Children of Krishna: A Study of the Hare Krishna Movement. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Das, Achyutananda. (2012). Blazing Sadhus. CMB Books.
Das, Kalyana Giriraj. (2022). “Omicron Variant of Corona Virus Hits ISKCON Temples.” ISKCON News, January 8. https://iskconnews.org/omicron-variant-of-corona-virus-hits-iskcon-temples/.
Das, R. P. (1996). “‘Vedic’ in the Terminology of Prabhupada and His Followers.” ISKCON Communications Journal 4(2). http://content.iskcon.org/icj/4_2/4_2vedic.html.
Dasa, Ajit Krishna. (no date). “About.” Arsa-Prayoga: Can We Change Srila Prabhupada’s Books? https://arsaprayoga.com/about/.
Dasa, Anuttama. (2022). “Devotees in Ukraine Continue on Despite Fears, Instability.” ISKCON News, February 25. https://iskconnews.org/devotees-in-ukraine-continue-on-despite-fears-instability/.
Dasa, Madhudvisa. (1998). “Is ISKCON Editing or Changing Prabhupada’s Books?” BookChanges.com. https://bookchanges.com/is-iskcon-editing-or-changing-prabhupada%e2%80%99s-books/.
Dasa, Ravindra Svarupa. (2014). Srila Prabhupada: The Founder-Acarya of ISKCON. ISKCON GBC Press. www.founderacharya.com/book/.
Dasa, Satyanarayana and Dasa, Kundali. (2019). In Vaikuntha Not Even the Leaves Fall: A Treatise on the Bondage of the Jiva. Vrindavan, India: Jiva Institute of Vaishnava Studies.
Dasa, Shukavak. (1986). “The Problem of Apostasy in Krishna Consciousness.Vaishnava Journal 1(3–4), 3942. http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/VJ-3.pdf.
Dasa, Venkata Bhatta. (2009). “Hridayananda Goswami Clarifies Position on Sex and Marriage.” ISKCON News, April 18. https://iskconnews.org/hridayananda-goswami-clarifies-position-on-sex-and-marriage/.
Dasi, Kumari Kunti and Das, Madan Gopal. (2022). “Narayani Devi Dasi Initiates Her First Diksa Disciple.” ISKCON News, August 23. https://iskconnews.org/narayani-devi-dasi-initiates-her-first-diksa-disciple/.
Dasi, Visakha. (2000). “Women in ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 8(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/8_1/visakha.html.
Davie, G. (1990). “Believing without Belonging: Is This the Future of Religion in Britain?Social Compass 37(4), 455–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776890037004004.
Desai, K. (1996). The Final Order. www.iskconirm.com/docs/pdf/tfo.pdf.
Devi Dasi, Radha. (1998). “Participation, Protection and Patriarchy: An International Model for the Role of Women in ISKCON.ISKCON Communications Journal 6(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_1/6_1radha.html.
Dines, M. (2015). “The Sacralization of Straightedge Punk: Bhakti-yoga, Nada Brahma and the Divine Received Embodiment of Krishnacore.Muzikološki Zbornik 50(2), 147–56. https://doi.org/10.4312/mz.50.2.147-156.
Dwyer, G. and Cole, R. J., eds. (2007). The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change. London: I. B. Tauris.
Dwyer, G. and Cole, R. J., eds. (2013). Hare Krishna in the Modern World. London: Arktos.
Ebaugh, H. R. (2004). “Religion across Borders: Transnational Religious Ties.” Asian Journal of Social Science 32(2), 216–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568531041705086.
Eidson, J. R., Feyissa, D., Fuest, V. et al. (2017). “From Identification to Framing and Alignment: A New Approach to the Comparative Analysis of Collective Identities.” Current Anthropology 58(3), 340–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/691970.
Eremenko, A. (2014). “Persecuted by Soviets, Russia’s Hare Krishnas Still Fight for Acceptance (Video).” Moscow Times, July 11. www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/07/11/persecuted-by-soviets-russias-hare-krishnas-still-fight-for-acceptance-video-a37234.
Fahy, J. (2017). “Failing Well: Accommodating Vices in an Ideal Vedic City.” HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory 7(2), 331–50. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.2.030.
Fahy, J. (2018). “The Constructive Ambiguity of Vedic Culture in ISKCON Mayapur.” Journal of Hindu Studies 11(3), 234–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiy008.
Fahy, J. (2019a). Becoming Vaishnava in an Ideal Vedic City. New York, NJ: Berghahn Books.
Fahy, J. (2019b). “Learning to Love Krishna: A Living Theology of Moral Emotions.” Ethnos 84(1), 142–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2017.1383500.
Farkas, J. (2021). “Eco Valley or New Vraja Dham? Competing Emic Interpretations of the Hungarian Krishna Valley.” Religions 12(8), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080622.
Food for Life Global. (2022a). “About Food for Life Global.” Website. https://ffl.org/.
Food for Life Global. (2022b). “Response to Crisis in Ukraine,” March 1. https://ffl.org/projects/response-to-crisis-in-ukraine/.
Fox, M. (2011). “Swami Bhaktipada, Ex-Hare Krishna Leader, Dies at 74.” New York Times, October 24. www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/us/swami-bhaktipada-ex-hare-krishna-leader-dies-at-74.html.
Freeman, J. (1979). “Resource Mobilization and Strategy.” In Zald, M. N. and McCarthy, J. D., eds., The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control and Tactics. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, pp. 167–89.
Fuller, J. D. (2005). “Reading, Writing, and Reclaiming: Bhaktivinoda Thakura and the Modernization of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.” Journal of Vaishnava Studies 13, 7594.
GALVA-108. (2022). Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association (GALVA-108). Facebook page. www.facebook.com/galva108/.
GALVA-108. (no date). “About GALVA-108.” www.galva108.org/about-galva-108.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. 1st ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1980a). Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta, Volume 1. Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. https://vedabase.io/en/library/spl/1/.
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1980b). Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta, Volume 2. Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. https://vedabase.io/en/library/spl/2/.
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993a). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. A Lifetime in Preparation, India 1896–1965. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993b). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Only He Could Lead Them, San Francisco/India 1967. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993c). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Planting the Seed, New York City 1965–66. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Goswami, Satsvarupa das. (1993d). Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta: A Biography of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Uniting Two Worlds 1975–77. Mumbai: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (1997). “The Perils of Succession: Heresies of Authority and Continuity in the Hare Krishna Movement.” ISKCON Communications Journal 5(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html.
Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (1999). TKG’s Diary: Prabhupada’s Final Days. 2nd ed. Dallas, TX: Pundits Press.
Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (2012). A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Edited by Schweig, G. M.. New York: Oxford University Press.
Govinda Valley. (no date). “Who We Are.” Website. www.govindavalley.com.au/who-we-are.
Greene, J. M. (2016). Swami in a Strange Land: How Krishna Came to the West. San Rafael, CA: Mandala Publishing.
Gusfield, J. (1981). “Social Movements and Social Change: Perspectives of Linearity and Fluidity.” In Kriesberg, L., ed., Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 317–39.
Haddon, M. (2013a). “Anthropological Proselytism: Reflexive Questions for a Hare Krishna Ethnography.” Australian Journal of Anthropology 24(3), 250–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12050.
Haddon, M. (2013b). “Old, New, Borrowed, Blue: ISKCON’s Troubled History with Gaudiya Vaisnavism.” Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 4(2), 218–32.
Haddon, M. (2013c). “Speaking of Krishna: Rhetoric and Revelation in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).” Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 4(1), 4969. https://doi.org/10.5840/asrr20134118.
Hall, D. D. (1997). “Introduction.” In Hall, D. D., ed., Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. viixiv.
Hatton, T. J. (2015). “United States Immigration Policy: The 1965 Act and its Consequences.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 117(2), 347–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12094.
Heelas, P. and Woodhead, L., eds. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hopkins, T. J. (1989). “The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West.” In Bromley, D. G. and Shinn, L. D., eds., Krishna Consciousness in the West. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, pp. 3554.
Hopkins, T. J. (1998). “Why Should ISKCON Study Its own History?ISKCON Communications Journal 6(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_2/62hopkins.html.
Hopkins, T. J. (1999). “Why Should ISKCON Study its own History? (Addendum).” ISKCON Communications Journal 7(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_1/71hopkins.html.
Hridayananda das Goswami. (2004). “Gay Monogamy by Hridayananda dasa Goswami.” ISKCON Media Vedic Library. https://sites.google.com/a/iskconmedia.com/docs/controversial/gay-monogamy-by-hridayananda-dasa-goswami.
Introvigne, M. (1997). “Religious Liberty in Western Europe.” ISKCON Communications Journal 5(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_2/5_2liberty.html.
Introvigne, M. (2021). “Russia Hit by European Court for Discriminating Krishnas, Unification Church,” November 29. https://bitterwinter.org/russia-hit-by-european-court/.
ISKCON. (2016a). “Govardhan Eco Village Maharashtra, ISKCON Centres.” Website. https://centres.iskcon.org/centre/govardhan-eco-village-maharashtra/.
ISKCON. (2016b). “ISKCON Centres: The Official Global Directory of Temples and Other Centres in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.” https://centres.iskcon.org/.
ISKCON Child Protection Office. (2018). “ISKCON Child Protection Office, History.” Website www.iskconchildprotection.org/-about.
ISKCON Communications Europe. (1994). “Persecution of Hare Krishna Members in Armenia.” ISKCON Communications Journal 2(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/2_2/armenia.html.
ISKCON Communications Journal. (1995). “Update on the Repression of Religious Freedom in Armenia.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_1/ice.html.
ISKCON GBC. (2019). “GBC Approves Vaishnavi Diksa Gurus in ISKCON.” ISKCON News, October 18. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-approves-vaishnavi-diksa-gurus-in-iskcon/.
ISKCON GBC. (2022a). “Female Diksa Guru.” https://gbc.iskcon.org/female-diksa-guru/.
ISKCON GBC. (2022b). “List of Initiating Gurus in ISKCON.” https://gbc.iskcon.org/list-of-initiating-gurus-in-iskcon/.
ISKCON GBC. (2022c). “Members’ Profiles.” https://gbc.iskcon.org/members-profile/.
ISKCON GBC Executive Committee. (2008). “GBC Statement Reaffirms Vaishnava Respect for Women.” ISKCON News, May 29. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-statement-reaffirms-vaishnava-respect-for-women/.
ISKCON GBC Press. (1996). Our Original Position. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (1977). “GBC Meets with Srila Prabhupada.” Bhaktivedanta Archives, Sandy Ridge, NC.
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (1978). “GBC Resolutions.”
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (1987). “GBC Resolutions.”
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (1988). “GBC Resolutions.”
ISKCON Governing Body Commission. (2015). “Joint Statement from the GBC and Hridayananda Das Goswami,” March 17. https://gbc.iskcon.org/statement-regarding-krishna-west/.
ISKCON News. (2013). “Moscow May Lose Its Sole Hare Krishna Temple.” ISKCON News, August 2. https://iskconnews.org/moscow-may-lose-its-sole-hare-krishna-temple/.
ISKCON News. (2021). “GBC Amends and Affirms Law Allowing Vaisnavis to Initiate.” ISKCON News, December 22. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-amends-and-affirms-law-allowing-vaisnavis-to-initiate/.
ISKCON News Staff. (2022a). “UPDATED: Verified Donations for Ukraine.” ISKCON News, April 28. https://iskconnews.org/verified-donations-for-ukraine/.
ISKCON News Staff. (2022b). “GBC Pauses Vaishnavi Diksa Gurus, Again.” ISKCON News, December 23. https://iskconnews.org/gbc-pauses-vaishnavi-diksa-gurus-again/.
ISKCON Relief. (2022). “ISKCON Relief Ukraine Report Week 16,” June 22. http://iskconrelief.org/iskcon-relief-ukraine-report-week-16/.
ISKCON Resolve. (no date). “Our Services.” Website. www.iskconresolve.org/services.
ISKCON Revival Movement. (2022a). Website. www.iskconirm.com.
ISKCON Revival Movement. (2022b). Facebook page. www.facebook.com/iskconirm/.
ISKCON Revival Movement. (2022c). “Back to Prabhupada.” Twitter. https://twitter.com/iskconIRM
ISKCON Revival Movement. (2022d). “FAQ.” Website. www.iskconirm.com/faq1/.
Jakupko, D. V. (1986). “The Persecution of the Hare Krishna Movement in the U. S. S. R.” www.hkussr.com/hkdoc01sec1p1.htm.
Jenkins, J. C. (1983). “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 9, 527–53.
Jones, C. and Ryan, J. D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York, NY: Facts On File.
Judah, S. (1974). Hare Krishna and the Counterculture. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Kamarás, I. (1999). “Devotees of Krishna in Hungary.” ISKCON Communications Journal 7(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_2/72kamaras.html.
Karapanagiotis, N. (2021). Branding Bhakti: Krishna Consciousness and the Makeover of a Movement. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ketola, K. (2008). The Founder of the Hare Krishnas as Seen by Devotees: A Cognitive Study of Religious Charisma. Leiden: Brill.
Knott, K. (1986). My Sweet Lord: The Hare Krishna Movement. Wellingborough, UK: The Aquarian Press.
Knott, K. (1993). “Contemporary Theological Trends in the Hare Krsna Movement: A Theology of Religions.” ISKCON Communications Journal 1(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/1_1/knott.html.
Knott, K. (1994). “Problems in the Interpretation of Vedic Literature: The Perennial Battle between the Scholar and the Devotee.” ISKCON Communications Journal 1(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/1_2/12knott.html.
Knott, K. (1995a). “Insider and Outsider Perceptions of Prabhupada.” ISKCON Communications Journal 5(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html.
Knott, K. (1995b). “Recent Statements about ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_1/knott.html.
Knott, K. (1995c). “The Debate about Women in the Hare Krishna Movement.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(2). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_2/3_2knott.html.
Knott, K. (2004). “Healing the Heart of ISKCON: The Place of Women.” In Bryant, E. F. and Ekstrand, M. L., eds., The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 291311.
Kramer, S. (2021). “Key Findings about the Religious Composition of India.” Pew Research Center, September 21. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/21/key-findings-about-the-religious-composition-of-india/.
Lawrence, B. B. (2002). New Faiths, Old Fears: Muslims and Other Asian Immigrants in American Religious Life. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/lawr11520.
Leman, J. and Roos, H. (2007). “The Process of Growth in Krishna Consciousness and Sacredness in Belgium.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 22(3), 327–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537900701637486.
Lestar, T. (2018). “Disconnecting from Technology on Hare Krishna Farms.” Human Geography 11(3), 4356. https://doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100304.
Lestar, T. (2020). “Religions Going Nuts? Faith-Based Veganism and Transformative Learning in the Context of Sustainability Transitions (Case 1: The Hare Krishna Movement).” Journal of Organizational Change Management 33(5), 805–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2019-0274.
Lewis, J. R. and Lewis, S. M., eds. (2009). Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Gaurangi, Lilamayi. (2015). “The Reassertion of Women Within ISKCON: Vaishnavis and Their Critics.” ISKCON Vaishnavi Ministry, May 8. https://vaishnaviministry.org/the-reassertion-of-women-within-iskcon-vaishnavis-and-their-critics/.
Loiwal, M. (2020). “Bengal: Iskcon Rath Yatra Goes digital, Will Cover 6 Continents in 24 Hours Tomorrow.” India Today, June 22. www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-mayapur-iskcon-rath-yatra-digital-continents-1691525-2020-06-22.
Lucia, A. (2015). “How ISKCON Took Hinduism to the US Heartland.” Scroll.in, January 17. https://scroll.in. http://scroll.in/article/700557/how-iskcon-took-hinduism-to-the-us-heartland.
Madsen, F. (2000). “Asrama, Yukta-vairagya et Structure d’organisation de l’ISKCON.” Social Compass 47(2), 187204. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047002004.
Mason, M., Singleton, A., and Webber, R. (2007). “The Spirituality of Young Australians.” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality 12(2), 149–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13644360701467451.
McCarthy, J. D. and Zald, M. N. (1977). “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82(6), 1212–41. https://doi.org/10.1086/226464.
McCutcheon, R. T., ed. (1999). The Insider/Outsider Problem in the Study of Religion: A Reader. London: Cassell.
McGuire, M. B. (2008). Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/3374.
Melton, J. G. (1987). “How New Is New? The Flowering of the ‘New’ Religious Consciousness since 1965.” In Bromley, D. G. and Hammond, P. E., eds., The Future of New Religious Movements. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, pp. 4656.
Melton, J. G. (2004). “Perspective: Toward a Definition of ‘New Religion’.Nova Religio 8(1), 7387. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2004.8.1.73.
Melton, J. G. (2007a). “Introducing and Defining the Concept of a New Religion.” In Bromley, D. G., ed., Teaching New Religious Movements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 2940.
Melton, J. G. (2007b). “Perspective: New New Religions: Revisiting a Concept.” Nova Religio 10(4), 103–12. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2007.10.4.103.
Mitsuhara, T. V. (2019). “Moving Toward Utopia: Language, Empathy, and Chastity among Mobile Mothers and Children in Mayapur, West Bengal.” Ph.D. thesis. University of California–Los Angeles.
Goswami, Mukunda. (1995). “NRM Is a Four-Letter Word: The Language of Oppression.” ISKCON Communications Journal 3(2), 73–5. https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_2/3_2mg.html.
Muster, N. J. (2004). “Life as a Woman on Watseka Avenue: Personal Story I.” In Bryant, E. F. and Ekstrand, M. L., eds., The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 312–20.
Vrindaban, New. (2021a). “History.” Website. www.newvrindaban.com/history.
Vrindaban, New. (2021b). “Your Visit.” Website.www.newvrindaban.com/your-visit.
Nye, M. (1996). “Hare Krishna and Sanatan Dharm in Britain: The Campaign for Bhaktivedanta Manor.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 11(1), 3756. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909608580754.
Nye, M. (1998). “Minority Religious Groups and Religious Freedom in England: The ISKCON Temple at Bhaktivedanta Manor.” Journal of Church and State 40(2), 411–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/40.2.411.
Nye, M. (2001). Multiculturalism and Minority Religions in Britain: Krishna Consciousness, Religious Freedom and the Politics of Location. London: Routledge.
O’Connell, J. T. (2019). “Institutionalizing Prema-Bhakti.” In O’Connell, J. T. and Lutjeharms, R., eds., Caitanya Vaiṣṇavism in Bengal: Social Impact and Historical Implications. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 2749.
Orchowski, M. S. (2015). The Law That Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Orsi, R. A. (2002). The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Partridge, C. H. (2005). The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. London: T & T Clark.
Persson, A. (2019). Framing Social Interaction: Continuities and Cracks in Goffman’s Frame Analysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315582931.
Petrova, M. (2013). “Underground Hindu and Buddhist-Inspired Religious Movements in Soviet Russia.” Usuteaduslik Ajakiri 1(63), 99115.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1971). Caitanya-bhāgavata, Antya-khaṇḍa 4.126. Los Angeles. https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/710702cb-los-angeles/.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1976). “Letter to: All Governing Board Commissioners.” Bhaktivedanta Vedabase, May 19. https://vedabase.io/en/library/letters/letter-to-all-governing-board-commissioners/.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1977). Srimad-Bhagavatam. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/3/20/26/?query=homosexual#bb24381.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (1992). Srila Prabhupada Siksamrta: Nectarian Instructions from the Letters of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (2010). Bhagavad-gita As It Is. E-book. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (2011). The Nectar of Instruction. E-book. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. (2012). The Nectar of Devotion: The Complete Science of Bhakti-Yoga. E-book. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Prabhupada, A. C. B. S. and Goswami, Tamal Krishna. (1977). “Room Conversation.” Bhaktivedanta Vedabase, July 7. https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/770707r1vrn/.
Pranskevičiūtė, R. and Juras, T. (2014). “Acting in the Underground: Life as a Hare Krishna Devotee in the Soviet Republic of Lithuania (1979–1989).” Religion and Society in Central and Eastern Europe 7(1), 921.
Radhadesh. (2022). “Radhadesh.” Facebook page. www.facebook.com/Radhadesh.
Radhadesh. (no date). “Radhadesh Chateau de Petite Somme.” Website. https://radhadesh.com/.
Robison, C. (2016). “Daiva Varṇāśrama Dharma and the Formation of Modern Vaiṣṇava Subjects in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Mumbai.” Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies 1(2). https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC200060.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1982). “Recruitment Strategies, Ideology, and Organization in the Hare Krishna Movement.” Social Problems 29, 399410.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1985). Hare Krishna in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Rochford, E. B., Jr. (1988). “Movement and Public in Conflict: Values, Finances and the Decline of Hare Krishna.” In Richardson, J. T., ed., Money and Power in the New Religions. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, pp. 271303.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1989). “Factionalism, Group Defection, and Schism in the Hare Krishna Movement.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28, 162–79.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1998). “Reactions of Hare Krishna Devotees to Scandals of Leaders’ Misconduct.” In Shupe, A. D., ed., Wolves within the Fold: Religious Leadership and Abuses of Power. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 101–17.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (1999). “Prabhupada Centennial Survey: A Summary of the Final Report.” ISKCON Communications Journal 7(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_1/71rochford.html.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2007a). Hare Krishna Transformed. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2007b). “Social Building Blocks of New Religious Movements: Organization and Leadership.” In Bromley, D. G. and Henking, S., eds., Teaching New Religious Movements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 159–85.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2009). “Succession, Religious Switching, and Schism in the Hare Krishna Movement.” In Lewis, J. R. and Lewis, S. M., eds., Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 265–86.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2016). “The Changing Faces of God: The Hinduization of the Hare Krishna Movement.” In Barker, E., ed., Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. London: Routledge, pp. 3146.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2018). “Aligning Hare Krishna: Political Activists, Hippies, and Hindus.” Nova Religio 22(1), 3458. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.34.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2020). “Boundary and Identity Work among Hare Krishna Children.” In Ridgely, S. B., ed., The Study of Children in Religions: A Methods Handbook. New York: New York University Press, pp. 95107. https://doi.org/10.18574/9780814777466-009.
Rochford, E. B. Jr. and Heinlein, J. (1998). “Child Abuse in the Hare Krishna Movement: 1971–1986.” ISKCON Communications Journal 6(1). https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_1/6_1rochford.html.
Roof, W. C. (2001). Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rose, K. S. (2020). “Lotuses in Muddy Water: Fracked Gas and the Hare Krishnas at New Vrindaban, West Virginia.” American Quarterly 72(3), 749–69. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2020.0043.
Rosen, S. (2006). Essential Hinduism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Shani, G. (2021). “Towards a Hindu Rashtra: Hindutva, Religion, and Nationalism in India.” Religion, State and Society 49(3), 264–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2021.1947731.
Sharma, S. (2014). Requesting Travel Restrictions Placed on HH Hridayananda Das Goswami to Be Lifted. Change.org. www.change.org/p/iskcon-gbc-requesting-travel-restrictions-placed-on-hh-hridayananda-das-goswami-to-be-lifted.
Sheludko, M. (2022). “Russo-Ukrainian War and Problems of Violence Justification among Russian and Ukrainian Vaishnavas.” Paper presented at The Intersection of Hinduism and Contemporary Society conference, Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, June 2–3. https://ochs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Intersection-without-banner-art.pdf.
Shinn, L. D. (1987). The Dark Lord: Cult Images and the Hare Krishnas in America. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.
Sinha, V. (2019). “Modern Hindu Diaspora(s).” In Brekke, T., ed., The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 179–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0011.
Smullen, M. (2019). “New North Carolina School ‘Goloka’ Sees Rapid Growth.” ISKCON News, October 14. https://iskconnews.org/new-north-carolina-school-goloka-sees-rapid-growth,7124/.
Smullen, M. (2020). “Virtual Bhakti Retreat for Spanish Speakers Celebrates Tenth Installment.” ISKCON News, August 28. https://iskconnews.org/virtual-bhakti-retreat-for-spanish-speakers-celebrates-tenth-installment,7477/.
Smullen, M. (2021a). “ISKCON Communications Journal Returns to Cover Important Issues After 15-Year Hiatus.” ISKCON News, February 27. https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-communications-journal-returns-to-cover-important-issues-after-15-year-hiatus/.
Smullen, M. (2021b). “ISKCON Toronto to Hold Ratha-Yatra Drive-Thru Darshan.” ISKCON News, July 17. https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-toronto-to-hold-ratha-yatra-drive-thru-darshan,7915/.
Snow, D. A., Ekland-Olson, S., and Zurcher, L. A. (1980). “Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment.” American Sociological Review 45(5), 787801. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094895.
Snow, D. A., Rochford, E. B. Jr., Worden, S. K., and Benford, R. D. (1986). “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51(5), 464–81.
Squarcini, F. (2000). “In Search of Identity within the Hare Krishna Movement: Memory, Oblivion and Thought Style.” Social Compass 47(2), 253–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047002008.
Sri Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir Temple of the Vedic Planetarium. (2013). “Founder’s Vision.” https://tovp.org/the-vision/.
Stark, R. (1996). “Why Religious Movements Succeed or Fail: A Revised General Model.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 11(2), 133–46.
Stark, R. and Finke, R. (2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
United Nations. (no date). “LGBTQI+.” www.un.org/en/fight-racism/vulnerable-groups/lgbtqi-plus.
US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. (1993). United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Keith Gordon Ham, Justia. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/998/1247/48079/.
Vaishnavas, CARE. (2020). “Our Mission.” Website. www.vaisnavascare.org/our-mission
Ministry, Vaishnavi. (2021). “About Vaishnavi Ministry.” Website. https://vaishnaviministry.org/about-vaishnavi-ministry/.
Vande Berg, T. and Kniss, F. (2008). “ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement.” Sociological Quarterly 49(1), 79104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x.
VIHE. (2019). “About VIHE.” Website. https://vihe.org/retreats/aboutvihe.html.
VIHE. (2023). “Govardhana Retreat and Holy Name Retreat.” Website. https://vihe.org/retreats/.
Wilhelm, A. (2014). “Srila Prabhupada and the Gays, GALVA-108.” www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/07/srila-prabhupada-and-the-gays.
Witzel, M. (2003). “Vedas and Upanisads.” In Flood, G., ed., The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 6898.
Zack, A. (2002). “A Dispute Resolution Programme for ISKCON.” ISKCON Communications Journal 10. https://content.iskcon.org/icj/10/01-zack.html.
Zaidman, N. (2000). “The Integration of Indian Immigrants to Temples Run by North Americans.” Social Compass 47(2), 205–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047002005.
Zald, M. N. and McCarthy, J. D., eds. (2017). Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays. 1st ed. London: Routledge.
Zeller, B. E. (2021). “New Religious Movement Responses to COVID: Frame Alignment Strategies and Social Context.” Approaching Religion 11(2), 6281. https://doi.org/10.30664/ar.107731.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.