Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 13
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      14 July 2023
      03 August 2023
      ISBN:
      9781009304610
      9781009304597
      Dimensions:
      Weight & Pages:
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.15kg, 92 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    The immune system maintains homeostasis within human organisms and protects them from pathogenic threats. But sometimes it cannot provide this protection on its own, and vaccines may be necessary to ensure our health and survival. Immune functions can become dysregulated and result in autoimmune disease or multi-system damage. Pharmacological and genomic interventions may activate or modulate immune functions to prevent these outcomes. This Element is an analysis and discussion of some of the ethical implications of these interventions. After describing the main components of innate and adaptive immunity and how it might be enhanced, it considers the potential benefit and harm from vaccines against addiction and viruses, immunotherapy for cancer, neuroimmunomodulating agents to prevent or treat neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, and gene editing of immunity to enable xenotransplantation and prevent infectious disease. The Element concludes with an exploration of a possible outcome of natural competition between humans and microbes.

    References

    Abbas, Abul, Lichtman, Andrew, and Pillai, Shiv. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018.
    Adashi, Eli, and Ivan Glenn, Cohen. CRISPR Immunity: A Case Study for Justified Somatic Genetic Modification? Journal of Medical Ethics 48 (2022): 83–5.
    Adashi, Eli, and Grupposo, Philip. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Mucosal Immunity Imperative. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 97 (2022): 1771–3.
    Adler, Matthew, and Norheim, Ole (eds.). Prioritarianism in Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
    Alt, Frederick (ed.). Advances in Immunology, volume 146. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2020.
    American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Transplant Capacity in the COVID-19 Era and Early Vaccine Recommendations. https://asts.org/advoacy/covid-19-era.YEKAXI1Kgc8. Published December 3, 2020. Accessed November 19, 2022.
    Anderson, Evan, Creech, Buddy, Berthaud, Vladimir, et al. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Children 6 Months to 5 Years of Age. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 1673–87.
    Anomaly, Jonathan. Creating Future People: The Ethics of Genetic Enhancement. New York: Routledge, 2020.
    Arneson, Richard. Luck Egalitarianism Interpreted and Defended. Philosophical Topics 32 (2004): 120.
    Arneson, Richard. Prioritarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
    Baker, Rebecca, Koroshetz, Walter, and Volkow, Nora. The Helping to End Addiction Long-Term (HEAL) Initiative of the National Institutes of Health. Journal of the American Medical Association 326 (2021): 1005–6.
    Balu, Darrick T., and Coyle, Joseph T. Neuroplasticity Signalling Pathways Linked to the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2011): 848–70.
    Bao, Suqing, and Jiang, Xia. Anti-PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Inducing Endocrine Toxicity in a Patient with Advanced Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review. Experimental and Theoretical Medicine 24 (2022): 681. https://doi.10.3892/etm.2022.11617.
    Baylis, Francoise. Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019.
    Beauchamp, Tom, and Childress, James. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
    Beaver, Julia, and Pazdur, Richard. The Wild West of Checkpoint Inhibitor Development. New England Journal of Medicine 386 (2022): 12971301.
    Bester, Johan C. The Limits of Parental Authority: Childhood Wellbeing as a Social Good. New York: Routledge, 2022.
    Beurel, Eleonore, Toups, Marisa, and Nemeroff, Charles. The Bidirectional Relationship of Depression and Inflammation: Double Trouble. Neuron 107 (2020): 234–56.
    Birnbaum, Rebecca, and Weinberger, Daniel. A Genetics Perspective on the Role of the (Neuro) Immune System in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 217 (2020): 105–13.
    Blank, Christian, Haining, Nicholas, Held, Werner, et al. Defining “T-Cell Exhaustion.Nature Reviews Immunology 19 (2019): 665–74.
    Bloomfield, Peter, Selvaraj, Sudhakar, Veronese, Mattia, et al. Microglial Activity in People at Ultra High Risk of Psychosis and in Schizophrenia: An[(11) C] PBR 28 PET Brain Imaging Study. American Journal of Psychiatry 173 (2016): 4452.
    Bluestone, Jeffrey, and Anderson, Mark. Tolerance in the Age of Immunotherapy. New England Journal of Medicine 383 (2020): 1156–66.
    BMJ Conditions/Covid-19/Data Sewage. 378 (2022): o2007. https://doi:10.1136/bmj.o2007. Published and accessed on August 11, 2022.
    Boksa, Patricia. Abnormal Synaptic Pruning in Schizophrenia: Urban Myth or Reality? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 37 (2012): 75–7.
    Bostrom, Nick, and Sandberg, Anders. Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges. Science and Engineering Ethics. 15 (2009): 311–41.
    British Columbia Centres for Disease Control. www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/covid-19/data. Accessed September 14, 2022.
    Brock, Dan. Priority to the Worse Off in Health Care Resource Prioritization. In Rhodes, Rosamond, ed., Medicine and Social Justice: Essays on the Distribution of Health Care, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012, 155–64.
    Bullmore, Edward. The Inflamed Mind: A Radical New Approach to Depression. London: Short Books, 2018.
    Burnet, Frank. The Integrity of the Body: A Discussion of Modern Immunological Ideas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962.
    CBC News. Alberta Court of Appeal Rejects Unvaccinated Woman’s Request to Get Back on Transplant List. November 8, 2022. www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/appeal-court-rejects-unvaccinated-woman-s-request-to-get-back-on-transplant-list. Accessed November 8, 2022.
    Check, Erika. Gene Therapy: A Tragic Setback. Nature 420 (2002): 116–18.
    Church, George, and Regis, Edward. Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves. New York: Basic Books, 2012.
    Cifuentes-Rius, Ana, Desai, Anal, Yuen, Daniel, et al. Inducing Immune Tolerance with Dendritic-Cell-Targeting Nanomedicines. Nature Nanotechnology 16 (2021): 3756.
    Clark, William. In Defense of Self: How the Immune System Really Works. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
    Cyranoski, David. CRISPR Gene Editing Tested in a Person for the First Time. Nature 539 (2016): 479.
    Daniels, Norman. Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
    Dantzer, Robert. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. Physiological Reviews 98 (2018): 477504.
    Dantzer, Robert, O’Connor, Jason, Gregory, Freund, et al. From Inflammation to Sickness and Depression: When the Immune System Subjugates the Brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 4656.
    Doan, Thao, Melvold, Roger, and Waltenbaugh, Carl. Concise Medical Immunology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
    Doudna, Jennifer, and Sternberg, Samuel. A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Human Evolution. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.
    Driver, Julia. Consequentialism. New York: Routledge, 2012.
    Eberl, Gerard. Immunity by Equilibrium. Nature Reviews Immunology 16 (2016): 524–32.
    Edelstein, Michael, Abadi, Mohammed, and Wixon, Jo. Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide to 2007 – An Update. Journal of Genetic Medicine 9 (2007): 833–42.
    Elisseeff, Jennifer, Badylak, Stephen, and Boeke, Jef. Immune and Genome Engineering as the Future of Transplantable Tissue. New England Journal of Medicine 385 (2021): 2451–62.
    Emanuel, Ezekiel, Grady, Christine, Crouch, Robert. (eds.) The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
    Eyal, Nir. Why Challenge Trials of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Could Be Ethical Despite Risk of Severe Adverse Events. Ethics & Human Research 42 (2020): 2434.
    Eyal, Nir, Caplan, Arthur, and Plotkin, Stanley. Human Challenge Trials of Covid-19 Vaccines Still Have Much to Teach Us. BMJ Opinion January 8, 2021. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj.2021/01/08/human-challenge-trials-of-covid-19-vaccines-still-have-much-to-teach-us/ Accessed November 19, 2022.
    Eyal, Nir, and Gerhard, Tobias. Do Coronavirus Vaccine Challenge Trials Have a Distinctive Generalisability Problem? Journal of Medical Ethics 48 (2022): 107–9.
    Fajgenbaum, David, and June, Carl. Cytokine Storm. New England Journal of Medicine 383 (2020): 2255–73.
    Fauci, Anthony. It Ain’t Over ‘Till It’s Over … But It’s Never Over – Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 2009 –11.
    Feinberg, Joel. The Child’s Right to an Open Future. In Freedom and Fulfillment: Philosophical Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, 7697.
    Feinberg, Joel. Harm to Others. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
    Finneron-Burns, Elizabeth. What’s Wrong with Human Extinction? Canadian Journal of Philosophy 47 (2017): 327–43.
    Fishman, Jay. Risks of Infectious Disease in Xenotransplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 2258–67.
    Fowles, Douglas, and Fields, Stanley. Deep Mutational Scanning: A New Style of Protein Science. Nature Methods 11 (2014): 801–7.
    Francis, Thomas. On the Doctrine of Original Antigenic Sin. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104 (1960): 572–8.
    Frangoul, Haydar, Altshuler, David, Cappellini, Domenica, et al. CRISPR Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and Beta-Thalassemia. New England Journal of Medicine 384 (2021): 252–60.
    Frank, Steven. Immunology and the Evolution of Infectious Disease. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
    Frank, Filipp, Keen, Meredith, Rao, Anuradha, et al. Deep Mutational Scanning Identifies SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Escape Mutations of Currently Available Rapid Antigen Tests. Cell 185 (2022): 3603–16.
    Gagnon, Alain, Miller, Matthew, Hallman, Stacey, et al. Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality. PLOS ONE 9 (2013): e69586. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586.
    Gagnon, Alain, Acosta, J. Enrique, Madrenas, Joaquin, et al. Is Antigenic Sin Always “Original?” Re-examining the Evidence Regarding Circulation of a Human H1 Influenza Virus Immediately Prior to the 1918 Spanish Flu. PLOS Pathogens 11 (2015): e 1004615. https://doi:10.10371/journal.ppat.1004615.
    Gauthier, David. Morals by Agreement. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
    Glannon, Walter. Biomarkers in Psychiatric Disorders. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31: (2022): 444452.
    Green, Monica. The Four Black Deaths. American Historical Review 125 (2020): 1600–31.
    Griffith, Bartley, Goerlich, Corbin, Singh, Avneesh, et al. Genetically Modified Porcine-to-Human Cardiac Xenotransplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 3544.
    Guerriero, Jennifer. Macrophages: Their Untold Story in T Cell Activation and Function. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology 342 (2019): 7393.
    Gumusay, Ozge, Callan, John, and Rugo, Hope. Immunotherapy Toxicity: Identification and Management. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 192 (2022): 117.
    Gyngell, Christopher, Douglas, Thomas, and Savulescu, Julian. The Ethics of Germline Gene Editing. Journal of Applied Philosophy 34 (2017): 498513.
    Gyngell, Christopher, Bowman-Smart, Hilary, and Savulescu, Julian. Moral Reasons to Edit the Human Genome: Picking Up from the Nuffield Report. Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (2019): 514–23.
    Hacein-Bey-Albina, Salima, Garrigue, Alexandrine, Ward, Gary, et al. Insertional Oncogenesis in 4 Patients after Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Therapy of SCID-X1. Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (2008): 3132–42.
    Hachmann, Nicole, Miller, Jessica, Collier, Ai-Ris, et al. Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 86–8.
    Hall, Wayne, Carter, Adrian, and Forlini, Cythnia. The Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Is it Supported by the Evidence and Has it Delivered on Its Promises? The Lancet Psychiatry 2 (2015): 105–10.
    Harris, John. Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.
    He, Kaidi, Mack, Wendy, Neely, Michael, et al. Parental Perspectives on Immunizations: Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Childhood Vaccine Hesitancy. Journal of Community Health 47 (2022): 3952.
    Hegle, Priti, and Chen, Daniel. Top 10 Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunity 52 (2020): 1735.
    Hermann, Emilia, Lee, Benjamin, Balte, Pallavi, et al. Association of Symptoms after Covid-19 Vaccinations with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA NetW Open 5 (2022): e223798. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.37908.
    Heyman, Gene. Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
    Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, ed. Brooke, Christopher. London: Penguin, 1651/2017.
    Howes, Oliver, and McCutcheon, Robert. Inflammation and the Neural Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis for Schizophrenia: A Reconceptualization. Translational Psychiatry 7 (2015): e2014. https://doi:10.1038/tp.2016.278.
    Hsu, Patrick, Lander, Eric, and Zhang, Feng. Development and Application of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering. Cell 157 (2014): 1262–78.
    Huyghe, Leander, Van Parys, Alexander, Cauwels, Anje, et al. Safe Eradication of Large Established Tumors Using Neurovasculature-Targeted Tumor Necrosis Factor-Based Therapies. EMBO Molecular Medicine 12 (2020): e11223. https://doi:10.15252/emmm.201911223.
    Inta, Dragos, Lang, Undine, Borgwardt, Stefan, et al. Activation, Microglia and Schizophrenia: Lessons from the Effects of Minocycline on Postnatal Neurogenesis, Neuronal Survival and Synaptic Pruning. Schizophrenia Bulletin 43 (2017): 493–6.
    Jacobson v. Massachusetts 197, US 11, 1905.
    Janeway, Charles. The Immune System Evolved to Discriminate Infectious Nonself from Noninfectious Self. Immunology Today 13 (1992): 1116.
    Janeway, Charles. How the Immune System Protects the Host from Infection. Microbes and Infection 3 (2001): 1167–71.
    Jinek, Martin, Chylinski, Krzysztof, Fonfara, Ines, et al. A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity. Science 337 (2012): 816–21.
    Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Data. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data.mortality/adults/ https://coronavirus.juh.edu/data.mortality/children. Accessed January 2023.
    Johnson, L. Syd. Xenotransplantation: Three Areas of Concern. Hastings Bioethics Forum January 19, 2022. www.thehastingscenter.org/xenotransplantation-three-areas-of-concern/. Accessed November 17, 2022.
    Johnson, L. Syd. Existing Ethical Tensions in Xenotransplantation. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31 (2022): 355–67.
    Juengst, Eric. What Does Enhancement Mean? In Parens, Erik, ed., Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications. Washington, DC.: Georgetown University Press, 1998, 2947.
    Kamm, Frances. Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
    Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton. New York: Harper & Row, 1785/1964.
    Kayentao, Kassoum, Ongoiba, Aissata, Preston, Anne, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Monoclonal Antibody against Malaria in Mali. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 1833–42.
    Keshavan, Matcheri, Giedd, Jay, Lau, Jennifer, et al. Changes in the Adolescent Brain and the Pathophysiology of Psychotic Disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry 1 (2014): 549–58.
    Klein, Jan. Immunology: The Science of Self-Nonself Discrimination. New York: Wiley, 1982.
    Klunk, Jennifer, Vilgalys, Taurus, Demeure, Christian, et al. Evolution of Immune Genes Is Associated with the Black Death. Nature 611 (2022): 312–19.
    Koplin, Julian, Gyngell, Christopher, and Savulescu, Julian. Germline Gene Editing and the Precautionary Principle. Bioethics 34 (2020): 4959.
    Kraaijeveld, Steven, Gur-Arie, Rachel, and Jamrozik, Euzeblusz. Against COVID-19 Vaccination of Healthy Children. Bioethics 36 (2022): 687–98.
    Lederberg, Joshua. Pandemics as a Natural Evolutionary Phenomenon. Social Research 55 (1988): 343–59.
    Leng, Fangda, and Edison, Paul. Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation in Alzheimer Disease: Where Do We Go From Here? Nature Reviews Neurology 17 (2021): 157–72.
    Levine, Myron. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Ebola Virus Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 381 (2019): 2365–6.
    Lin, Dan-Yu, Yu, Gu, Yangjianchen, Xu, et al. Effects of Vaccination and Previous Infection on Omicron Infections in Children. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 1141–3.
    Lowe, Derek. Born CRISPRed: Now What? Science Translational Medicine, November 27, 2018. https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2018/11/27/born-crispred-now-what. Accessed November 24, 2022.
    Luo, Sai, Zhang, Jun, Kreutzberger, Alex, et al. An Antibody from Single Human VH-Rearranging Mouse Neutralizes all SARS-CoV-2 Variants through Ba.5 by Inhibiting Membrane Fusion. Science Immunology 76 (2022): 5446. https://doi:10.1126/sciimmol.add5446. November 27, 2018. https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2018/11/27/born-crispred-now-what/.
    Mantia, Charlene, and Buchbinder, Elizabeth. Immunotherapy Toxicity. Hematology and Oncology Clinics of North America 33 (2019): 275–90.
    Mathews, Deborah, Fins, Joseph, and Eric., Racine The Therapeutic “Mis”conception: An Examination of its Normative Assumptions and a Call for its Revision. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 27 (2018): 154–62.
    McHugh, R. Kathryn, Hearon, Bridget, and Otto, Michael. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 33 (2010): 511–25.
    Melenhorst, Joseph, Chen, Gregory, Wang, Meng, et al. Decade-Long Leukemia Remission with Persistence of CD4+ CART Cells. Nature 602 (2022): 503–9.
    Metzinger, Thomas, and Hildt, Elisabeth. Cognitive Enhancement. In Illes, Judy and Sahakian, Barbara, eds., Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, 245–64.
    Miao, Lei, Zhang, Yu, and Leaf, Huang. mRNA Vaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecular Cancer 20 (2021): 41 https://doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5.
    Mill, , John Stuart. 1859/1974. On Liberty, ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb. London: Penguin.
    Miller, Andrew, Maletic, Vladimir, and Raison, Charles. Inflammation and its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression. Biological Psychiatry 65 (2009): 732–41.
    Miller, Andrew, and Raison, Charles. The Role of Inflammation in Depression: From Evolutionary Imperative to Modern Treatment Target. Nature Reviews Immunology 16 (2016): 2234.
    Mina, Michael, Kula, Tomasz, Leng, Yumei, et al. Measles Virus Infection Diminishes Preexisting Antibodies that Offer Protection from Other Pathogens. Science 366 (2019): 599606.
    Moffett, Howell, Harms, Carson, Fitzpatrick, Kristin, et al. B Cells Engineered to Express Pathogen-Specific Antibodies Protect Against Infection. Science Immunology 4 (2019): eaax0644. https://doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aax0644.
    Moran, Kate. Kant’s Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
    Morena, David, Taubenberger, Jeffrey, and Fauci, Anthony. Universal Coronavirus Vaccines – An Urgent Need. New England Journal of Medicine 386 (2021): 297–9.
    Murphy, Caitlin, Walker, Adam, and Weikert, Cynthia Shannon. Neuroimflammation in Schizophrenia: The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B. Translational Psychiatry 11 (2021): 528. https://doi.10.1038/s41398-021-0167-0.
    Muzio, Luca, Viotti, Alice, and Martino, Gianvito. Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. From Understanding to Therapy. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (2021): 742065. https://doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.742065.
    Offit, Paul. Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccines – A Cautionary Tale. New England Journal of Medicine. 388 (2023): 481–3.
    O’Neill, Onora. Acting on Principle: An Essay on Kant’s Ethics, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
    Opel, Douglas, Diekema, Douglas, and Ross, Lainie Friedman. Should We Mandate a COVID-19 Vaccine for Children? JAMA Pediatrics 175 (2021): 125–6.
    Ord, Toby. The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. New York: Hachette Books, 2020.
    Parent, Brendan, Caplan, Arthur, and Mehta, Sapna. Ethical Considerations Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination for Transplant Candidates and Recipients. Clinical Transplantation 35 (2021): e14421. https://doi.10.1111/ctr.14421.
    Parfit, Derek. Equality and Priority. Ratio 10 (1997): 202–21.
    Parfit, Derek. On What Matters, Volumes One and Two. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2011.
    Paus, Tomas, Keshavan, Matcheri, and Giedd, Jay. Why Do Many Psychiatric Disorders Emerge During Adolescence? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 947–57.
    Pereira, Marcus, Mohan, Sumit, Cohen, David, et al. COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Initial Report from the US Epicenter. American Journal of Transplantation 20 (2020): 1800–8.
    Pradeu, Thomas. The Limits of the Self: Immunology and Biological Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
    Pradeu, Thomas. Philosophy of Immunology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
    Pravetoni, Marco, and Comer, Sandra. Development of Vaccines to Treat Opioid Use Disorders and Reduce Incidence of Overdose. Neuropharmacology 158 (2019): 107662. https://doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.06.001.
    Pugh, Jonathan, Savulescu, Julian, Brown, Rebecca, and Wilkinson, Dominic. The Unnaturalistic Fallacy: Covid-19 Vaccine Mandates Should not Discriminate against Natural Immunity. Journal of Medical Ethics 48 (2022): 371–7.
    Qu, Panke, Faraone, Julia, Evans, John, et al. Durability of Booster mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 Subvariants. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 1329–31.
    Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
    Abraham., Reichenberg and Mollon, Josephine. Challenges and Opportunities in Studies of Cogition in the Prodrome to Psychosis: No Detail Is Too Small. JAMA Psychiatry 73 (2016): 1249–50.
    Rogers, Jonathan, and Lewis, Glyn. Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19: Long-Lasting but not Uniform. The Lancet Psychiatry 9 (2022): 762–3.
    Rohaan, Maartje, Borch, Troels, van den Berg, Jost, et al. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy or Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 2113–25.
    Roltgen, Katharina, Nielsen, Sandra, Silva, Oscar, et al. Immune Imprinting, Breadth of Variant Recognition, and Germinal Center Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination. Cell 185 (2022): 1025–40.
    Rosenbaum, Lisa. The Future of Gene Editing – Toward Scientific and Social Consensus. New England Journal of Medicine 384 (2019): 971–5.
    Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract and Other Political Writings, Victor Gourevitch trans. and ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1762/1997.
    Sauder, Colin, Allen, Luke, Baker, Elizabeth, et al. Effectiveness of KarXT (Xanomeline-Trospium) for Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: Post Hoc Analyses from a Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Study. Translational Psychiatry 12 (2022): 491. https://doi:10.1038/s41398—22-02254-9.
    Scanlon, Thomas. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
    Scherer, Erin, Babiker, Ahmed, Adelman, Max, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Evolution and Immune Escape in Immunocompromised Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 386 (2022): 2436–8.
    Schietinger, Andrea. Turbocharging the T Cell to Fight Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 386 (2022): 2334–6.
    Schuman, Oliver, Robertson-Preidler, Joelle, and Bibler, Trevor. COVID-19 Vaccination Status Should Not Be Used in Triage Tie-Breaking. Journal of Medical Ethics 48 (2022).
    Shaw, David. Vaccination Status and Intensive Care Unit Triage: Is it Fair to Give Unvaccinated COVID-19 Patients Equal Priority? Bioethics 36 (2022): 883–90.
    Shiravand, Yavar, Khodadadi, Faezeh, Kashani, Seyyed, et al. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Current Oncology 29 (2022): 3044–60.
    Silverman, Henry, and Odonkor, Patrick. Reevaluating the Ethical Issues in Porcine-to-Human Heart Xenotransplantation. Hastings Center Report 52 (2022): 3242.
    Sivan, Manoj, Greenhalgh, Trisha, Milne, Ruairidh, et al. Are Vaccines a Potential Treatment for Long COVID? BMJ 377 (2022):o988. https://doi:10.1136/bmj.o988.
    Talbot, Sebastian, Foster, Simmie, and Woolf, Clifford. Neuroimmunology: Physiology and Pathology. Annual Review of Immunology 34 (2016): 421–47.
    Tate, Warren, Walker, Max, Sweetman, Eiren, et al. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in ME/CFS and Long COVID to Sustain Disease and Promote Relapses. Frontiers in Neurology 13(2022): 877772. https://doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.877772.
    Tauber, Alfred. The Immune Self: Theory or Metaphor? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
    Tauber, Alfred. Immunity: The Evolution of an Idea. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
    Thomson, Judith Jarvis. The Realm of Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
    Venkataramani, Varun, and Winkler, Frank. Cognitive Deficits in Long COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine 387 (2022): 1813–15.
    Vigo, Daniel, Thornicroft, Graham, and Atun, Rifat. Estimating the True Global Burden of Mental Illness. The Lancet Psychiatry 3 (2016): 171–8.
    Volkow, Nora, and Ting-Kai, Li. Drug Addiction: The Neurobiology of Behavior Gone Awry. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (2004): 963–70.
    Volkow, Nora, Michaelides, Michael, and Baler, Ruben. The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction. Physiological Reviews 99 (2019): 2115–40.
    Waltl, Inken, and Kalinke, Ulrich. Beneficial and Detrimental Functions of Microglia During Viral Encephalitis. Trends in Neuroscience 45 (2022): 158–70.
    Wang, Qian, Iketani, Sho, Zhiteng, Li, et al. Alarming Antibody Evasion Properties of Rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB Subvariants. Cell 186 (2023): 18.
    Wertheimer, Alan. Coercion. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
    Wertheimer, Alan, and Miller, Franklin. There Are (STILL) No Coercive Offers. Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (2014): 592–3.
    Wilkinson, Dominic. Liberty and the Child: Review of Bester, J. C. The Limits of Parental Authority: Childhood Wellbeing as a Social Good. Bioethics 36 (2022): 809–11.
    Young, Michael, Sisti, Dominic, Rimon-Greenspan, Hila, et al. Immune to Addiction: The Ethical Dimensions of Vaccines against Substance Abuse. Nature Immunology 13 (2012): 521–4.

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.