Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 115
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2012
Print publication year:
2009
Online ISBN:
9780511818301

Book description

The Invisible Hand of Peace shows that the domestic institutions associated with capitalism, namely private property and competitive market structures, have promoted peace between states over the past two centuries. It employs a wide range of historical and statistical evidence to illustrate both the broad applicability of these claims and their capacity to generate new explanations of critical historical events, such as the emergence of the Anglo-American friendship at the end of the nineteenth century, the outbreak of World War I, and the evolution of the recent conflict across the Taiwan Strait. By showing that this capitalist peace has historically been stronger than the peace among democratic states, these findings also suggest that contemporary American foreign policy should be geared toward promoting economic liberalization rather than democracy in the post-9/11 world.

Awards

Winner of the 2010 Robert Jervis and Paul Schroeder Best Book Award in International History and Politics from the American Political Science Association

Winner of the 2010 Lepgold Prize

Reviews

'Thoroughly researched, cogently argued, and clearly written, McDonald’s The Invisible Hand of Peace draws out the essential contribution that capitalism, private property, and free trade make to the liberal peace. McDonald insightfully combines political theory, quantitative analysis, and case studies in a way that illuminates both international history and contemporary policy debates.'

Michael W. Doyle - Columbia University

'The liberal argument that international commerce reduces the chance of military conflict among trading partners has long been controversial among scholars and policy makers. McDonald’s argument that the pacifying effect of trade depends on the presence of liberal rules governing trade within each state helps to sort out when trade helps preserve peace and when it does not. His combination of quantitative analysis and careful examination of the well-known historical cases that have fuelled the controversy over trade and conflict makes his book especially convincing.'

Benjamin O. Fordham - State University of New York, Binghamton

'Patrick McDonald argues forcefully that Adam Smith’s invisible hand promotes not only wealth but international peace as well. Going beyond commercial liberalism, McDonald demonstrates that private property and competitive markets constrain the political rent-seeking of leaders and make them more responsive to popular demands. Deftly using both data analysis and historical materials, he advances a challenging new domestic political economy explanation of the erroneously labeled democratic peace.'

David A. Lake - University of California, San Diego

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Primary Sources
Aberdeen Papers. British Library.
Balfour Papers. British Library.
Bush, George W. 2003. Remarks by the president in commencement address at the University of South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina. May 9, 2003. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030509-11.html. Accessed February 8, 2008.
Bush, George W. 2004. State of the union address, Washington, D.C. January 20, 2004. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040120-7.html. Accessed February 8, 2008.
Bush, George W. 2006. State of the union address, Washington, D.C. January 31, 2006. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006. Accessed October 17, 2008.
Chamberlain Papers, Birmingham University (Britain).
Clinton, William J. 1994. State of the union address. Public papers of the presidents of the United States. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
Deng, Xiaoping. 1982. Opening speech at the Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. September 1, 1982. Available at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1010.html. Accessed February 4, 2008.
Foreign Office [FO]. Public Record Office (Britain).
Gooch, G. P. and Temperley, Harold. 1926–38. British documents on the origins of the war, 1898–1914. 11 volumes. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Greville, Charles. 1885. The Greville memoirs (second part): A journal of the reign of Queen Victoria, from 1837 to 1852. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Polk, James K. 1845. Inaugural address, March 4, 1845, in House Executive Documents 540, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, 87–8.
Polk, James K., and Quaife, Milo Milton. 1970. The diary of James K. Polk during his presidency, 1845 to 1849. New York: Kraus.
Russell Papers. Public Record Office (Britain): Foreign Office.
Salisbury Papers. Hatfield House. Hatfield, England.
,U.S. Congress. 1846. Congressional globe. 29th Congress, 1st Session, vol. 15. Washington, D.C.: Blair and Rives.
,U.S. Congress. 1895. Congressional record. 53rd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
,U.S. Congress. 1895. Congressional record, 54th Congress, 1st session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Walker, Robert J. 1893[1845]. Report from the Secretary of the Treasury. In State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, ed. Taussig, F. W.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Secondary Sources
Andrews, David. 1994. Capital mobility and state autonomy. International Studies Quarterly 38: 193–218.
Apostol, Paul N., Bernatzky, Michael W., and Michelsen, Alexander M.. 1928. Russian public finance during the war. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ash, Robert F. 2005. China's regional economies and the Asian region: Building interdependent linkages. In Power shift: China and Asia's new dynamics, ed. Shambaugh, David, 96–131. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bairoch, Paul. 1989. European trade policy, 1815–1914. In The Cambridge economic history of Europe, eds Mathias, Peter and Pollard, Sidney. Trans. Burke, Susan. Vol. 8, 1–160. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Barbieri, Katherine. 1996. Economic interdependence: A path to peace or a source of interstate conflict?Journal of Peace Research 33(1): 29–49.
Barbieri, Katherine, and Schneider, Gerald. 1999. Globalization and peace: Assessing new directions in the study of trade and conflict. Journal of Peace Research 36(4): 387–404.
Barnes, James A. 1931. John G. Carlisle: Financial Statesman. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co.
Barnett, Michael. 1990. High politics is low politics: The domestic and systemic sources of Israeli security policy, 1967–1977. World Politics 42: 529–62.
Barnett, Michael N. 1992. Confronting the costs of war: military power, state, and society in Egypt and Israel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and states in tropical Africa: The political basis of agricultural policies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bearce, David H. 2003. Grasping the commercial institutional peace. International Studies Quarterly 47(3): 347–70.
Bearce, David H., Flanagan, Kristen M., and Floros, Katharine M.. 2006. Alliances, internal information, and military conflict among member states. International Organization 60(3): 595–625.
Beck, Nathaniel, Katz, Jonathan, and Tucker, Richard. 1998. Taking time seriously: Time-series–cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. American Journal of Political Science 42(4): 1260–88.
Bennett, D. Scott, and Stam, Allan. 2000a. EUGene: A conceptual manual. International Interactions 26: 179–204.
Bennett, D. Scott, and Stam, Allan. 2000b. Research design and estimator choices in the analysis of interstate dyads. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(5): 653–85.
Benoit, Kenneth. 1996. Democracies really are more pacific (in general). Journal of Conflict Resolution 40(4): 309–41.
Berghahn, V. R. 1993[1973]. Germany and the approach of war in 1914. 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Bertram, Marshall. 1992. The birth of Anglo-American friendship. New York: University Press of America, Inc.
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 1988. Protectionism. The Ohlin lectures, 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 1991. “Export-promoting protection: Endogenous monopoly and price disparity.” In Political economy and international economics, ed. Irwin, Douglas A., 110–115. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bidwell, R. L. 1970. Currency conversion tables: A hundred years of change. London: Rex Collings.
Binder, Frederick Moore. 1994. James Buchanan and the American empire. London: Associated University Press.
Blake, Nelson M. 1942. Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan policy. American Historical Review 47(2): 259–77.
Blank, Joel Harold. 2000. The decline of democratic imperialism and the rise of the democratic peace: Case studies in Anglo-American relations, 1800–present. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California at Los Angeles.
Blattman, Christopher, Clemens, Michael A., and Williamson, Jeffrey. 2002. Who protected and why? Tariffs around the world 1870–1938. Paper presented to the Conference on the Political Economy of Globalization, Trinity College, Dublin, August 2002.
Block, Fred. 1977. The ruling class does not rule: Notes on the Marxist theory of the state. Socialist Revolution 33: 6–28.
Blustein, Paul. 2004. U.S. free-trade deals include few Muslim countries. Washington Post, December 3, 2004, p. E1.
Boehmer, Charles, and Sobek, David. 2005. Violent adolescence: State development and the propensity for militarized interstate conflict. Journal of Peace Research 42(1): 5–26.
Boehmer, Charles, Gartzke, Erik, and Nordstrom, Timothy. 2004. Do intergovernmental organizations promote peace?World Politics 57(1): 1–38.
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and redistribution. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Bordo, Michael D., and Kydland, Finn E.. 1995. The gold standard as a rule: An essay in exploration. Explorations in Economic History 32: 423–64.
Bordo, Michael D., Eichengreen, Barry, and Irwin, Douglas A.. 1999. Is globalization really different than globalization a hundred years ago? NBER Working paper 7195. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w7195.
Bourne, Kenneth. 1967. The balance of power in North America, 1815–1908. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Braumoeller, Bear F. 2004. Hypothesis testing and multiplicative interaction terms. International Organization 58(4): 807–20.
Bremer, Stuart A. 1992. Dangerous dyads: Conditions affecting the likelihood of interstate war, 1816–1965. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36(2): 309–41.
Bremer, Stuart A. 1993. Democracy and militarized interstate conflict, 1816–1965. International Interactions 18(3): 231–49.
Buchanan, George. 1923. My mission to Russia and other diplomatic memories, vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Bruce, Bueno de Mesquita, Morrow, James D., Siverson, Randolph M., and Smith, Alastair. 1999. An institutional explanation of the democratic peace. American Political Science Review 93(4): 791–807.
Bruce, Bueno de Mesquita, Morrow, James D., Siverson, Randolph M., and Smith, Alastair. 2003. The logic of political survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bruce, Bueno de Mesquita, Morrow, James D., Siverson, Randolph M., and Smith, Alastair. 2004. Testing novel implications from the selectorate theory. World Politics 56: 363–88.
Bruce, Bueno de Mesquita, and Siverson, Randolph M.. 1995. War and the survival of political leaders: A comparative study of regime types and political accountability. American Political Science Review 89(4): 841–55.
Bruce, Bueno de Mesquita, Siverson, Randolph M., and Woller, Gary. 1992. War and the fate of regimes: A comparative analysis. American Political Science Review 86(3): 638–46.
Bush, Richard C. 2005a. Untying the knot: Making peace in the Taiwan Strait. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Bush, Richard C. 2005b. Lee Teng-hui and “separatism.” In Dangerous strait: The U.S.–Taiwan–China crisis, ed. Bernkopf, Nancy, 70–92. New York: Columbia University Press.
Buthe, Tim, and Milner, Helen V.. 2008. The politics of foreign direct investment into developing countries: Increasing FDI through international trade agreements? American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 741–62.
Buzan, Barry. 1984. Economic structure and international security: The limits of the liberal case. International Organization 38: 597–624.
Cain, Peter J. 1979. Capitalism, war, and internationalism in the thought of Richard Cobden. British Journal of International Studies 5(3): 229–47.
Campbell, Alexander E. 1960. Great Britain and the United States, 1895–1903. London: Longmans.
Cederman, Lars-Erik. 2001. Back to Kant: Reinterpreting the democratic peace as a macrohistorical learning process. American Political Science Review 95(1): 15–31.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2004. Conquest and regime change: An evolutionary model of the spread of democracy and peace. International Studies Quarterly 48(3): 603–29.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Rao, Mohan Penubarti. 2001. Exploring the dynamics of the democratic peace. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(6): 818–33.
Chen, Ming-chi. 2004. Sinicization and its discontents: Cross-Strait economic integration and Taiwan's 2004 presidential election. Issues and Studies 40(3/4): 334–41.
Cheng, T. J. 2005. China-Taiwan economic linkage: Between insulation and superconductivity. In Dangerous strait: The U.S.–Taiwan–China crisis, ed. Bernkopf, Nancy, 93–130. New York: Columbia University Press.
Chu, Yun-han. 2004. Taiwan's national identity politics and the prospect of cross-Strait relations. Asian Survey 44(4): 484–512.
Chu, Yun-han. 2005. The evolution of Beijing's policy toward Taiwan during the reform era. In China rising: Power and motivation in Chinese foreign policy, eds Deng, Yong and Wang, Fei-ling, 245–77. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Chu, Yun-han, and Nathan, Andrew J. 2007–8. Seizing opportunity for change in the Taiwan Strait. The Washington Quarterly 31(1): 77–91.
Chua, Amy. 2002. World on fire: How exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability. New York: Doubleday.
,CIA World Factbook. 2008. Published by the Central Intelligence Agency. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.
Cobden, Richard. 1868. The political writings of Richard Cobden, vols 1–2. London: William Ridgway.
Cobden, Richard. 1870. Speeches on questions of public policy, vols 1–2, eds Bright, John and Rogers, James E. Thorold. London: Macmillan and Co.
Coleman, Mary Ann. 1871. The life of John J. Crittenden, with selections from his correspondence and speeches. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co.
Collins, D. N. 1973. The Franco-Russian alliance and Russian railways, 1891–1914. The Historical Journal 16(4): 777–88.
Copeland, Dale C. 1996. Economic interdependence and war: A theory of trade expectations. International Security 20(4): 5–41.
Copeland, Dale C. 2000. The origins of major war. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Cortissoz, Royal. 1921. The life of Whitelaw Reid. New York: C. Scribner & Sons.
Crapol, Edward P. 1973. America for Americans: Economic nationalism and Anglophobia in the late nineteenth century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Crapol, Edward P. 1992. Coming to terms with empire: The historiography of late nineteenth-century American foreign relations. Diplomatic History 16(4): 573–98.
Crisp, Olga. 1960/61. The Russian liberals and the 1906 Anglo-French loan to Russia. Slavonic and East European Review 39: 497–511.
Deutsch, Karl, Burrell, Sydney A., Kann, Robert A., Lee, Maurice, Lichterman, Martin, Lindgren, Raymond E., Loewenheim, Francis L. and Wagenhan, Richard W.. 1957. Political community and the North Atlantic area: International organization in the light of historical experience. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Dixon, William J. 1994. Democracy and the peaceful settlement of international conflict. American Political Science Review 88(1): 14–32.
D'Lugo, David, and Rogowski, Ronald. 1993. The Anglo-German naval race and comparative constitutional “fitness.” In The domestic bases of grand strategy, eds Rosecrance, Richard and Stein, Arthur A., 65–95. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Domke, William Kinkade. 1988. War and the changing global system. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dorussen, Hans. 2006. Heterogeneous trade interests and conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(1): 87–107.
Downs, George W., and Rocke, David M.. 1994. Conflict, agency, and gambling for resurrection: The principle-agent problem goes to war. American Journal of Political Science 38(2): 362–80.
Downs, George W. 1995. Optimal imperfection: Domestic uncertainty and institutions in international relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Doyle, Michael W. 1983. Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs: Part I. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12(3): 205–54.
Doyle, Michael W. 1986. Liberalism and world politics. American Political Science Review 80(4): 1151–69.
Doyle, Michael W. 1997. Ways of war and peace. New York: Norton.
Doyle, Michael W. 2005. Three pillars of the liberal peace. The American Political Science Review 99(3): 463–6.
Dunn, John. 1969. The political thought of John Locke: An historical account of the argument of the “Two treatises of government”. London: Cambridge University Press.
Dykstra, David L. 1999. The shifting balance of power: American–British diplomacy in North America, 1842–1848. New York: University Press of America.
Edwards, Sebastian. 1993. Openness, trade liberalization, and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Literature 31(3): 1358–93.
Edwards, Sebastian. 1998. Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know? The Economic Journal 108(447): 383–98.
Eggertsson, Thrain. 1990. Economic behavior and institutions. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Eichengreen, Barry J. 1994. International monetary arrangements for the 21st century: Integrating national economies. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Eichengreen, Barry J. 1996. Globalizing capital: A history of the international monetary system. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ekelund, Robert B., and Tollison, Robert D.. 1981. Mercantilism as a rent-seeking society: Economic regulation in historical perspective. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Ekelund, Robert B., and Tollison, Robert D.. 1997. Politicized economies: Monarchy, monopoly, and mercantilism. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Fearon, James D. 1994. Domestic political audiences and the escalation of international disputes. American Political Science Review 88(3): 577–92.
Fearon, James D. 1995. Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization 49(3): 379–414.
Fearon, James D. 1997. Signaling foreign policy interests: Tying hands versus sinking costs. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1): 68–90.
Feis, Herbert. 1930. Europe: The world's banker, 1870–1914. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Ferguson, Niall. 1994. Public finance and national security: The domestic origins of the First World War revisited. Past and Present 142(1):141–68.
Ferguson, Niall. 1998. The pity of war. New York: Basic.
Ferguson, Niall. 2005. Sinking globalization. Foreign Affairs 84(2): 64–77.
Field, James A. 1978. American imperialism: The worst chapter in almost any book. American Historical Review 83(3): 644–68.
Filmer, Robert, and Sommerville, J. P.. 1991 [1680]. Patriarcha and other writings: Cambridge texts in the history of political thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Finkelstein, David M. 2000. China reconsiders its national security: The great peace and development debate of 1999. Alexandria, VA: CAN Corporation.
Fischer, Fritz. 1967. Germany's aims in the First World War. New York: W. W. Norton.
Fischer, Fritz. 1975. War of illusions: German policies from 1911 to 1914. Trans. Jackson, Marian. New York: Norton.
Fischer, Fritz. 1988. Twenty-five years later: Looking back at the “Fischer controversy” and its consequences. Central European History 21(3): 207–23.
Flam, Harry, and Flanders, M. June. 1991. Heckscher–Ohlin trade theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Flournoy, F. R. 1946. British liberal theories of international relations (1848–1898). Journal of History of Ideas 7(2): 195–217.
Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998. Building the Cold War consensus: The political economy of U.S. national security policy, 1949–1951. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Fravel, M. Taylor. 2005. Regime insecurity and international cooperation: Explaining China's compromises in territorial disputes. International Security 30(2): 46–83.
Fravel, M. Taylor. 2008. Strong borders, secure nation: Cooperation and conflict in China's territorial disputes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Frieden, Jeffry A. 1991. Invested interests: The politics of national economic policies in a world of global finance. International Organization 45(4): 425–51.
Frieden, Jeffry A. 1994. International investment and colonial control: A new interpretation. International Organization 48(4): 559–93.
Frieden, Jeffry A. 1997. Monetary populism in nineteenth-century America: An open economy approach. The Journal of Economic History 57(2): 367–95.
Frieden, Jeffry A. 2006. Global capitalism: Its fall and rise in the twentieth century. New York: W. W. Norton.
Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, Thomas. 2005. The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Friedrich, Robert J. 1982. In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations. American Journal of Political Science 26(4): 797–833.
Fry, Joseph A. 1996. From open door to world systems: Economic interpretations of late nineteenth-century American foreign relations. The Pacific Historical Review 65(2): 277–303.
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The end of history and the last man. New York: Free Press.
Fuller, William C. 1992. Strategy and power in Russia, 1600–1914. New York: The Free Press.
Gardner, Lloyd C., and McCormick, Thomas J.. 2004. Walter LaFeber: The making of a Wisconsin School revisionist. Diplomatic History 28(5): 613–24.
Garraty, John A. 1953. Henry Cabot Lodge: A biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Gartzke, Erik. 1998. Kant we all get along? Opportunity, willingness, and the origins of the democratic peace. American Journal of Political Science 42(1): 1–27.
Gartzke, Erik. 2007. The capitalist peace. American Journal of Political Science 51(1): 166–91.
Gartzke, Erik, Li, Quan, and Boehmer, Charles. 2001. Investing in the peace: Economic interdependence and international conflict. International Organization 55(2): 391–438.
Gash, Norman. 1972. Sir Robert Peel: The life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Gates, Scott, Knutson, Torbjorn L., and Moses, Jonathon W.. 1996. Democracy and peace: A more skeptical view. Journal of Peace Research 33(1): 1–10.
Gawande, Kishore, and Hoekman, Bernard. 2006. Lobbying and agricultural trade policy in the United States. International Organization 60(3): 527–61.
Geiss, Imanuel. 1966. The outbreak of the first world war and German war aims. Journal of Contemporary History 1(3): 75–91.
Geiss, Imanuel. ed. 1968. July 1914: The outbreak of the First World War: Selected documents. New York: Charles Scribner.
Gelpi, Christopher, and Grieco, Joseph M.. 2003. Economic interdependence, the democratic state, and the liberal peace. In Economic interdependence and international conflict: New perspectives on an enduring debate, eds Mansfield, Edward D. and Pollins, Brian M., 44–59. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Geyer, Dietrich. 1987. Russian imperialism: The interaction of domestic and foreign policy 1860–1914. Trans. Little, Bruce. Leamington Spa, U.K.: Berg.
Ghosn, Faten, and Palmer, Glenn. 2003. Codebook for the militarized interstate dispute data, version 3.0. Available at http://cow2.la.psu.edu.
Gill, Bates. 2005. China's evolving regional security strategy. In Power shift: China and Asia's new dynamics, ed. Shambaugh, David, 247–65. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gill, Bates. 2007. Rising star: China's new security diplomacy. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and change in world politics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Glaser, Bonnie S., and Medeiros, Evan S.. 2007. The changing ecology of foreign policy-making in China: The ascension and demise of the theory of “peaceful rise.”The China Quarterly 190: 291–310.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2002. All international politics is local: The diffusion of conflict, integration, and democratization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Gleditsch, Nils Petter, and Hegre, Havard. 1997. Peace and democracy: Three levels of analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(2): 283–310.
Goemans, H. E. 2000. War and punishment: The causes of war termination and the First World War. Princeton studies in international history and politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Goldstein, Avery. 2005. Rising to the challenge: China's grand strategy and international security. Studies in Asian Security. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Goldstein, Avery. 2007. Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence. Journal of Strategic Studies 30(4): 639–82.
Gordon, Michael R. 1974. Domestic conflict and the origins of the First World War: The British and German cases. The Journal of Modern History 46(2): 191–226.
Gott, Richard. 2005. Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela. New York: Verso.
Gowa, Joanne S. 1994. Allies, adversaries, and international trade. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Gowa, Joanne S. 1999. Ballots and bullets: The elusive democratic peace. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Grandin, Greg. 2006. Empire's workshop Latin America, the United States, and the rise of the new imperialism. The American Empire Project. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Gray, John. 1995. Liberalism. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Green, Donald, Kim, Soo Yeon, and Yoon, David H.. 2001. Dirty pool. International Organization 55(2): 441–68.
Gregory, Paul R. 1982. Russian national income: 1885–1913. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Grenville, John A. S., and Young, George Berkeley. 1966. Politics, strategy, and American diplomacy: Studies in foreign policy, 1873–1917. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gresser, Edward. 2006. Reviving Muslim economies. In With all our might, ed. Marshall, Will, 69–83. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Grossman, Gene M., and Helpman, Elhanan. 1994. Protection for sale. The American Economic Review 84(4): 833–50.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1997[1989]. POLITY II: Political structures and regime change, 1800–1986 [Compute File]. Boulder, CO: Center for Comparative Politics [producer], 1989. Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1990.
Haftel, Yoram. 2007. Designing for peace: Regional integration arrangements, institutional variation, and militarized interstate disputes. International Organization 61(1): 217–37.
Harding, Harry. 1987. China's second revolution: Reform after Mao. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Hayek, F. A. 1994[1944]. The road to serfdom. 50th Anniversary edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hegre, Havard. 2000. Development and the liberal peace: What does it take to be a trading state? Journal of Peace Research 37(1): 5–30.
Herrmann, David G. 1996. The arming of Europe and the making of the First World War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Heston, Alan, Summers, Robert, and Aten, Bettina. 2002. Penn World Table, version 6.1. Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania.
Hietala, Thomas R. 1985. Manifest design: Anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Hillgruber, Andreas. 1981. Germany and the two World Wars. Trans. Kirby, William C.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hirschman, Albert O. 1969[1945]. National power and the structure of foreign trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hirschman, Albert O. 1997[1977]. The passions and the interests: Political arguments for capitalism before its triumph. 20th Anniversary Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hiscox, Michael J. 2002. Commerce, coalitions, and factor mobility: Evidence from congressional votes on trade legislation. American Political Science Review 96(3): 593–608.
Hiscox, Michael J., and Kastner, Scott L.. 2002. A general measure of trade policy orientations: Gravity-model-based estimates for 82 nations, 1960 to 1992. Working paper. Harvard University.
Howard, Michael. 1978. War and the liberal conscience. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Huth, Paul K., and Allee, Todd L.. 2002. The democratic peace and territorial conflict in the twentieth century. Cambridge, U.K..: Cambridge University Press.
Ikenberry, G. John. 2008. The rise of China and the future of the West. Foreign Affairs 87(1): 23–37.
,International Monetary Fund. 2001. Government finance statistics manual. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/gfs/manual/.
,International Monetary Fund. Various years. Government finance statistics.
,International Monetary Fund. Various years. Direction of trade statistics. CD-Rom.
Iriye, Akira. 1993. The globalizing of America, 1913–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Irwin, Douglas A. 2002. Free trade under fire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jacobs, I. Bruce, and Liu, I-hao Ben. 2007. Lee Teng-hui and the idea of “Taiwan.”The China Quarterly 190: 375–93.
Jaggers, Keith, and Gurr, Ted Robert. 1995. Tracking democracy's third wave with the Polity III data. Journal of Peace Research 32(4): 469–82.
Jahn, Beate. 2006. Kant, Mill, and illiberal legacies in international affairs. International Organization 59(1): 177–207.
James, Harold. 2006. The Roman predicament: How the rules of international order create the politics of empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
James, Henry. 1923. Richard Olney and his public service. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Jarausch, Konrad. 1988. Revising German history: Bethmann Hollweg revisited. Central European History 21(3): 224–43.
Jervis, Robert. 1978. Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics 30(2): 168–214.
Jervis, Robert. 2002. Theories of war in an era of leading-power peace. Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 2001. American Political Science Review 96(1): 1–14.
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2003. Is China a status-quo power? International Security 27(4): 5–56.
Joll, James. 1992[1984]. The origins of the First World War. 2nd edition. The Silver Library. New York: Longman.
Jones, Daniel M., Bremer, Stuart A., and Singer, J. David. 1996. Militarized interstate disputes, 1816–1992: Rationale, coding rules, and empirical patterns. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15(2): 163–213.
Jones, Ronald. 1971. A three-factor model in theory, trade, and history. In Trade, balance of payments, and growth, eds Bhagwati, J., Jones, Ronald, Mundell, Robert A., and Vanek, Jaroslav, 3–21. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Kadera, Kelly M., Crescenzi, Mark J. C., and Shannon, Megan L.. 2003. Democratic survival, peace, and war in the international system. American Journal of Political Science 47(2): 234–47.
Kagan, Robert. 1997. What China knows that we don't: The case for a new strategy of containment. The Weekly Standard January 20, 1997.
Kaiser, David E. 1983. Germany and the origins of the First World War. The Journal of Modern History 55(3): 442–74.
Kant, Immanuel. 1971. Kant: Political writings, ed. Reiss, Hans. Trans. Nisbet, H. B.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kastner, Scott L. 2006. Does economic integration across the Taiwan Strait make military conflict less likely? Journal of East Asian Studies 6(3): 319–46.
Keech, William R. 1995. Economic politics: The costs of democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keiger, John F. V. 1983. France and the origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Keng, Shu, Chen, Lu-huei, and Huang, Kuan-po. 2006. Sense, sensitivity, and sophistication in shaping the future of cross-Strait relations. Issues and Studies 42(4): 23–66.
Kennedy, Paul. 1980. The rise of the Anglo-German antagonism, 1860–1914. London: The Ashfield Press.
Kent, Bruce. 1989. The spoils of war: The politics, economics, and diplomacy of reparations, 1919–1932. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kindleberger, Charles P. 1981. Dominance and leadership in the international economy: Exploitation, public goods, and free riders. International Studies Quarterly 25(2): 242–54.
Kirshner, Jonathan. 2007. Appeasing bankers: Financial caution on the road to war. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kiser, Edgar. 1986/87. The formation of state policy in Western European absolutisms: A comparison of England and France. Politics and Society 15(3): 259–96.
Edgar, Kiser, Drass, K. A., and Brustein, W.. 1995. Ruler autonomy and war in early modern Western Europe. International Studies Quarterly 39(1): 109–38.
Kissinger, Henry. 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Kokovtsov, Vladimir. 1935. Out of my past: The memoirs of Count Kokovtsov, ed. Fisher, H.. Trans. Matveev, Laura. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kornai, Janos. 1992. The socialist system: The political economy of communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kornai, Janos. 2000. What the change of system from socialism to capitalism does and does not mean. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(1): 27–42.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1976. State power and the structure of international trade. World Politics 28(3): 317–47.
Krumeich, Gerd. 1984. Armaments and politics in France on the eve of the First World War: The introduction of three-year conscription 1913–1914. Trans. Conn, Stephen. Leamington Spa: Berg Publishers.
LaFeber, Walter. 1960. The American business community and Cleveland's Venezuelan message. Business History Review 34(4): 393–402.
LaFeber, Walter. 1961. The background of Cleveland's Venezuelan policy: A reinterpretation. The American Historical Review 66(4): 947–67.
LaFeber, Walter. 1998[1963]. The new empire: An interpretation of American expansion 1860–1898. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lake, Anthony. September 1993. From containment to enlargement. Dispatch. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs 4(39).
Lake, David A. 1992. Powerful pacifists: Democratic states and war. American Political Science Review 86(1): 24–37.
Lake, David A. 1993. Leadership, hegemony, and the international economy: Naked emperor or tattered monarch with potential? International Studies Quarterly 37(4): 459–89.
Lake, David A. 1996. Anarchy, hierarchy, and the variety of international relations. International Organization 50(1): 1–33.
Lake, David A. 2007. Escape from the state-of-nature: Authority and hierarchy in world politics. International Security 32(1): 47–79.
Lake, David A., and James, Scott C.. 1989. The second face of hegemony: Britain's repeal of the Corn Laws and the American Walker Tariff of 1846. International Organization 43(1): 1–29.
Lampton, David M. 2005. China's rise in Asia need not be at America's expense. In Power shift: China and Asia's new dynamics, ed. Shambaugh, David, 306–26. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Langdon, John W. 1991. July 1914: The long debate, 1918–1990. New York: Berg.
Lardy, Nicholas R. 1992. Foreign trade and economic reform in China, 1978–1990. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Lardy, Nicholas R. 2002. Integrating China into the global economy. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Laslett, Peter. 1988. Introduction to Two treatises of government by John Locke. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Laves, Walter Herman Carl. 1977. German governmental influence on foreign investments, 1871–1914. New York: Arno Press.
Layne, Christopher. 1994. Kant or can't: The myth of the democratic peace. International Security 19(2): 5–49.
Layne, Christopher. 2006. The peace of illusions: American grand strategy from 1940 to the present. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Leamer, Edward D. 1988. Measures of openness. In Trade policy issues and empirical analysis, ed. Baldwin, Robert E., 147–200. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Leamer, Edward D. 1993. Factor-supply differences as a source of comparative advantage. The American Economic Review 83(2): 436–9.
Leffler, Melvyn P. 2007. For the soul of mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War. New York: Hill and Wang.
Lenin, V. I. 1993[1916]. Imperialism: The highest stage of capitalism. New York: International Publishers.
Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of rule and revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Levinsohn, James. 1993. Testing the imports-as-market-discipline hypothesis. Journal of International Economics 35(1–2): 1–22.
Levy, Jack S. 1987. Declining power and the preventive motivation for war. World Politics 40(1): 82–107.
Levy, Jack S. 1989. The diversionary theory of war: A critique. In Handbook of war studies, ed. Midlarsky, Manus I.. London: Unwin Hyman.
Levy, Jack S., and Mabe, William F.. 2004. Politically motivated opposition to war. International Studies Review 6(4): 65–83.
Lieber, Kier. 1998. Grasping the technological Peace: The offense–defense balance and international security. International Security 25(1): 71–104.
Lieber, Kier. 2007. The new history of World War I and what it means for international relations theory. International Security 32(2): 155–91.
Lieven, D. C. B. 1983. Russia and the origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Lin, Tse-min and Chu, Yun-han. 2008. The Structure of Taiwan's political cleavages toward the 2004 presidential election: A spatial analysis. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 4(2).
Lindblom, Charles. 1977. Politics and markets: The world's political-economic systems. New York: Basic Books.
Lipset, Seymor Martin. 1994. The social requisites of democracy revisited: 1993 presidential address. American Sociological Review 59(1): 1–22.
Lipson, Charles. 2003. Reliable partners: How democracies have made a separate peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lobell, Steven E. 2003. The challenge of hegemony: Grand strategy, trade, and domestic politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Locke, John. 1988. Two treatises of government. Student Edition. Ed. Laslett, Peter. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1891. Protection or free trade–which? Arena 4: 652–67.
Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1893. Outlook and duty of the Republican Party. The Forum 15: 250–8.
Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1895a. Our Blundering Foreign Policy. The Forum 19: 8–17.
Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1895b. England, Venezuela, and the Monroe Doctrine. North American Review 160: 651–8.
Long, James William. 1968. The economics of the Franco-Russian alliance, 1904–1906. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Looney, Robert. 2002. Problems in using trade to counter terrorism: The case of Pakistan. Strategic Insight 1(8). Available online at http://www.cc.nps.nav.mil/si/oct02/southAsia.asp.
Macdonald, James. 2006. A free nation deep in debt: The financial roots of democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Macmillan, John. 2003. Beyond the separate democratic peace. Journal of Peace Research 40(2): 233–43.
MacPherson, C. B. 1962. The political theory of possessive individualism. London: Oxford University Press.
Maddison, Angus. 1991. Dynamic forces in capitalist development: A long-run comparative view. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
,Mainland Affairs Council. 2007. The cross-Strait economic statistics monthly, No. 178. Available at http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/index1-e.htm.
Mansfield, Edward D. 1994. Power, trade, and war. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Pevehouse, Jon C.. 2000. Trade blocs, trade flows, and international conflict. International Organization 54(4):775–808.
Mansfield, Edward D., Pevehouse, Jon C., and Bearce, David H.. 1999/2000. Preferential trading arrangements and military disputes. Security Studies 9(1):92–118.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Pollins, Brian M.. 2001. The study of interdependence and conflict: Recent advances, open questions, and directions for future research. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(6): 834–59.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Pollins, Brian M.. eds. 2003. Economic interdependence and international conflict: New perspectives on an enduring debate. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Snyder, Jack L.. 1995. Democratization and the danger of war. International Security 20(1): 5–38.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Snyder, Jack L. 2002a. Democratic transitions, institutional strength, and war. International Organization 56(2): 297–337.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Snyder, Jack L. 2002b. Incomplete democratization and the outbreak of military disputes. International Studies Quarterly 6(4): 529–49.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Snyder, Jack L. 2005. Electing to fight: Why emerging democracies go to war. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Maoz, Zeev, and Russett, Bruce. 1993. Normative and structural causes of the democratic peace. American Political Science Review 87(3): 624–38.
Marshall, M. G., and Jaggers, K.. 2003. Polity IV Project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800–1999. Available online at http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
May, Ernest R. 1961. Imperial democracy: The emergence of America as a Great Power. New York: Harper.
McCormick, Thomas J. 1995[1989]. America's half-century: United States foreign policy in the Cold War and after. 2nd edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
McDonald, David McLaren. 1992. United government and foreign policy in Russia 1900–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McDonald, Patrick J. 2004. Peace through trade or free trade? Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(4): 547–72.
McDonald, Patrick J. 2007a. The purse strings of peace. American Journal of Political Science 51(3): 569–82.
McDonald, Patrick J. 2007b. Revitalizing grand strategy: America's untapped market power. The Washington Quarterly 30(3): 21–35.
McDonald, Patrick J., and Sweeney, Kevin. 2007. The Achilles' heel of liberal IR theory? Globalization and conflict in the pre-World War I era. World Politics 59(3): 370–403.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2001. The tragedy of great power politics. New York: Norton.
Medeiros, Evan S., and Taylor Fravel, M.. 2003. China's new diplomacy. Foreign Affairs 82(6): 22–35.
Mehlinger, Howard D., and Thompson, John M.. 1972. Count Witte and the tsarist government in the 1905 revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Merk, Frederick. 1967. The Oregon question: Essays in Anglo-American diplomacy and politics. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Miller, Kenneth E. 1961. John Stuart Mill's theory of international relations. Journal of the History of Ideas 22(4): 493–514.
Milner, Helen V. 1998. The emerging synthesis of international, American and comparative politics. International Organization 52(4): 759–86.
Milner, Helen V. 1999. The political economy of international trade. Annual Review of Political Science 2: 91–114.
Mitchell, B. R.Various years. International historical statistics: Africa, Asia, and Oceania, 1750–1993. London: Macmillan Reference.
Mitchell, B. R. Various years. International historical statistics: The Americas, 1750–1993. London: Macmillan Reference.
Mitchell, B. R. Various years. International historical statistics: Europe, 1750–1993. London: Macmillan Reference.
Mitchell, B. R., McLaughlin, Sara, Gates, Scott, and Hegre, Havard. 1999. Evolution in democracy-war dynamics. Journal of Conflict Research 43(6): 771–92.
Mombauer, Annika. 2001. Helmuth von Moltke and the origins of the First World War. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Mombauer, Annika. 2002. The origins of the First World War: Controversies and consensus. London: Longman.
Mommsen, Wolfgang J. 1973. Domestic factors in German foreign policy before 1914. Central European History 6(1): 3–43.
Montesquieu, Baron. 1966[1748]. The spirit of the laws. Ed. Neumann, Franz. Trans. Nugent, Thomas. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.
Moore, Barrington, Jr. 1966. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Moore, Thomas G., and Yang, Dixia. 2001. Empowered and restrained: Chinese foreign policy in the age of economic interdependence. In The making of Chinese foreign and security policy in an era of reform, ed. Lampton, David, 191–229. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1997. Taking preferences seriously: A liberal theory of international politics. International Organization 51(4): 513–53.
Morrow, James D. 1999. How could trade affect conflict?Journal of Peace Research 36(4):481–89.
Mousseau, Michael. 2000. Market prosperity, democratic consolidation, and democratic peace. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(4): 472–507.
Mousseau, Michael. 2005. Comparing new theory with prior beliefs: Market civilization and the democratic peace. Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(1): 63–77.
Mousseau, Michael, Hegre, Havard, and O'Neal, John R.. 2003. How the wealth of nations conditions the liberal peace. European Journal of International Relations 9(2): 277–314.
Mueller, John E. 1999. Capitalism, democracy, and Ralph's pretty good grocery. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Naughton, Barry. 1995. Deng Xiaoping: The economist. In Deng Xiaoping: Portrait of a Chinese statesman, ed. Shambaugh, David, 83–106. New York: Oxford University Press.
Naughton, Barry. 2007. The Chinese economy: Transitions and growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Neilson, Keith. 1985. Watching the ‘steamroller’: British observers and the Russian army before 1914. The Journal of Strategic Studies 8(2): 199–217.
Neilson, Keith. 1995. Russia. In Decisions for war 1914, ed. Wilson, Keith, 97–120. London: UCL Press.
Nevins, Allan. 1930. Henry White: Thirty years of American diplomacy. New York: Harpers and Brothers Publishers.
Nicholls, David. 1991. Richard Cobden and the international peace congress movement, 1848–1853. Journal of British Studies 30(4): 351–76.
North, Douglass C. 1981. Structure and change in economic history. New York: Norton.
North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry R. 1989. Constitutions and commitment: The evolution of institutions governing public choice in 17th-century England. The Journal of Economic History 49(4): 803–832.
Ohashi, Hideo. 2005. China's regional trade and investment profile. In Power shift: China and Asia's new dynamics, ed. Shambaugh, David, 71–95. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Oneal, John R., and Russett, Bruce M.. 1997. The classical liberals were right: Democracy, interdependence, and conflict, 1950–1985. International Studies Quarterly 41(2): 267–93.
Oneal, John R., and Russett, Bruce M.. 1999. The Kantian peace: The pacific benefits of democracy, interdependence, and international organizations, 1885–1992. World Politics 52(1): 1–37.
Oneal, John R., Russett, Bruce, and Berbaum, Michael L.. 2003. Causes of peace: Democracy, interdependence, and international organizations, 1885–1992. International Studies Quarterly 47(3): 371–93.
Oneal, John R., Russett, Bruce, and Davis, David R.. 1998. The third leg of the Kantian tripod for peace: International organizations and militarized disputes, 1950–1985. International Organization 52(3): 441–67.
Oren, Ido. 1995. The subjectivity of the democratic peace: Changing U.S. perceptions of imperial Germany. International Security 20(2): 147–184.
O'Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. 1999. Globalization and history: The evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Owen, John M. 1994. How liberalism produces democratic peace. International Security 19(2): 87–125.
Owen, John M. 1997a. Liberal peace, liberal war: American politics and international security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Owen, John M. 1997b. Perceptions and the limits of liberal peace: The Mexican-American and Spanish-American Wars. In Paths to peace: Is democracy the answer? Ed. Elman, Mirian Fendius, 153–189. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Owen, John M. 2005. Iraq and the democratic peace. Foreign Affairs. 84(6): 122–7.
Paine, Thomas. 1995[1791]. Rights of man, common sense, and other political writings. Ed. Philp, Mark. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paléologue, Maurice. 1924. An ambassador's memoirs. New York: George H. Doran.
Papayoanou, Paul. 1999. Power ties: Economic interdependence and war. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Paul, James C. N. 1951. Rift in the democracy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Pearson, Jonathan. 2003. Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez crisis: Reluctant gamble. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Perkins, Dexter. 1937. The Monroe doctrine, 1867–1907. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Pevehouse, Jon C., and Russett, Bruce. 2006. Democratic international governmental organizations promote peace. International Organization 60(4): 969–1000.
Phillips, Steven. 2005. Building a Taiwanese republic: The independence movements, 1945– present. In Dangerous Strait: The U.S.–Taiwan–China crisis, ed. Bernkopf, Nancy, 44–69. New York: Columbia University Press.
Pipes, Richard. 1999. Property and freedom. New York: Knopf.
Pletcher, David M. 1973. The diplomacy of annexation; Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
Hartmut, Pogge von Strandmann. 1988. Germany and the coming of war. In The coming of the First World War, eds Evans, R. J. W. and Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge, 87–123. New York: Oxford University Press.
Polachek, Solomon W. 1980. Conflict and trade. Journal of Conflict Resolution 24: 55–78.
Polanyi, Karl. 2001[1944]. The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Boston: Beacon Press.
Pollard, Robert A. 1985. Economic security and the origins of the Cold War, 1945–1950. New York: Columbia University Press.
Powell, Robert. 1999. In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Powell, Robert. 2002. Bargaining theory and international conflict. Annual Review of Political Science 5(1): 1–30.
Powell, Robert. 2003. Nuclear deterrence theory, nuclear proliferation, and national missile defense. International Security 27(4): 86–118.
Powell, Robert. 2006. War as a commitment problem. International Organization 60(1): 169–203.
Przeworski, Adam, and Wallerstein, Michael. 1988. Structural dependence of the state on capital. American Political Science Review 82(1): 11–29.
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., Cheibub, J. A., and Limongi, F.. 2000. Democracy and development: Political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ray, James Lee. 1995. Democracy and international conflict: An evaluation of the democratic peace proposition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Ray, James Lee. 1998. Does democracy cause peace?Annual Review of Political Science 1(1): 27–46.
Reed, William. 2003. Information and economic interdependence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(1): 54–71.
Reiter, Dan. 2003. Exploring the bargaining model of war. Perspectives on Politics 1(1): 27–43.
Reiter, Dan, and Stam, Allan C.. 2002. Democracies at war. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reiter, Dan, and Tillman, Erik R.. 2002. Public, legislative, and executive constraints on the democratic initiation of conflict. The Journal of Politics 64(3): 810–26.
Ricardo, David. 1951[1820]. Funding system. In The works and correspondence of David Ricardo, Volume 4, ed. Sraffa, Piero. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rigger, Shelley. 1999. Politics in Taiwan: Voting for democracy. New York: Routledge.
Rigger, Shelley. 2005. The unfinished business of Taiwan's democratization. In Dangerous Strait: The U.S.–Taiwan–China crisis, ed. Bernkopf, Nancy, 16–43. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ripsman, Norrin M., and Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.. 1996/97. Commercial liberalism under fire: Evidence from 1914 and 1936. Security Studies 6(2): 4–50.
Ripsman, Norrin M., and Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.. 2003. Qualitative research on economic interdependence and conflict: Overcoming methodological hurdles. In Economic interdependence and international conflict: New perspectives on an enduring debate, eds Mansfield, Edward and Pollins, Brian. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. 1996. Collective identity in a democratic community: The case of NATO. In The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics, ed. Katzenstein, Peter J.. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rock, Stephen R. 1989. Why peace breaks out great power rapprochement in historical perspective. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Rock, Stephen R. 1997. Anglo-U.S. relations, 1845–1930: Did shared liberal values and democratic institutions keep the peace? In Paths to peace: Is democracy the answer? Ed. Elman, Miriam Fendius. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Rodrik, Dani. 1995. Trade policy and industrial reform. In Handbook of development economics, volume 3B, eds Behrman, Jere and Srinivasan, T. N.. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Rogowski, Ronald. 1989. Commerce and coalitions: How trade affects domestic political alignments. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rogowski, Ronald. 1999. Institutions as constraints on strategic actors. In, Strategic choice and international relations, eds Lake, David A. and Powell, Robert. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rohl, John C. G. 1973. 1914: Delusion or design? The testimony of two German diplomats. London: Elek.
Rogowski, Ronald. 1995. Germany. In Decisions for war, 1914, ed. Wilson, Keith, 27–54. London: UCL Press.
Romberg, Alan D. 2003. Rein in at the brink of the precipice: American policy toward Taiwan and U.S.–PRC relations. Washington: Henry L. Stimson Center.
Rosato, Sebastian. 2003. The flawed logic of democratic peace theory. American Political Science Review 97(4): 585–602.
Rosecrance, Richard. 1986. The rise of the trading state: Commerce and conquest in the modern world. New York: Basic Books.
Ross, Michael J. 2001. Does oil hinder democracy?World Politics 53(3): 325–61.
Rousseau, David L. 2005. Democracy and war: Institutions, norms, and the evolution of international conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rousseau, David L., Gelpi, Christopher, Reiter, Dan, and Huth, Paul K.. 1996. Assessing the dyadic nature of the democratic peace, 1918–1988. American Political Science Review 90(3): 512–33.
Rowe, David M. 1999. World economic expansion and national security in pre-World War I Europe. International Organization 53(2): 195–231.
Rowe, David M. 2005. The tragedy of liberalism: How globalization caused the First World War. Security Studies 14(3): 407–47.
Rowe, David M., Bearce, David H., and McDonald, Patrick J.. 2002. Binding Prometheus: How the 19th-century expansion of trade impeded Britain's ability to raise an army. International Studies Quarterly 46(4): 551–78.
Rummel, R. J. 1983. Libertarianism and international violence. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 27(1): 27–71.
Russett, Bruce, and Oneal, John R.. 2001. Triangulating peace: Democracy, interdependence, and international organizations. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Scherer, Paul. 1999. Lord John Russell: A biography. London: Associated University Press.
Schneider, Gerald, and Schulze, Gunther G.. 2003. The domestic roots of commercial liberalism: A sector-specific approach. In Globalization and armed conflict eds Schneider, Gerald, Barbieri, Katherine, and Gleditsch, Nils Petter, 103–22. Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield Publishers.
Schultz, Kenneth. 1999. Do democratic institutions constrain or inform? Contrasting two institutional perspectives on democracy and war. International Organization 53(2): 233–66.
Schultz, Kenneth. 2001. Democracy and coercive diplomacy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1951[1919]. The sociology of imperialisms. In Imperialism and social classes, ed. Sweezy, Paul M., trans. Norden, Heinz, 1–130. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, Inc.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Sellers, Charles Grier. 1966. James K. Polk, continentalist. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Shenton, James Patrick. 1961. Robert John Walker: A politician from Jackson to Lincoln. New York: Columbia University Press.
Shifter, Michael. 2006. In search of Hugo Chavez. Foreign Affairs 85(3): 45–55.
Shirk, Susan. 1994. How China opened its door: The political success of the PRC's foreign trade and investment reforms. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Shirk, Susan. 2007. China: Fragile superpower. New York: Oxford University Press.
Signorino, Curtis S., and Ritter, Jeffery. 1999. Tau-b or not Tau-b: Measuring the similarity of foreign policy positions. International Studies Quarterly 43(1):115–44.
Silberner, Edmund. 1946. The problem of war in nineteenth-century economic thought. Trans. Krappe, Alexander H.. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Simmons, Beth. 1994. Who adjusts? Domestic sources of foreign economic policy during the interwar years. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Singer, J. David,Bremer, Stuart, and Stuckey, John. 1972. Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820–1965. In Peace, war, and numbers, ed. Russett, Bruce, 19–48. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Smith, Adam. 1937[1776]. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. New York: Random House.
Smith, Alastair. 1996. Diversionary policy in democratic systems. International Studies Quarterly 40(1): 133–53.
Smith, Alastair. 1998. International crises and domestic politics. American Political Science Review 92(3): 623–38.
Snidal, Duncan. 1985. The limits of hegemonic stability theory. International Organization 39(4): 579–614.
Snyder, Jack. 1984. Civil-military relations and the cult of the offensive, 1914 and 1984. International Security 9(1): 108–46.
Snyder, Jack. 1991. Myths of empire: Domestic politics and international ambition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Snyder, Jack. 2000. From voting to violence democratization and nationalist conflict. New York: Norton.
Solingen, Etel. 1998. Regional orders at century's dawn: Global and domestic influences on grand strategy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Sontag, John P. 1968. Tsarist debts and tsarist foreign policy. Slavic Review 27(4): 529–41.
Souva, Mark. 2004. Institutional similarity and interstate conflict. International Interactions 30(3): 263–281.
Souva, Mark, and Prins, Brandon. 2006. The liberal peace revisited: The role of democracy, dependence, and development in militarized interstate dispute initiation, 1950–1999. International Interactions 32(2): 183–200.
Spiro, David. 1994. Given democratic peace a chance? The insignificance of the democratic peace. International Security 19(2): 50–86.
Spring, D. W. 1988a. Russia and the Franco-Russian alliance, 1905–1914: Dependence or interdependence?Slavonic and East European Review 66(4): 564–92.
Spring, D. W. 1988b. Russia and the coming of war. In The coming of the First World War, eds Evans, R. J. W. and Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge, 57–86. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Staley, Eugene. 1935. War and the private investor: A study in the relations of international politics and international private investment. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc.
Stein, Arthur A. 1993. Governments, economic interdependence, and international cooperation. In Behavior, society, and nuclear war, vol. 3., eds Tetlock, Philip E., Husbands, Jo L., Jervis, Robert, Stern, Paul C., and Tilly, Charles. New York: Oxford University Press.
Steiner, Zara S. 1977. Britain and the origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Stevenson, David. 1996. Armaments and the coming of war: Europe, 1904–1914. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stigler, George J. 1971. The theory of economic regulation. The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2(1): 3–21.
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2002. Globalization and its discontents. New York: Norton.
Stinnett, Douglas M., Tir, Jaroslav, Schafer, Philip, Diehl, Paul F., and Gochman, Charles. 2002. The Correlates of War Project direct contiguity data, version 3. Conflict Management and Peace Science 19(2): 58–66.
Stolper, Wolfgang F., and Samuelson, Paul A.. 1941. Protection and real wages. The Review of Economic Studies 9(1): 58–73.
Taylor, A. J. P. 1954. The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1848–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, W. R. 1996. Democracy and peace: Putting the cart before the horse?International Organization 50(1): 141–74.
Tian, John Q. 2006. Government, business, and the politics of interdependence and conflict across the Taiwan Strait. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Trubowitz, Peter. 1998. Defining the national interest: Conflict and change in American foreign policy. Chicago: ChicagoUniversity Press.
Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf. 2005. Strategic ambiguity or strategic clarity? In Dangerous Strait: The U.S.–Taiwan–China crisis, ed. Bernkopf, Nancy, 186–211. New York: Columbia University Press.
Tully, James. 1980. A discourse on property: John Locke and his adversaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Turner, L. C. F. 1968. The Russian mobilization in 1914. Journal of Contemporary History 3(1): 65–88.
,U.S. Census Department. 2005 foreign trade statistics. Available at http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/sreport/textile.html.
Evera, Stephen. 1984. The cult of the offensive and the origins of the First World War. International Security 9(1): 58–107.
Varian, Hal R. 1996. Intermediate microeconomics: A modern approach. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
Verdier, Daniel, and Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette. 2005. European integration as a solution to war. European Journal of International Relations 11(1): 99–135.
Viner, Jacob. 1951. International economics. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
Wachman, Alan M. 2007. Why Taiwan? Geostrategic rationales for China's territorial integrity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Wagner, R. Harrison. 1988. Economic interdependence, bargaining power, and political influence. International Organization 42(3): 461–83.
Wagner, R. Harrison. 2000. Bargaining and war. American Journal of Political Science 44(3): 469–84.
Wagner, R. Harrison. 2007. War and the state: The theory of international politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Walker, Thomas C. 2000. The forgotten prophet: Tom Paine's cosmopolitanism and international relations. International Studies Quarterly 44(1): 51–72.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: Concepts for comparative analysis. Comparative Studies in Society and History 16(4): 387–415.
Walter, Andrew. 1996. Adam Smith and the liberal tradition in international relations. Review of International Studies 22(1): 5–28.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1959. Man, the state, and war: A theoretical analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of international politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The political economy of two regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Waterbury, John. 1992. The heart of the matter? Public enterprise and the adjustment process. In The politics of economic adjustment: International constraints, distributive conflicts, and the state, eds Haggard, S. and Kaufman, R. R.. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Way, Christopher Robert. 1998. Manchester revisited: A theoretical and empirical evaluation of commercial liberalism. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.
Weede, Erich. 1995. Economic policy and international security: Rent-seeking, free trade, and democratic peace. European Journal of International Relations 1(4): 519–37.
Weingast, Barry R. 1995. The economic role of political institutions: Market-preserving federalism and economic growth. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 11(1): 1–31.
Weinthal, Erika, and Luong, Pauline Jones. 2006. Combating the resource curse: An alternative solution to managing mineral wealth. Perspectives on Politics 4(1): 35–53.
Welch, Jr., , Richard E. 1988. The presidencies of Grover Cleveland. Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas.
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social theory of international politics. Cambridge studies in international relations, vol. 67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Widenor, William C. 1980. Henry Cabot Lodge and the search for an American foreign policy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Williams, William Appleman. 1959. The tragedy of American diplomacy. New York: Dell Publishing Company.
Williamson, Samuel J. 1988. The origins of World War I. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18(4): 795–818.
Williamson, Samuel J. 1991. Austria–Hungary and the origins of the First World War. London: Macmillan.
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1998. Globalization, labor markets, and policy backlash in the past. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4): 51–72.
Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, relational contracting. New York: The Free Press.
Wilson, Keith M. 1984. Imperial interests in the British decision for war, 1914: The defence of India in Central Asia. Review of International Studies 10: 189–203.
Wilson, Keith M. 1995. Britain. In Decisions for war 1914, ed. Wilson, Keith. London: UCL Press.
Winch, Donald. 1978. Adam Smith's politics: An essay in historiographic revision. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Wolford, Scott. 2007a. The turnover trap: New leaders, reputation, and international conflict. American Journal of Political Science 51(4): 772–88.
Wolford, Scott. 2007b. In the shadow of the successor: Leadership turnover as a commitment problem. Typescript.
,World Bank. Various years. World development indicators CD-ROM. Washington: World Bank.
Wu, Yu-shan. 2005. Taiwan's domestic politics and cross-Strait relations. The China Journal 53: 35–60.
Yahuda, Michael. 1993. Deng Xiaoping: The statesman. The China Quarterly 135: 551–72.
Yergin, Daniel. 1991. The prize: The epic quest for oil, money, and power. New York: Touchstone.
Zakaria, Fareed. 1997. The rise of illiberal democracy. Foreign Affairs 76(6): 22–43.
Zakaria, Fareed. 2003. The Future of freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
Zheng, Bijian. 2005. China's peaceful rise: Speeches of Zheng Bijian, 1997–2005. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Zoellick, Robert. 2004. When trade leads to tolerance. New York Times, A13, June 12, 2004.
Zorn, Christopher J. W. 2001. Generalized estimating equation models for correlated data: A review with applications. American Journal of Political Science 45(2): 470–90.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.