Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 11
      • John Holm, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
      Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      September 2009
      December 2003
      ISBN:
      9780511486289
      9780521430517
      9780521068376
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.46kg, 196 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.3kg, 196 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    There is widespread agreement that certain non-Creole language varieties are structurally quite different from the European languages out of which they grew; however, until recently, linguists have found difficulty in accounting for either their genesis or their synchronic structure. This 2003 study argues that the transmission of source languages from native to non-native speakers led to 'partial restructuring', whereby some of the source languages' morphosyntax was retained, but a significant number of substrate and interlanguage features were also introduced. Comparing languages such as African-American English, Afrikaans and Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese, John Holm identifies the linguistic processes that lead to partial restructuring, bringing into focus a key span on the continuum of contact-induced language change which has not previously been analysed. Informed by the first systematic comparison of the social and linguistic facts in the development of these languages, this book will be welcomed by students of contact linguistics, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

    Awards

    Winner of the 2006 European Society for the Study of English Award

    Reviews

    Review of the hardback:‘With its cogent argumentation, supported by well-chosen examples and data clearly displayed in tables, Languages in Contact not only validates a promising hypothesis for explaining the varieties analyzed [BP, African American English, Non-standard Caribbean Spanish, Afrikaans and Réunionnais French] but also outlines what may turn out to be a particularly fertile research paradigm.’

    Source: Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages

    Review of the hardback:'Despite its modest length, this endeavour of linking the sociolinguistic to linguistic factors shared by five languages represents an exciting step in better understanding processes involved in the formation of contact languages.'

    Source: Canadian Journal of Lingusitics

    Review of the hardback:'A comparative approach to creolistics is nothing new, and Holm is a past master at it, but this work, essential reading for all interested in creolistics, is the first classic (and let us hope, by no means the last) of the new field of comparative semi-creolistics.'

    Source: Language in Society

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    References
    Adam, L. 1883. Les idiomes négro-aryen et maléo-aryen: essai d'hybridologie linguistique. Paris: Maisonneuve
    Almada, M. D. de Oliveira. 1961. Cabo Verde: contribuição para o estudo do dialecto falado no seu arquipélago. Estudos de ciências políticas e sociais, No. 55. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar
    Alvarez, Alexandra. 1990. Venezuelan Spanish: the search for a creole continuum. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University
    Alvarez Nazario, Manuel. 1961. El elemento afronegroide en el español de Puerto Rico. San Juan de Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (2nd edn., 1974)
    Amaral, Amadeu. 1928. O Dialeto Caipira. (3rd edn. 1976, São Paulo: HUCITEC, Secretaria da Cultura, Ciência e Tecnologia)
    Arends, Jacques, ed. 1995. The Early Stages of Creolization. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Arends, Jacques 1999. The origin of the Portuguese element in the Surinam Creoles. In M. Huber and M. Parkvall, eds., pp. 195–208
    Arends, J., P. Muysken, and N. Smith, eds. 1994. Pidgins and Creoles: an introduction. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Azevedo, Milton M. 1989. Vernacular features in educated speech in Brazilian Portuguese. Hispania 72, pp. 862–872
    Bailey, Guy. 2001. The relationship between African American and White vernaculars in the American South: a sociocultural history and some phonological evidence. In S. Lanehart, ed., pp. 53–92
    Bailey, Guy, and Natalie, Maynor. 1987. Decreolization?Language in Society 16, pp. 449–473
    Bailey, Guy, and Natalie, Maynor 1989. The divergence controversy. American Speech 64, pp. 12–39
    Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds., 1991. The Emergence of Black English: texts and commentary. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
    Baker, Philip. 1972. Kreol: a description of Mauritian Creole. London: Hurst
    Baker, Philip 1982. The Contribution of Non-Francophone Immigrants to the Lexicon of Mauritian Creole. Ph.D. diss., University of London
    Baker, Philip 1996. Pidginization, creolization, and français approximatif. Review of Des îles, des hommes, des langues, by Robert Chaudenson. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11:1, pp. 95–120
    Baker, Philip, and Chris Corne. 1982. Isle de France Creole: affinities and origins. Ann Arbor: Karoma
    Bakker, Peter, and Pieter Muysken. 1994. Mixed languages and language intertwining. In Arends et al., eds., pp. 41–84
    Baptista, Marlyse, Heliana R. de Mello, and Miki Suzuki. Forthcoming. Capeverdean and Guiné-Bissau Creole Portuguese. In J. Holm and P. Patrick, eds
    Barry, M. V. 1982. The English language in Ireland. In R. Bailey and M. Görlach, eds., English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 84–133
    Baugh, John. 1983. Black Street Speech: its history, structures, and survival. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Baxter, Alan N. 1987. Creole-like traces in rural Brazilian Portuguese dialects. Department of Spanish, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia. 47 pp. MS
    Baxter, Alan N. 1992. A contribuição das comunidades afro-brasileiras isoladas para o debate sobre a crioulização prévia: um exemplo do estado da Bahia. In E. d'Andrade and A. Kihm, eds., pp. 7–35
    Baxter, Alan N. 1997. Creole-like features in the verb system of an Afro-Brazilian variety of Portuguese. In A. Spears and D. Winford, eds., pp. 265–288
    Baxter, Alan N., and Dante Lucchesi. 1997. A relevância dos precessos de pidginização e crioulização na formação da língua portuguesa no Brasil. Estudos lingüísticos e literários 19, pp. 65–84
    Baxter, Alan N., and Dante Lucchesi 1999. Un paso más hacia la definición del pasado criollo del dialecto afro-brasileño de Helvécia (Bahia). In K. Zimmermann, ed., pp. 119–141
    Béraha, Jeanette. 2002. La particle verbal 《i》 en réunionnais. Paper presented at the Colloque International des Études Créoles, Réunion
    Bhattacharjya, Dwijen. 2000. The Genesis and Development of Nagamese: its social history and linguistic structure. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York
    Bickerton, Derek. 1973. On the nature of a creole continuum. Language 49, pp. 640–649
    Bickerton, Derek 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma
    Bickerton, Derek 1984. The language bioprogram hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7, pp. 173–221
    Bickerton, Derek, and Escalante, Aquiles. 1970. Palenquero: a Spanish-based creole of northern Colombia. Lingua 24, pp. 254–267
    Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. London: Allen and Unwin
    Bollée, Annegret. 1977. Zur Entstehung der französischen Kreolen-dialekte im Indischen Ozean: Kreolisierung ohne Pidginisierung. Geneva: Droz
    Bonvini, Emilio. 2000. La langue des 《pretos velhos》 (vieux noirs) au Brésil: un créole à base portugaise d'origine africaine?Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris XCV, pp. 389–416
    Boretzky, Norbert. 1983. Kreolsprachen, Substrate und Sprachwandel. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
    Boretzky, Norbert 1986. Verbkategorien im Fantse und im Jamaican Creole. Ms.
    Boshoff, S. P. E. 1921. Volk en taal in Suid-Afrika. Pretoria: De Bussy
    Boshoff, S. P. E. 1959. Die wonder van die ontstaan van Afrikaans. In M. S. du Buisson, ed., Die wonder van Afrikaans. Johannesburg: Voortrekkerpers, pp. 25–35
    Bosman, Daniel B. 1923. Oor die ontstaan van Afrikaans. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger
    Bosman, Daniel B. 1947. Die ontstaan van Afrikaans. In C. M. van den Heever and P. de Villiers Pienaar, eds., Kultuurge skiedenis van die Afrikaner. Cape Town, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth: Nasionale Pers 2, pp. 1–22
    Bourquin, A. 1994. Étude d'une catégorie sociale: les Petits Blancs de la Réunion. Thèse de doctorat. Université J. Moulin, Lyon
    Boxer, C. R. 1963. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415–1825. Oxford: Clarendon Press
    Boxer, C. R. 1965. The Dutch Seaborne Empire. New York: Knopf
    Boxer, C. R. 1969. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. New York: Knopf
    Brachin, Pierre. 1985. The Dutch Language: a survey. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff
    Burgers, M. P. O. 1963. Teach Yourself Afrikaans. London: The English Universities Press
    Burling, R. 1973. English in Black and White. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
    Byrne, F., and J. Holm, eds. 1993. Atlantic Meets Pacific. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Cabrera, Lydia. 1969 [1954]. El Monte. Miami: Ediciones C.R.
    Caid, Leila. 2002. Le morphème verbal 《i》 en créole réunionnais. Paper presented at the Colloque International des Études Créoles, Réunion
    Calvet, Louis-Jean and Robert Chaudenson. 1998. Saint-Barthélemy. Une énigme linguistique. Paris: Didier Erudition
    Carden, G., M. Goodman, R. Posner, and W. A. Stewart. 1991. A 1671 French creole text from Martinique. Paper presented to the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Chicago
    Careno, Mary F. do. 1997. Vale do Ribeira: a voz e a vez das comunidades negras. São Paulo: Editora Arte e Ciência
    Carlin, Eithne B., and Jacques Arends, eds. 2002. Atlas of the Languages of Suriname. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Caribbean Series 22. Leiden: KITLV Press
    Carvalho, Felix de. 1977. Falares crioulos de Brasil: um tema em debate. Rio de Janeiro: Dpto. de Letras, Pontífica Universidade Católica, dissertação de mestrado
    Cassidy, Frederic G. 1961. Jamaica Talk: three hundred years of the English language in Jamaica. London: Macmillan
    Cassidy, Frederic G., and Joan H. Hall, eds. 1985 … Dictionary of American Regional English. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press
    Cassidy, Frederic G., and R. B. Le Page. 1980. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Pessoa, Castro Y., and Souza Castro, G. A.. 1980. Culturas africanas nas Américas: um esboço de pesquisa conjunta na localização dos empréstimos. Afro-Asia 13, pp. 27–50
    Cellier, Pierre. 1985a. Comparaison syntaxique du créole réunionnais et du français (Réflexions pré-pédagogiques). Université de la Réunion
    Cellier, Pierre 1985b. Description syntaxique du créole réunionnais: essai de standardisation. Thèse de doctorat d'Etat. Aix: Université de Provence
    Chapuis, Daniel. forthcoming. Aspects of Restructuring in Vernacular Lects of Réunion French. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York
    Chaudenson, R. 1974. Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion. Paris: Champion. 2 vols
    Chaudenson, R. 1992. Des îles, des hommes, des langues. L'Harmattan: Paris
    Chaudenson, R. 1995. Les Créoles. Que sais-je? Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
    Chaudenson, R. 2000. Créolisation du français et francisation du créole: Les cas de Saint-Barthélemy et de la Réunion. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 361–381
    Coelho, F. Adolpho. 1880–1886. Os dialectos românicos ou neolatinos na Africa, Asia, e América. Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa. Reprinted 1967 in Estudos Lingüísticos Crioulos, J. Morais Barbosa. Lisbon: Acadêmia Internacional de Cultura Portuguesa
    Cohen, W. B. 1980. The French Encounter with Africans: white response to blacks, 1530–1880. Bloomington London: Indiana University Press
    Combrink, J. 1978. Afrikaans: its origin and development. In L. W. Latham and K. P. Prinsloo, eds., Language and Communication Studies in South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 69–95
    Couto, Hildo H. do. 1996. Introdução ao estudo das línguas crioulas. Brasília: Editora da Universidade de Brasília
    Couto, Hildo H. do. 1997. Falar capelinhense: um dialeto conservador do interior de Minas Gerais. Colóquio internacional: substandard e mudança no português do Brasil. Berlin: Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut
    Craig, Beth. 1991. American Indian English. English World-Wide 12:1, pp. 25–62
    Crystal, David. 1986. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell
    Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2001. Co-existing grammars: The relationship between the evolution of African American and White Vernacular English in the South. In Sonja L. Lanehart, ed. 2001, pp. 93–127
    Cunha, Celso Ferreira da. 1981. Língua, Nação, Alienação. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira (Coleção Logos)
    Cunha, Celso Ferreira da. 1982. Gramática da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: FENAME (Fundação Nacional de Material Escolar, Ministério da Educação e Cultura)
    Curtin, Philip D. 1975. The Atlantic slave trade. In A. M. Pescatello, ed., The African in Latin America. New York: Knopf, pp. 35–48
    da Cunha, A. G. et al., 1982. Dicionário etimológico Nova Fronteira da língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira
    d'Andrade, Ernesto, and Alain Kihm, eds. 1992. Actas do colóquio sobre crioulos de base lexical portuguesa. Lisbon: Colibrí
    DeCamp, David. 1961. Social and geographical factors in Jamaican dialects. In R. B. Le Page, ed., Creole language studies Ⅱ. Proceedings of the Conference on Creole Language Studies (University of the West Indies, Mona, 1959). London: Macmillan
    DeCamp, David. 1971. Towards a generative analysis of a post-creole speech continuum. In Hymes, ed., 1971, pp. 349–370
    DeGraff, Michel, ed., 1999. Language Creation and Language Change. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press
    DeGraff, Michel 2001. Against creole genesis as “abnormal transmission.” Paper presented to the Linguistic Society of America, Washington, DC
    Granda, Germán. 1968. La tipología “criolla” de dos hablas del área lingüística hispánica. Thesaurus 23, pp. 193–205
    Granda, Germán. 1970a. Un temprano testimonio sobre las hablas “criollas” en África y América. Thesaurus 25, pp. 1–11
    Granda, Germán. 1970b. On the study of the creole dialects in Spanish-speaking areas. Orbis 19, pp. 72–81
    Granda, Germán. 1975. Planteamientos y necesidades actuales de los estudios lingüísticos afrohispano-americanos. Anuario de Letras 12, pp. 53–82
    Granda, Germán. 1976. Algunos rasgos morfosintácticos de posible origen criollo en el habla de áreas hispanoamericanas de población negra. Anuario de Letras 14, pp. 5–22
    de Granda, Germán. 1978. Estudios lingüísticos hispánicos, afrohispánicos y criollos. Madrid: Editorial Gredos
    Granda, Germán. 1987. Situación actual de los estudios lingüísticos afrohispanoamericanos. Thesaurus 31, pp. 481–501
    de Granda, Germán. 1998. Estudios sobre el español caribeño (1985–1995): resumen y evaluación de resultados. In M. Perl and A. Schwegler, eds., pp. 62–69
    de Kleine, Christa. 1997. The verb phrase in Afrikaans: Evidence of creolization? In D. Winford and A. K. Spears, eds., pp. 289–307
    Deltel, J. R. 1969. Le Créole de la Réunion. Annales de Nice 7, pp. 29–34
    den Besten, Hans. 1978. Cases of possible syntactic interference in the development of Afrikaans. Amsterdam Creole Studies 2, pp. 5–56
    den Besten, Hans 1981. Marking WH-Movement in Afrikaans. In P. Muysken, ed., pp. 141–179
    den Besten, Hans 1985. Die doppelte Negation im Afrikaans und ihre Herkunft. In N. Boretzky et al. eds., Akten des 1. Essener Kolloquiums über Kreolsprachen und Sprach-kontakte vom 26.1.1985 an der Universität Essen. Bochum: Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, pp. 9–42
    den Besten, Hans 1986. Double negation and the genesis of Afrikaans. In P. Muysken and N. Smith, eds., Substrata versus Universals in Creole Genesis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 185–230
    Besten, Hans 1987. Review article of Raidt 1983. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2, pp. 67–92
    den Besten, Hans 1989. From Khoekhoe foreigner talk via Hottentot Dutch to Afrikaans: the creation of a novel grammar. In Pütz and Dirven, eds., pp. 207–250
    den Besten, Hans 1993. The Khoikhoi basis for the Afrikaans associative construction. Paper presented to the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Amsterdam
    den Besten, Hans 1996. Afrikaans relatief “wat” en de West-Germanse relativisatiesystemen. In H. den Besten, J. Goossens, F. Ponelis, and P. van Reenen, eds., Afrikaans en variëteiten van het Nederlands. Amsterdam: P. J. Meertens-Instituut. Taal en Tongval, Thema nummer 9, pp. 12–34
    Denis, Béatrice. 1998. St. Thomas French: a semi-creole? 62-p. ms., Department of Linguistics, City University of New York
    Deumert, Andrea. 1999. Variation and Standardisation: the case of Afrikaans (1880–1922). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cape Town
    Dieck, Marianne. 2000. La negación en Palenquero: análisis sincrónico, estudio comparativo y consecuencias teóricas. Frankfurt: Vervuert/Madrid: Iberoamericana
    Dillard, J. L. 1972. Black English: its history and usage in the United States. New York: Random House
    D'Offay, Danielle, and Guy Lionnet. 1982. Diksyonner kreol-franse/Dictionnaire créole seychellois-français. Hamburg: Buske
    Donaldson, Bruce C. 1984. Dutch Reference Grammar. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff
    Donaldson, Bruce C. 1993. A Grammar of Afrikaans. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter
    du Toit, P. J. 1905. Afrikaansche studies. (dissertation, Ghent). Ghent: A. Siffer
    Elphick, R., and V. C. Malherbe. 1989. The Khoisan to 1828. In R. Elphick and H. Giliomee, eds., The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, pp. 3–65
    Famighetti, Robert, ed., 1997. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998. Mahwah, NJ: World Almanac Books
    Fasold, Ralph W., and Walt Wolfram. 1970. Some linguistic features of Negro dialect. In R. Fasold and R. Shuy, eds., pp. 87–104
    Fasold, Ralph W., and Roger W. Shuy, eds., 1970. Teaching Standard English in the Inner City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Fasold, Ralph W., William, Labov, Fay Bayel, Vaughn-Cooke, Guy, Bailey, Wolfram, Walt, Spears, Arthur K, and Rickford, John. 1987. Are black and white vernaculars diverging?American Speech 62:1, pp. 3–80
    Feagin, C. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: a sociolinguistic study of the White community. Washington: Georgetown University Press
    Ferguson, C. A., and S. B. Heath, eds., 1981. Language in the USA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Ferraz, Luiz. 1976. The origin and development of four creoles in the Gulf of Guinea. African Studies 35:1, pp. 33–38
    Figueroa A., V. Jesús. 1998. Rasgos semi-criollos en el español no estándar de la región suroriental cubana. In K. Zimmermann, ed., pp. 411–440
    Folb, Edith A. 1980. Running Down Some Lines: the language and culture of Black teenagers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (see glossary, pp. 227–260)
    Franken, J. L. M. 1952. Taalhistoriese bydraes. Amsterdam, Capetown: Balkema
    Freitas, Décio. 1978. Palmares: A Guerra dos Escravos. Rio de Janeiro: Graal
    Fry, P., Vogt, C., and Gnerre, M.. 1981. Mafamba e caxapura: na encruzilhada da identidade. Revista de Ciências Sociais 24:3, pp. 373–389
    Gilbert, Glenn G. 1985. Hugo Schuchardt and the Atlantic creoles: a newly discovered manuscript “On the Negro English of West Africa.” American Speech 60:1, pp. 31–63
    Gilbert, Glenn. ed. 1987. Pidgin and Creole Languages: essays in memory of John E. Reinecke. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii
    Gilbert, Glenn ed. 2002. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Peter Lang
    Goilo, E. R. 1972. Papiamentu Textbook. Aruba: de Wit
    Goodman, Morris. 1987. The Portuguese element in the American creoles. In G. Gilbert, ed., pp. 361–405
    Grondin, R.-C. 1998. La construction historique des catégories sociales. L'exemple des Petits Blancs des Hauts. Mémoire de DEA. Université de la Réunion
    Green, Katherine. 1997. Non-standard Dominican Spanish: evidence of partial restructuring. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International
    Guy, Gregory R. 1981. Linguistic Variation in Brazilian Portuguese. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
    Guy, Gregory R. 1989. On the nature and origins of Popular Brazilian Portuguese. In Estudios sobre español de América y lingüística afroamericana. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, publication no. 83, pp. 227–245
    Hackert, Stephanie, and John Holm. Forthcoming. Southern Bahamian: transported African American Vernacular English (term used in some quotations) or transported Gullah? In John Lipski ed., African-American English and its Congeners. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Hahn, Theophilus. 1882. On the Science of Language and its Study, with Special Reference to South Africa. Cape Town: Herrmann Michaelis
    Hancock, Ian F. 1969. The Malacca Creoles and their language. Afrasia 3, pp. 38–45
    Hancock, Ian F. 1971. A Study of the Sources and Development of the Lexicon of Sierra Leone Creole. Ph.D. thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
    Hancock, Ian F. 1975. Malacca Creole Portuguese: Asian, African, or European? Anthropological Linguistics 17(5): 211–236
    Hancock, Ian F. 1979. The relationship of Black Vernacular English to the Atlantic creoles. Working paper of the African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
    Hancock, Ian F. 1987. A preliminary classification of the Anglophone Atlantic creoles, with syntactic data from 33 representative dialects. In G. Gilbert, ed., pp. 264–334
    Hartt, Charles F. 1872. Notes on the Lingoa Geral or modern Tupi of the Amazonas. Transactions of the American Philological Association 3, pp. 58–76
    Healy, Maureen. 1993. The parallel continuum model for Suriname: a preliminary study. In F. Byrne and J. Holm, eds., pp. 279–289
    Henriquez Ureña, Pedro. 1987 [1940]. El español en Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Editora Taller
    Hesseling, D. C. 1897. Het Hollandsch in Zuid Afrika. De Gids 61, pp. 138–62; reprinted as Dutch in South Africa: In T. L. Markey and Paul T. Roberge, eds. and trans., On the Origin and Formation of Creoles: a miscellany of articles, Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1979
    Hickey, Raymond. 1997. Arguments for creolisation in Irish English. In R. Hickey and S. Puppel, eds., Language History and Linguistic Modeling: a festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 969–1038
    Hickey, Raymond, ed. forthcoming. Legacies of Colonial English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Highfield, Arnold R. 1979. The French Dialect of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Ann Arbor: Karoma
    Holm, John. 1978. The Creole English of Nicaragua's Miskito Coast: its sociolinguistic history and a comparative study of its lexicon and syntax. Ph.D. thesis, University College, London. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International
    Holm, John 1980. African features in White Bahamian English. English World-Wide 1:1, pp. 45–65
    Holm, John ed. 1983. Central American English. Heidelberg: Groos/Amsterdam: Benjamins
    Holm, John 1983. On the relationship of Gullah and Bahamian. American Speech 58:4, pp. 303–318
    Holm, John 1984. Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin. American Speech 59:4, pp. 291–309
    Holm, John 1987. Creole influence on Popular Brazilian Portuguese. In G. Gilbert, ed. pp. 406–430. 1988–89. Pidgins and Creoles. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Holm, John 1989. Do creoles have inflectional morphology? Paper presented at the Workshop on Creole Morphology, University of Amsterdam
    Holm, John 1991. The Atlantic creoles and the language of the ex-slave recordings. In G. Bailey et al., eds., pp. 231–247
    Holm, John 1992a. A theoretical model for semi-creolization. Paper presented to the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, Barbados
    Holm, John 1992b. Popular Brazilian Portuguese: a semi-creole. In E. d'Andrade and A. Kihm, eds., pp. 37–66
    Holm, John 1994. The history of the English Language in the West Indies. In The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. Ⅴ, R. Burchfield, ed., English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development, pp. 328–381
    Holm, John 2000a. An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Holm, John 2000b. Semi-creolization: problems in the development of theory. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 19–40
    Holm, John 2001. The semi-creole identity of Afrikaans lects: parallel cases of partial restructuring. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 13:4, pp. 353–379
    Holm, John 2002. The study of semi-creoles in the 21st century. In G. Gilbert, ed. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics in the Twenty-first Century. Peter Lang: New York, pp. 173–197
    Holm, J., G. A. Lorenzino, and H. R. de Mello. 1999. Diferentes grados de reestructuración en dos lenguas vernáculas: el español caribeño y el portugués brasileño. In Luís Ortiz, ed., El Caribe hispánico: perspectivas lingüísticas actuales. Frankfurt: Vervuert, pp. 43–60
    Holm, John, and Oyedeji, A. Goke. 1984. The Yoruba Language in the New World. Oso 3:1, pp. 83–90
    Holm, John, and Peter Patrick, eds. forthcoming. Comparative Creole Syntax. London: Battlebridge Press
    Holm, John, with Alison Shilling. 1982. Dictionary of Bahamian English. Cold Spring, NY: Lexik House
    Honoré, Daniel. 2002. Dictionnaire d'Expressions Créoles–Semi-lo-mo. Réunion: Editions Udir
    Howe, Darin M., and James A. Walker. 2000. Negation and the creole-origins hypothesis: evidence from Early African American English. In S. Poplack, ed., pp. 109–140
    Huber, Magnus. 2001. The Nova Scotia–Sierra Leone connection: new evidence on an early variety of African American Vernacular English in the diaspora. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Coimbra
    Huber, Magnus, and Mikael Parkvall, eds. 1999. Spreading the Word: the issue of diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles. London: University of Westminster Press
    Hull, Alexander. 1979. On the origin and chronology of the French-based creoles. In I. Hancock et al., eds., Readings in Creole Studies. Ghent: Story-Scientia, pp. 201–216
    Hull, Alexander 1983. Créole louisianais et créole haïtien: ressemblances et différences. Paper presented at the 4e Colloque International du Comité International des Etudes Créoles, Lafayette
    Hymes, Dell, ed. 1971. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Inverno, Liliana and Dominika Swolkien. 2001. O artigo definido zero em dois contextos específicos no Português do Brasil e no Crioulo de Cabo Verde. Paper presented at the meeting of Associação: Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola, Coimbra
    Ivens Ferraz, L. 1979. The Creole of São Tomé. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press
    Jeroslow, Helen [McKinney]. 1974. Rural cearense Portuguese: a study of one variety of non-standard Brazilian Portuguese. Dissertation: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
    Jeuda, David M. 1991. The Portuguese element in the Papiamentu lexicon. Paper presented to the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Chicago
    Joyner, C. 1984. Down by the Riverside: a South Carolina slave community. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press
    Kautzsch, Alexander. 2002. The Historical Evolution of Earlier African American English: an empirical comparison of early sources. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter
    Kautzsch, Alexander, and Edgar W. Schneider. 2000. Differential creolization: some evidence from Earlier African American Vernacular English in South Carolina. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 247–274
    Kaye, Alan S. 1990. Observations on pidginistics and creolistics. Semiotica 78:3/4, pp. 285–348
    Keenan, E. L. 1975. Remarkable subjects. In C. N. Li, ed., Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press, pp. 249–301
    Keenan, E. L. 1978. The syntax of subject-final languages. In W. P. Lehman, ed., Syntactic Typology: studies in the phenomenology of language. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 266–327
    Kent, R. K. 1979. Palmares: an African state in Brazil. In R. Price, ed., Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 170–190
    Kloeke, G. G. 1950. Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans. Leiden: Universitaire Pers
    Kotzé, E. F. 1984. Afrikaans in the Malay Quarter: a diachronic perspective. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe. 24:1, pp. 41–73
    Kotzé, E. F. 1989. How creoloid can you be? Aspects of Malay Afrikaans. In M. Pütz and R. Dirven, eds., pp. 251–264
    Kruisinga, E. 1906. De oorsprong van het Afrikaans. Taal en Letteren 16, pp. 417–439
    Labov, William. 1969. Contraction, deletion and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45:4, pp. 715–751
    Labov, William 1972a. Negative attraction and negative concord. In Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 130–196
    Labov, William 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    Labov, William 1982. Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science: the case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor. Language in Society 11, pp. 165–201
    Labov, William, Paul Cohen, and John Lewis. 1968. A Study of the Non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City. Report on Co-operative Research Project 3288. New York: Columbia University
    Labov, William, and Wendell A. Harris. 1986. De facto segregation of Black and White vernaculars. In David Sankoff, ed., Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Ladhams, John. 1999. The Pernambuco connection? An examination of the nature and origin of the Portuguese elements in the Surinam Creoles. In M. Huber and M. Parkvall, eds., pp. 209–240
    Lanehart, Sonja L. 2001. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Laurence, Kemlin M. 1974. Is Caribbean Spanish a case of decreolization? Orbis 23:2, pp. 484–499
    Lass, R. 1990. How to do things with junk: exaptation in language evolution. Journal of Linguistics 26, pp. 79–102
    Lemle, Miriam. 1976. Heterogenidade dialetal: um apelo a pesquisas. In E. M. P. Lobato, ed., Lingüística e ensino do vernáculo. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro
    Lenz, Rodolofo. 1928. El papiamento, la lengua criolla de Curazao (la gramática más sencilla). Santiago de Chile: Balcells
    Le Page, R. B. and A. Tabouret-Keller. 1985. Acts of Identity: creole-based approaches to language and ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Lipski, John M. 1993. On the non-creole basis for Afro-Caribbean Spanish. Albuquerque: Research Paper Series no. 24. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico
    Lipski, John M. 1994. A new perspective on Afro-Dominican Spanish: the Haitian contribution. Albuquerque: Latin American Institute of the University of New Mexico
    Lipski, John M. 1998. Perspectivas sobre el español bozal. In M. Perl and A. Schwegler, eds., pp. 293–328
    Lipski, John M. 2000. Bozal Spanish: Restructuring or creolization? In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 437–468
    Lockwood, W. B. 1965. An Informal History of the German Language, with chapters on Dutch and Afrikaans, Frisian and Yiddish. Cambridge: Heffer
    Lorenzino, Gerardo. 1991. On the semi-creole status of Dominican Spanish. City University of New York, Dept. of Linguistics, 41-p. MS
    Lorenzino, Gerardo 1993. Algunos rasgos semicriollos en el español popular dominicano. Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica 9, pp. 111–126
    Lorenzino, Gerardo 1998. El español caribeño: antecedentes sociohistóricos y lingüísticos. In M. Perl and A. Schwegler, eds., pp. 26–39
    Lorenzino, Gerardo Forthcoming. Angolar. In J. Holm and P. Patrick, eds
    Lucchesi, Dante. 2000. A variação na concordância de gênero em uma comunidade de fala afro-brasileira: Novos elementos sobre a formação do português popular do Brasil. Ph.D. diss., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
    Luijks, Carla. 2000. The Realisation of Syntactic Principles in Non-standard Afrikaans: the Correspondence of Jan Jonker Afrikaner (1820–1889). Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town
    Makhudu, Dennis. 1984. Is Afrikaans a creole language? M.A. thesis, Department of Linguistics, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
    Markey, Thomas. 1982. Afrikaans: creole or non-creole? Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 49:2, pp. 169–207
    Marques, A. H. de Oliveira. 1976. History of Portugal. New York: Columbia University Press
    Marroquim, Mário. 1934. A língua do Nordeste (Alagôas e Pernambuco). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional
    Maurer, Philippe. 1988. Les modifications temporelles et modales du verbe dans le papiamento de Curaçao (Antilles Néerlandaises). Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag
    Maurer, Philippe 1995. L'angolar: un créole afro-portugais parlé à São Tomé. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag
    McKay, J. R. 1969. A Partial Analysis of a Variety of Nonstandard Negro English. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
    McKinney, Helen [Jeroslow]. 1975. Creole characteristics in rural Brazilian Portuguese. Paper presented at the International Congress on Pidgins and Creoles, University of Hawaii
    McKinney, Helen [Jeroslow] 1982. Serial verbs in a non-standard Brazilian dialect: possible creolization. Paper presented at the Conference of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, New Orleans
    McWhorter, John. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: vindicating a typological class. Language 74:4, pp. 788–818
    McWhorter, John 2000. Defining “creole” as a synchronic term. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 85–123
    McWhorter, John ed., 2000. Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    McWhorter, John 2002. The rest of the story: restoring pidginization to creole genesis theory. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 17:1, pp. 1–48
    Megenney, William W. 1976. El elemento sub-sahárico en el léxico costeño de Colombia. Revista Española de Lingüística 6, pp. 405–451
    Megenney, William W. 1985. Africa en Venezuela: su herencia lingüística y su cultura literaria. Revista Montalbán 15, pp. 1–54
    Megenney, William W. 1990. Africa en Santo Domingo: su herencia lingüística. Santo Domingo: Editorial Tiempo
    Megenney, William W. 1999. Cuba y Brasil: etnohistória del empleo religioso del lenguaje afroamericano. Miami FL: Ediciones Universal
    Mello, Heliana Ribeiro de. 1997. Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese: evidence of partial restructuring. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International
    Mello, Heliana Ribeiro de. 2001. Situando o Português Brasileiro através da perspectiva da análise crítica do discurso. Paper presented at the meeting of Associação: Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola, Coimbra
    Melo, Gladstone Chaves de. 1946. A Língua do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria AGIR Editora. Repr. 1975. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas
    Mendonça, Renato. 1933. A influência africana no português do Brasil. Repr. 1973. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira/MEC
    Mesthrie, Rajend, and Paul T. Roberge, eds., 2001–02. Focus on Afrikaans Sociohistorical Linguistics. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 13:4–14:1
    Michel, Abigail. Forthcoming. Papiamentu. In J. Holm and P. Patrick, eds
    Mintz, S. W. 1971. The socio-historical background to pidginization and creolization. In D. Hymes, ed., pp. 481–498
    Moñino, Yves and Armin Schwegler, eds., 2002. Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: histórica y langua. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer
    Montgomery, M., and G. Bailey, eds. 1986. Language Variety in the South: perspectives in black and white. University, AL: University of Alabama Press
    Mufwene, Salikoko. 1983. Some observations on the verb in Black English Vernacular. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center Papers, series 2. University of Texas at Austin
    Mufwene, Salikoko 1987. Review of Montgomery and Bailey, eds., 1986. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2:1, pp. 93–110
    Mufwene, Salikoko 1991. Review of Holm 1988–89. Language 67, pp. 380–387
    Mufwene, Salikoko 1994. On decreolization: the case of Gullah. In M. Morgan, ed., Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Center for African Studies, UCLA, Los Angeles
    Mufwene, Salikoko 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13, pp. 83–134
    Mufwene, Salikoko 1997. Jargons, pidgins, creoles, and koines: what are they? In A. Spears and D. Winford, eds., pp. 35–70
    Mufwene, Salikoko 1998. The structure of the noun phrase in African American Vernacular English (term used in some quotations). In S. Mufwene et al. eds., pp. 69–81
    Mufwene, Salikoko 2000a. Population contacts and the evolution of English. The European English Messenger 9, pp. 9–15
    Mufwene, Salikoko 2000b. Some sociohistorical inferences about the development of African American English. In S. Poplack, ed., pp. 233–263
    Mufwene, Salikoko 2000c. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 65–84
    Mufwene, Salikoko 2001. African-American English. In John Algeo, ed., Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6: English in North America
    Mufwene, Salikoko S., John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh, eds., 1998. African-American English: structure, history and use. London, New York: Routledge
    Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1982. Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea. In R. Bailey and M. Görlach, eds., English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 439–466
    Mussa, A. B. N. 1991. O papel das línguas africanas na história do português do Brasil. Unpublished master's thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
    Muysken, Pieter, ed. 1981. Generative Studies on Creole Languages. Dordrecht: Foris
    Naro, Anthony J., and Miriam Lemle. 1976. Syntactic diffusion. In S. B. Steever, C. A. Walker, and S. S. Mufwene, eds., Papers from the Parasession on Diachronic Syntax, Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, pp. 221–240
    Naro, Anthony J., and M. Marta P. Scherre. 2000. Variable Concord in Portuguese: the situation in Brazil and Portugal. In J. McWhorter, ed., pp. 235–255
    Nash, Roy. 1926. The Conquest of Brazil. New York: Harcourt, Brace
    Neeser, Hermann. 1951. A Colônia Leopoldina. Bahia: Centro de Estudos Baianos, Publicação no. 5
    Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid, and Edgar W. Schneider, eds. 2000. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Nienaber, P. J. 1965. Iets naders oor die ontkenning in Afrikaans. In P. J. Nienaber, ed., Taalkundige opstelle. Cape Town: Balkema, pp. 22–38
    Nuñez Cedeño, Rafael. 1980. La fonología moderna y el español de Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Taller
    Oldendorp, C. G. A. 1777. Geschichte der Mission der evangelischen Brüder auf den caraibischen Inseln S. Thomas, S. Croix und S. Jan. Barby: C. F. Laur
    Ortiz, Fernando. 1924. Glosario de afronegrismos. Havana: El Siglo ⅩⅩ
    Ortiz López, Luis A. 1996. El contacto lingüístico afro-hispánico en la génesis y evolución del español de Cuba. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
    Ortiz López, Luis A. 1998. Huellas etno-sociolingüísticas bozales y afrocubanas. Frankfurt-am-Main: Vervuert/Madrid: Iberoamericana
    Ortiz López, Luis A. ed. 1999. El Caribe hispánico: perspectivas lingüísticas actuales. Homenaje a Manuel Álvarez Nazario. Frankfurt-am-Main: Vervuert/Madrid: Iberoamericana
    Orton, H., S. Sanderson, and J. Widdowson. 1978. The Linguistic Atlas of England. London: Croom Helm
    Otheguy, Ricardo. 1973. Spanish Caribbean: a creole perspective. In C. Bailey and R. Shuy, eds., New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English. Washington: Georgetown University Press, pp. 323–339
    Papen, Robert A. 1978. The French-based Creoles of the Indian Ocean: an analysis and comparison. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at San Diego
    Parkvall, Mikael. 2000. Reassessing the role of demographics in language restructuring. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 185–213
    Parkvall, Mikael 2002. Cutting off the branch. In G. Gilbert, ed., pp. 355–367
    Peixoto, Antônio da Costa. 1945. Obra nova de Língua Geral de Mina. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colônias
    Perl, Matthias. 1985. El fenómeno de descriollización del “habla bozal” y el lenguaje coloquial de la variante cubana del español. Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica 1, pp. 191–202
    Perl, Matthias 1988. Rasgos poscriollos léxicos en el lenguaje coloquial cubano. Thesaurus 43, 47–64
    Perl, Matthias 1989. El “habla bozal”: ¿una lengua criolla de base española? Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica 5, pp. 205–220
    Perl, Matthias, and Armin Schwegler, eds. 1998. América negra: panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades híspanas, portuguesas y criollas. Frankfurt: Vervuert/ Madrid: Iberoamericana
    Pichardo, Esteban. 1862. Diccionario provincial casi razonado de voces cubanas. Havana: Imprenta la Antilla
    Pimentel Pinto, Edith, ed. 1981. O português do Brasil: textos críticos e teóricos. Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos e Científicos
    Ponelis, F. A. 1993. The Development of Afrikaans. (Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft, 18). Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang
    Poplack, Shana. 1978. On Deletion and Disambiguation in Puerto Rican Spanish: a study of verbal /n#/. New York: Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños
    Poplack, Shana 2000. Introduction. In S. Poplack, ed., pp. 1–32
    Poplack, Shana, ed. 2000. The English History of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell
    Poplack, Shana, and Sankoff, David. 1987. The Philadelphia story in the Spanish Caribbean. American Speech 62:4, pp. 291–314
    Poplack, Shana, Sali Tagliamonte, and Ejike Eze. 2000. Reconstructing the source of early African American English plural marking: a comparative study of English and Creole. In S. Poplack, ed., pp. 73–105
    Pütz, Martin, and René Dirven, eds. 1989. Wheels within Wheels: Papers of the Duisburg Symposium on Pidgin and Creole Languages. Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang
    Rademeyer, J. H. 1938. Kleurling-Afrikaans: Die taal van die Griekwas en Rehoboth-Basters. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger
    Raidt, Edith. 1974. Nederlandse en Kaapse spreektaal in die 17de en 18de eeu. In F. Odendal, ed., Taalkunde–'n lewe. Studies opgedra aan W. Kempen. Cape Town: Tafelberg, pp. 90–104
    Raidt, Edith 1983. Einführung in Geschichte und Struktur des Afrikaans. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
    Raidt, Edith 1991. Afrikaans en sy europese verlede. Cape Town: Nasou
    Raimundo, Jacques. 1933. O elemento afro-negro na língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Renascença Editora
    Ramassamy, Ginette. 1985. Syntaxe du créole réunionnais: analyse de corpus d'unilingues créolophones. Thése pour le Doctorat de 3ème cycle, Université René Descartes, Paris V
    Rawley, J. A. 1981. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: a history. New York, London: Norton
    Reinecke, John. 1937. Marginal Languages: a sociological survey of the creole languages and trade jargons. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International
    Reinecke, J. E., S. M. Tsuzaki, D. DeCamp, I. F. Hancock, and R. E. Wood, eds., 1975. A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii
    Rens, L. L. E. 1953. The Historical and Social Background of Surinam's Negro English. Academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: North Holland
    Révah, Israel S. 1963. La question des substrats et superstrats dans le domaine linguistique brésilien: les parler populaires brésiliens doivent-ils être considerés comme des parlers “créoles” ou “semi-créoles”? Romania 84, pp. 433–450
    Rickford, John R. 1977. The question of prior creolization in Black English. In A. Valdman, ed., Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 190–221
    Rickford, John R. 1986. Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hiberno English and New World Black English. Language 62:2, pp. 245–289
    Rickford, John R. 1987. Dimensions of a Creole Continuum. Stanford: Stanford University Press
    Rickford, John R. 1997. Prior creolization of African-American Vernacular English? Sociohistorical and textual evidence from the 17th and 18th centuries. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1:3, pp. 315–336
    Rickford, John R. 1999. African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Oxford: Blackwell
    Roberge, Paul T. 1994. The formation of Afrikaans. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistic PLUS, 23. Department of General Linguistics, University of Stellenbosch
    Roberts, Ian. 1999. Verb movement and markedness. In M. DeGraff, ed., pp. 287–327
    Rodrigues, Ada Natal. 1974. O Dialeto Caipira na Região de Piracicaba. São Paulo: Editora Ática
    Rowlands, E. C. 1969. Yoruba. London: The English Universities Press
    Ruíz García, Martha E. 2001. El español popular de Chocó, Colombia: evidencia de una reestructuración parcial. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: University Microfilm International
    Sampaio, Theodoro. 1928. O Tupí na geografia nacional. Baía: Secção da Escola de Aprendizes
    Sandoval, Padre A. de. 1627. De instauranda Aethiopum salute. Seville: F. de Lira. Repr. 1956, Bogotá: Empresa Nacional de Publicaciones
    Schneider, Edgar W. 1981. Morphologische und syntaktische Variablen im amerikanischen Early Black English. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang
    Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English: morphological and syntactic variables. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press
    Schneider, Edgar W. 1990. The cline of creoleness in English-oriented creoles and semi-creoles in the Caribbean. English World-Wide 11:1, pp. 79–113
    Scholtz, J. du Plessis. 1963. Taalhistoriese opstelle. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik
    Scholtz, J. du Plessis 1970. Internal History of Afrikaans. Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Nasou, pp. 80–113
    Scholtz, J. du Plessis 1980. Wording en ontwikkeling van Afrikaans. Cape Town: Tafelberg
    Schuchardt, Hugo. 1882. Kreolische Studien I: Ueber das Negerportugiesische von S. Thomé (Westafrika). Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien 101:2, pp. 889–917
    Schuchardt, Hugo 1885. Review of Focard's Du patois créole de l'île de Réunion. Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie 6, pp. 513–515. Translated into English as Further remarks on Réunionnais 1979. In T. L. Markey, ed. and trans., The Ethnography of Variation: selected writings on pidgins and creoles. Ann Arbor: Karoma, pp. 15–17
    Schuchardt, Hugo 1889. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch V. Allgemeineres über das Indoportugiesische (Asioportugiesische). Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 13, pp. 476–516
    Schwegler, Armin. 1991. Negation in Palenquero: synchrony. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 6, pp. 165–214
    Schwegler, Armin 1993. Subject pronouns and person/number in Palenquero. In F. Byrne and J. Holm, eds., pp. 145–161
    Schwegler, Armin 1996a. Chi ma nkongo: lengua y rito ancestrales en al Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Frankfurt: Vervuert
    Schwegler, Armin 1996b. La doble negación dominicana y la génesis del español caribeño. Hispanic Linguistics 8:2, pp. 247–315
    Schwegler, Armin, and Morton, Thomas. 2003. Vernacular Spanish in a microcosm: Kateyano in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 1:1, pp. 97–159
    Sells, Peter, Rickford, John R., and Wasow, Thomas A.. 1996. Negative inversion in African American Vernacular English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14, pp. 591–627
    Siegel, Jeff. 1997. Mixing, leveling, and pidgin/creole development. In A. Spears and D. Winford, eds., pp. 111–149
    Neto, Silva, da, Serafim. 1950a. Falares Crioulos. Brasília 5, pp. 1–28
    Silva Neto, Serafim da. 1950b. [2nd edn. 1963]. Introdução ao estudo da língua portuguesa no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Departamento de Imprensa Nacional
    Bueno, Silveira F. 1963. Les langues indigènes du Brésil et leur influence sur le portugais. Orbis 12, pp. 226–240
    Ferreira, Silveira, da, Carlota. 1985. Remanescentes de um falar crioulo brasiliero. Revista Lusitana 5 (Lisbon), pp. 21–34
    Singler, John V. 1986. Remarks in response to Derek Bickerton's “Creoles and universal grammar: the unmarked case?” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1:1, pp. 141–145
    Singler, John V. 1989. Plural marking in Liberian Settler English. American Speech 64:1, pp. 40–64
    Singler, John V. 1990. On the use of sociohistorical criteria in the comparison of creoles. Linguistics 28:4, pp. 645–660
    Singler, John V. 1995. The demographics of creole genesis in the Caribbean: a comparison of Martinique and Haiti. In J. Arends, ed., pp. 203–232
    Slomanson, Peter. 1993. On a problem in the grammar of Orange River Afrikaans. Paper presented to the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Amsterdam
    Smith, Johannes J. 1927. The evolution and recognition of the Afrikaans language. Official Year Book of the Union 8 (1925), pp. 14–23
    Smith, Johannes J. 1952. Theories about the origin of Afrikaans. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press
    Smith, Norval. 1999. Pernambuco to Surinam 1654–1655? The Jewish slave controversy. In M. Huber and M. Parkvall, eds., pp. 251–298
    Smith, Norval 2002. The history of the Surinamese creoles Ⅱ. In E. B. Carlin and J. Arends, eds., pp. 131–151
    Smith, Norval, and Tonjes Veenstra, eds., 2001. Creolization and Contact. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Smith, Riley B. 1973. Interrelatedness of certain deviant grammatical structures in Negro Nonstandard Dialects. In R. H. Bentley and S. D. Crawford, eds., Black Language Reader. Glenview, Ill. and Brighton, England: Scott, Foresman and Company, pp. 90–96
    Spears, Arthur K., and Donald Winford, eds. 1997. Pidgins and Creoles: structure and status. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    Stein, P. 1984. Kreolisch und Französisch. Tübingen: Niemeyer
    Stewart, William A. 1962. Creole languages in the Caribbean. In F. A. Rice, ed., Study of the Role of Second Languages in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 34–53
    Stewart, William A. 1965. Urban Negro speech: sociolinguistic factors affecting English teaching. In R. W. Shuy, ed., Social Dialects and Language Learning. Champaign, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 10–18
    Stewart, William A. 1967. Sociolinguistic factors in the history of American Negro dialects. Florida FL Reporter 5. Repr. in Wolfram and Clarke, eds., 1971, pp. 74–89
    Stewart, William A. 1968. Continuity and change in American Negro dialects. Florida FL Reporter 6. Repr. in Wolfram and Clarke, eds., 1971, pp. 51–73
    Tagliavini, Carlo. 1931. Creole, Lingue. Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti. Milan: Istituto Giovanni Treccani. Vol. 11, pp. 833–835
    Tarallo, Fernando. 1986. On the alleged creole origin of Brazilian Portuguese: untargeted syntactic change. Paper presented at the Creole Workshop, LSA Institute, City University of New York. In Ian Roberts and Mary A. Kato, eds., 1993. Português brasileiro: uma viagem diacrônica. Campinas: Editora da UNICAMP, pp. 35–68
    Terrel, T. 1979. Final /s/ in Cuban Spanish. Hispania 62, pp. 599–612
    Thomason, Sarah G. 1997. A typology of contact languages. In A. Spears and D. Winford, eds., pp. 71–88
    Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Contact-induced language change and Pidgin/Creole genesis. In N. Smith and T. Veenstra, eds., pp. 249–262
    Thomason, Sarah G. 2002. Column: Creoles and genetic relationship. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 17:1, pp. 101–109
    Thomason, S. G., and T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press
    Tölsner, Carl A. 1858. Die Colonia Leopoldina in Brasilien. Göttingen: Dieterichsche Universitäts-Buchdruckerei
    Tottie, Gunnel, and Dawn Harvie. 2000. It's all relative: relativization strategies in Early African American English. In S. Poplack, ed., pp. 198–230
    Turner, L. D. 1949. Africanisms in the Gullah dialect. Repr. 1974. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
    Valdman, Albert. 1978. Le créole: structure, statut et origine. Paris: Klincksieck
    Valkhoff, Marius. 1964. Notes socio-linguistiques sur le parler créole de la Réunion. Revue Philologique 17, pp. 723–735
    Valkhoff, Marius 1966. Studies in Portuguese and Creole with special reference to South Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press
    Valkhoff, Marius 1972. New light on Afrikaans and Malayo-Portuguese. Louvain: Peeters
    van Dantzig, A. 1968. Het Nederlandse aandeel in de slavenhandel. Bussem: Van Dishoek
    van der Merwe, H. J. J. M. 1963. Die ontstaan van Afrikaans. In H. J. J. M. van der Merwe, ed., Inleiding tot die Taalkunde. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik, pp. 67–88
    van der Merwe, H. J. J. M. 1968. Die ontstaan van Afrikaans. In H. J. J. M. van der Merwe, ed., Afrikaans–sy Aard en Ontwikkeling. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik, pp. 15–66
    van der Merwe, Elizabeth G. 1989. Die ontwikkeling, stand en toekoms van Afrikaans in S.W.A./Namibië. Ph.D. diss., Potchefstroomse Universiteit
    van der Merwe, Elizabeth G. 1990. Oorlamafrikaans. Paper presented to the Linguistic Society of Southern Africa, University of Stellenbosch
    Name, Addison. 1869–70. Contributions to creole grammar. Transactions of the American Philological Association 1, pp. 123–167
    van Rensburg, M. C. J. 1984. Oranjerivier-Afrikaans. In M. C. J. van Rensburg, ed., Die Afrikaans van die Griekwas van die tagtigerjare. Bloemfontein: University of the Orange Free State, 1:2, pp. 513–518
    van Rensburg, M. C. J. 1989. Orange River Afrikaans: a stage in the pidgin/creole cycle. In M. Pütz and R. Dirven, eds., pp. 135–151
    Vasconcellos, José Leite de. 1901. Esquisse d'une dialectologie portugaise. Paris: Aillaud
    Vaxelaire, Daniel. 1992. Vingt-et-un jours d'histoire: Ile de La Réunion. Saint-Denis, Réunion: Azalées Editions
    Viljoen, W. J. 1896. Beiträge zur Geschichte der cap-holländischen Sprache. Strassburg: K. Trübner
    Vintilă-Rădulescu, Ⅰ. 1976. Le créole français. The Hague: Mouton
    Voorhoeve, Jan. 1962. Sranan Syntax. Amsterdam: North Holland
    Voorhoeve, Jan. 1973. Historical and linguistic evidence in favor of a relexification theory in the formation of creoles. Language in Society 2, pp. 133–145
    Wagner, Max L. 1949. Lingua e dialetti dell'America spagnola. Florence: Le Lingue Estere
    Walker, James A. 2000. Rephrasing the copula: contraction and zero in Early African American English. In S. Poplack, ed., pp. 35–72
    Warantz, Elissa. 1983. The Bay Islands English of Honduras. In Holm, ed., pp. 71–94
    Washabaugh, William. 1983. Creoles of the off-shore islands: Providencia, San Andrés, and the Caymans. In Holm, ed., pp. 157–179
    Watbled, Jean-Philippe. 2002. Le système verbal du créole réunionnais. Paper presented at the Colloque International des Études Créoles, Réunion
    Watbled, Jean-Philippe Forthcoming. Grammaire créole et grammaire français. In Gudrun Ledegen, ed., Anciens et nouveaux plurilinguismes: Les actes de la 6e table ronde du Moufia. Paris: L'Harmattan
    Webb, V. N. 1989. The presumed pidgin origins of Orange River Afrikaans. Paper presented at the 18th conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English, Duke University
    Wentworth, Harold. 1944. American Dialect Dictionary. New York: Crowell
    Whatley, Elizabeth. 1981. Language among Black Americans. In C. A. Ferguson and S. B. Heath, eds., pp. 92–110
    Williams, Jeffery P. 1985. Preliminaries to the study of the dialects of White West Indian English. Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 59, pp. 27–44
    Winford, Donald. 1997. On the origins of African American Vernacular English – A creolist perspective, Part Ⅰ: The sociolinguistic background. Diachronica 14:2, pp. 305–344
    Winford, Donald 1998. On the origins of African American Vernacular English – A creolist perspective, Part Ⅱ: Linguistic Features. Diachronica 15:1, pp. 99–154
    Winford, Donald 2000. “Intermediate” creoles and degrees of change in creole formation: the case of Bajan. In I. Neumann-Holzschuh and E. W. Schneider, eds., pp. 215–246
    Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Wolfram, Walt. 1974. The relationship of white southern speech to vernacular black English. Language 30, pp. 498–527
    Wolfram, Walt. Forthcoming. Urban African American Vernacular English (term used in some quotations) grammar. In Edgar W. Schneider, ed., English in the Americas and the Caribbean. Varieties of English Handbook, Vol. 1. Berlin etc.: Mouton de Gruyter
    Wolfram, W., and N. H. Clarke, eds. 1971. Black–White Speech relationships. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Wood, Peter H. 1974. Black Majority: Negroes in colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Knopf
    Wood, Peter H. 1989. The changing population of the colonial South: an overview by race and religion, 1685–1790. In P. H. Wood et al., eds., Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the colonial Southeast. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 35–103
    Wullschlägel, H. R. 1856. Deutsch-Negerenglisches Wörterbuch. Repr. 1965. Amsterdam: S. Emmering
    Yillah, Sorie. Forthcoming. Krio. In J. Holm and P. Patrick, eds
    Ziegler, Douglas V. 1976. A Preliminary Study of Afro-Cuban Creole. M.A. thesis, University of Rochester. 1977. Some Notes on Puerto Rican Creole Spanish. MS
    Zimmermann, Klaus, ed. 1999. Lenguas criollas de base lexical española y portuguesa. Frankfurt-am-Main: Vervuert/Madrid: Iberoamericana

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.