Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 7
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781108123716

Book description

Under what conditions does in-group pride facilitate out-group tolerance? What are the causal linkages between intergroup tolerance and socialization in religious rituals? This book examines how Muslims from Russia's North Caucuses returned from the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca both more devout as Muslims and more tolerant of out-groups. Drawing on prominent theories of identity and social capital, the authors resolve seeming contradictions between the two literatures by showing the effects of religious rituals that highlight within-group diversity at the same time that they affirm the group's common identity. This theory is then applied to explain why social integration of Muslim immigrants has been more successful in the USA than in Europe and how the largest Hispanic association in the US defied the clash of civilizations theory by promoting immigrants' integration into America's social mainstream. The book offers insights into Islam's role in society and politics and the interrelationships between religious faith, immigration and ethnic identity, and tolerance that will be relevant to both scholars and practitioners.

Awards

Honourable mention, 2018 Joseph Rothschild Prize in Nationalism and Ethnic Studies, Association for the Study of Nationalities

Winner, 2019 Religion and International Relations Book Award, International Studies Association

Reviews

‘Alexseev and Zhemukhov have written a beautiful book. Combining political science's trademark rigor with the depth of insight characteristic of historical ethnography, the authors document how a ritual that exposes someone intensely to the diversity of their own large group can also generate pro-social attitudes toward members of other groups - even in sites of ongoing conflict. Filled with fascinating personal stories and insight about Russia's North Caucasus and Islam, the book gives cause for optimism regarding the human condition more generally.'

Henry E. Hale - George Washington University, Washington DC

‘The standard narrative about ‘radicalization' draws a straight line between religious fervor and political action. But in this truly pathbreaking study, two prominent experts demonstrate the opposite: that the experience of going on a pilgrimage to Muslim holy sites can lead to more tolerant attitudes when pilgrims return home. I hope that every student of religion, sociology, and political science reads this book - and that journalists and global policymakers take note of these vital findings about how many Muslims actually practice their faith.'

Charles King - Georgetown University, Washington DC

‘In this unusual book two co-authors with different academic, cultural, and religious backgrounds set out to directly explore the Islamic Hajj pilgrimage, a major collective ritual practiced by humans. They go beyond the classical Durkheimian insight that rituals generate social solidarity and demonstrate, empirically as we as theoretically, that such solidarity could even transcend the boundaries of religion itself.'

Georgi Derluguian - New York University, Abu Dhabi

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography

Acquisti, Alessandro, and Fong, Christina M.. “An Experiment in Hiring Discrimination Via Online Social Networks.” Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031979 (accessed November 12, 2015).
Adida, Claire L., Laitin, David D., and Valfort, Marie-Anne. “Identifying Barriers to Muslim Integration in France.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107(52) (2010): 2238422390.
Akhmadulin, V’iachslav. “Deiatel’nost Sovetskogo Gosudarstva Po Organizatsii Hadzha Sovetskikh Musul’man V 1944–1991 gg [Soviet State’s Management of Organizing of Soviet Muslims’ Hajj in 1944–1991].” Khadzh Rossiiskikh Musulman: Ezhegodnyi Sbornik Putevykh Zametok o Khadzhe [Russian Muslims’ Hajj: Annual Journal of Travel Notes about Hajj], 5 (2013). Novgorod, N., Russia: Medina Publishing House, 2013.
Akhtar, Parveen. British Muslim Politics: Examining Pakistani Biraderi Networks. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Al-Ken, Akeel Ibrahim. “The Hajj: Past, Present, and Future. The Communication Aspect.” PhD, Leeds: The University of Leeds, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/523/1/uk_bl_ethos_341805.pdf (accessed February 17, 2017).
Alba, Richard, and Nee, Victor. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Alcorta, Candace S., and Sosis, Richard. “Ritual, Religion, and Violence: An Evolutionary Perspective.” In Juergensmeyer, Mark, Kitts, Margo, and Jerryson, Michael, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, 571596.
Alenova, Olga, and Farniev, Zaur. “Poeticheskii Krizis [Poetic Crisis].” Kommersant, June 23, 2011, www.kommersant.ru/doc/1655370 (accessed November 12, 2015).
Alexanderson, Kris. “A Dark State of Affairs: Hajj Networks, Pan-Islamism, and Dutch Colonial Surveillance during the Interwar Period.” Journal of Social History, 47(4) (2014): 10211041.
Alexseev, Mikhail A.Local vs. Transcendent Insurgencies: Why Economic Aid Helps Lower Violence in Dagestan, but Not in Kabardino-Balkaria.” In Ascher, William, Mirovitskaya, Natalia, and Heffron, Jay, eds. Economic Development Strategies and Inter-group Violence. New York: Palgrave/MacMillan, 2013, 277314.
Alexseev, Mikhail A.Russia’s ‘Cold Peace’ Consensus: Transcending the Presidential Election.” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 21(1) (Winter/Spring 1997): 3350.
Alexseev, Mikhail A., and Zhemukhov, Sufian N.. “From Mecca with Tolerance: Religion, Social Recategorisation and Social Capital.” Religion, State, and Society, 44(1) (2016): 371391.
Allport, Gordon W., and Ross, John M.. “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5 (1967): 432443.
Altemeyer, Bob, and Hunsberger, Bruce. “Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest and Prejudice.” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2 (1992): 113133.
Alvarez, Michael R., and Butterfield, Tara L.. “The Resurgence of Nativism in California? The Case of Proposition 187 and Illegal Immigration.” Social Science Quarterly, 81 (March 2000): 167179.
Ammerman, Nancy Tatom. “Organized Religion in a Voluntaristic Society.” Sociology of Religion, 58 (1997): 203215.
Architect: The Journal of the American Institute of Architects. “Placing Worship.” September 17, 2012, www.architectmagazine.com/projects/view/placing-worship/538/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Aslan, Reza. No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. New York: Random House, 2005.
Baker, Peter, and Schmitt, Eric. “Rampage Has U.S. Rethinking How to Stop Attacks.” New York Times, December 6, 2015.
Baran, Zeyno. Citizen Islam: The Future of Muslim Integration in the West. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011.
Barreto, Matt A.Latino Immigrants at the Polls: Foreign Born Voter Turnout in the 2002 Election.” Political Research Quarterly, 58(1) (March 2005): 7986.
Barreto, Matt A., and Nuno, Stephen A.. “The Effectiveness of Coethnic Contact on Latino Political Recruitment,” Political Research Quarterly, 64(2) (2011): 448459.
Barreto, Matt A., and Pedraza, Francisco I.. “The Renewal and Persistence of Group Identification in American Politics.” Electoral Studies, 28 (2009): 595605.
Barreto, Matt A., Segura, Gary M., and Valenzuela, Ali A.. “Latino Attitudes and Support for Barack Obama: Three Windows into a (Nearly) Baseless Myth.” American Political Science Association (APSA) Washington, DC: Annual Meeting Paper, September 1–4, 2010.
Barrett, Paul M.American Muslims and the Question of Assimilation.” In Angenendt, Steffen, Barrett, Paul M., Laurence, Jonathan, Peach, Ceri, Smith, Julianne, and Winter, Tim. eds. Muslim Integration: Challenging Conventional Wisdom in Europe and the United States. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007, 7582.
Barrett, Thomas M.The Remaking of the Lion of Dagestan: Shamil in Captivity.” The Russian Review, 53 (3) (1994): 353366.
Basedau, Matthias, Pfeiffer, Birte, and Vüllers, Johannes. “Bad Religion? Religion, Collective Action, and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(2) (2016): 226255.
Bettencourt, Ann, Chapman, Kelly, Dorr, Nancy, and Hume, Deborah. “Status Differences and In-Group Bias: A Meta-analytic Examination of the Effects of Status Stability, Status Legitimacy, and Group Permeability.” Psychological Bulletin, 126(3) (2001): 14111445.
Bianchi, Robert R. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Bianchi, Robert R. Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy. Singapore: World Scientific, 2013.
Bowler, Shaun, Nicholson, Stephen P., and Segura, Gary M.. “Earthquakes and Aftershocks: Tracking Partisan Identification Amid California’s Changing Political Environment.” American Journal of Political Science, 50 (January 2006): 146159.
Bram, Chen, and Gammer, Moshe. “Radical Islamism, Traditional Islam and Ethno-nationalism in the Northern Caucasus.” Middle Eastern Studies, 49(2) (2013): 296337.
Brown, Jonathan. The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Suni Hadith Canon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2007.
Bullough, Oliver. Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys among the Defiant People of the Caucasus. New York: Basic Books, 2010.
Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim’s Progress. New York: Pocket Books, Inc., 1957.
Burton, Fred, and Steward, Scott. “The Hajj: Challenges and Opportunities.” Security Weekly, Stratfor, December 5, 2007, www.stratfor.com/weekly/hajji_challenges_and_opportunities (accessed November 19, 2015).
Callimachi, Rukmini. “ISIS Says ‘Soldiers of Caliphate’ Carried Out Rampage.” New York Times, December 6, 2015.
Campbell, David E.Acts of Faith: Churches and Political Engagement.” Political Behavior 26(2) (2004): 155180.
Campbell, Joanna. “National Council of La Raza.” Learning to Give, http://learningtogive.org/papers/paper261.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Campo, Juan E., ed. Encyclopedia of Islam. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009.
Cesari, Joselyne. When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Chirkavi, Said-Affandi. Sokrovishnitsa Blagodatnykh Znanii [Treasures of Blessed Knowledge]. Moscow: IKHLAS, 2002.
Clingingsmith, David, Khwaja, Asim Ijaz, and Kremer, Michael. “Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam’s Global Gathering.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3) (2009): 11331170.
Collier, Paul, and Hoeffler, Anke. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4) (2004): 563595.
Cole, Juan. Engaging the Muslim World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Cole, Juan. The New Arabs: How the Millennial Generation Is Changing the Middle East. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014.
Coleman, Simon, and Elsner, John, eds. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Cooke, Miriam, and Lawrence, Bruce B., eds. Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2005.
Curtis IV, Edward E. Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. New York: Facts On File, 2010.
Davletshin, Abrul-Gaziz. “Otchet Stabs-Kapitana Davletshina o Komandirovke v Khidzhaz [Captain Davletshin’s Report about his Trip to Khijaz].” Khadzh Rossiiskikh Musulman: Ezhegodnyi Sbornik Putevykh Zametok o Khadzhe [Russian Muslims’ Hajj: Annual Journal of Travel Notes about Hajj], vol. 2. N. Novgorod, Russia: Medina Publishing House, 2009. www.idmedina.ru/books/history_culture/hadjj/2/glava-5.htm (accessed November 12, 2015).
DeHanas, Daniel Nilsson. “Of Hajj and Home: Roots Visits to Mecca and Bangladesh in Everyday Belonging.” Ethnicities, 13(4) (2013): 457474.
Delaney, Carol. “The ‘Hajj’: Sacred and Secular.” American Ethnologist, 17(3) (August 1990): 513530.
Derluguian, Georgi M. Bourdieu’s Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-Systems Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
D’jakonov, Igor M. Kniga Vospominanii. Saint-Petersburg, Russia: Evropeiskii Dom, 1995.
Doktorov, Timur, “KBR: ‘Politicheskii Kotel’ Nagrelsia do Predela [‘Political Cauldron’ Got Hot to the Maximum Degree].” Vek, September 9, 2010. https://wek.ru/kbr-politicheskij-kotel-nagrelsya-do-predela.
Dovidio, John F., Gaertner, Samuel L., Shnabel, Nurit, Saguy, Tamar, and Johnson, James. “Recategorization and Prosocial Behavior: Group Processes, Ingroup Relations, and Helping.” In Sturmer, Stefan and Snyder, Mark, eds. The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior: Group Processes, Intergroup Relations. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Free Press, (1912) 1947.
Dzhigkayev, Shamil. “Edut Volchata Na Khadzh [Little Wolves Perform Hajj].” Makh Dug, 7 (2008).
The Economist. “Islamic, Yet Integrated.” September 6, 2014, www.economist.com/news/united-states/21615611-why-muslims-fare-better-america-europe-islamic-yet-integrated (accessed November 19, 2015).
Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harcourt, 1987.
Esposito, John L. Future of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path, revised 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Esposito, John L. Who Speaks for Islam: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. New York: Gallup Press, 2007.
Falomir-Pichastor, Juan M., and Frederic, Natasha S.. “The Dark Side of Heterogeneous Ingroup Identities: National Identification, Perceived Threat, and Prejudice against Immigrants.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1) (2013): 7279.
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D.. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review, 97 (2003): 7590.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). “Most Wanted Terrorists: Usama Bin Laden.” September 29, 2010, www.fbi.gov/a-z-index/wanted/wanted_terrorists/usama-bin-laden (accessed November 19, 2015).
Fish, M. Steven, Jensenius, Francesca R., and Michel, Katherine E.. “Islam and Large-Scale Political Violence: Is There a Connection?Comparative Political Studies, 43(11) (November 2010): 13271362.
Fox, Jonathan. Religion, Civilization, and Civil War. 1945 through the New Millennium. Oxford: Lexington, 2004.
Fox, Jonathan. “World Separation of Religion and State into the 21st Century.” Comparative Political Studies, 39(5) (2006): 537569.
Fraga, Luis R., Garcia, John A., Hero, Rodney, Jones-Correa, Michael, Martinez-Ebers, Valerie, and Segura, Gary M., Latino National Survey (LNS), 2006 [Computer File]. ICPSR20862-v1. Geoscape International [Producer], Miami, FL. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [Distributor], www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/RCMD/studies/20862/version/1 (accessed April 17, 2016).
Fraga, Luis R., Garcia, John A., Hero, Rodney, Jones-Correa, Michael, Martinez-Ebers, Valerie, and Segura, Gary M.. Su Casa Es Nuestra Casa: Latino Politics Research and the Development of American Political Science.” American Political Science Review, 100(4) (November 2006): 515521.
Friedmann, Johanan. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Fullerton, J. Timothy, and Hunsberger, Bruce. “A Unidimensional Measure of Christian Orthodoxy.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 21 (1982): 317326.
Gaertner, Samuel L., and Dovidio, John F.. Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press, 2000.
Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas. Chechnya. Calamity in the Caucasus. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
Gans, Herbert J.Acculturation, Assimilation and Mobility.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(1) (January 2007): 152164.
Garza, Rodolfo O. de la. “Latino Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7 (2004): 91123.
Gerges, Fawaz A.The Islamist Moment: From Islamic State to Civil Islam?Political Science Quarterly, 128(3) (2013): 389426.
Gest, Justin. Apart: Alienated and Engaged Muslims in the West. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
Gest, Justin, and Nielsen, Richard. “Is Cultural Integration Determined by Income and Education? Evidence from Surveys of Muslims in Britain, France and the United States.” MIT Working Papers (version: July 19, 2015), www.mit.edu/~rnielsen/Gest%20and%20Nielsen%20-%20Muslim%20Integration.pdf (accessed December 5, 2015).
Gill, Anthony. “Religion and Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, 4 (2001): 117138.
Glaser, Gabrielle. “A Gay Muslim Filmmaker Goes Inside the Hajj.” New York Times, September 24, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/nyregion/parvez-sharma-a-sinner-in-mecca.html (accessed November 12, 2015).
Gordon, Milton M. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Gradirovski, Sergei, and Esipova, Neli. “Russian Muslims: Religious Leaven in a Secular Society.” Harvard International Review, 30 (Spring 2008): 5862.
Greeley, Andrew. “Coleman Revisited: Religious Structures as a Source of Social Capital.” American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5) (1997): 587594.
Gubler, Joshua, and Selway, Joel S.. “Horizontal Inequality, Crosscutting Cleavages, and Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(2) (2012): 206232.
Gutierrez, Jose Angel. “The Chicano Movement: Paths to Power.” The Social Studies, 102(1) (2011): 2532.
Gutierrez, Margo, and Meier, Matt S.. Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Habyarimana, James, Humphreys, Macartan, Posner, Daniel N., and Weinstein, Jeremy. “Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?American Political Science Review, 101(4) (2007): 709725.
Hale, Henry E. Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Halemba, Agnieszka. “National, Transnational or Cosmopolitan Heroine?: The Virgin Mary’s Apparitions in Contemporary Europe.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(3) (2011): 454470.
Hall, Deborah L., Matz, David C., and Wood, Wendy. “Why Don’t We Practice What We Preach? A Meta-analytic Review of Religious Racism.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1) (2010): 126139.
Hanson, Stephen E. Post-imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimer Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Haslam, Alexander S. Psychology in Organizations. London: SAGE Publications, 2001.
Haslam, S. Alexander, Reicher, Stephen D., and Platow, Michael J.. The New Psychology of Leadership: Identity, Influence and Power. New York: Psychology Press, 2011.
Hefner, Robert W. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Helbardt, Sascha, Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar, and Korff, Rudiger. “Religionization of Politics in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar.” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 14(1) (2013): 3658.
Heneghan, Tom. “Uncertain Future for France’s Muslim Council.” Reuters, May 5, 2008, http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2008/05/05/uncertain-future-for-frances-muslim-council/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Horowitz, Donald L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Huntington, Samuel P. “The Hispanic Challenge.” Foreign Policy (March/April 2004): 3039.
Huntington, Samuel P. Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Ibrahim, Mir Muhammad. Sociology of Religions: Perspectives of Ali Shariati. New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall, 2008.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christopher. Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Islamic Society of North America (ISNA). “ISNA Celebrates the 5th Annual Muslim-Jewish Weekend of Twinning.” December 25, 2013. www.isna.net/isna-celebrates-the-5th-annual-muslim-jewish-weekend-of-twinning.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Janowitz, Morris. The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Johnson, Toni. “Europe: Integrating Islam.” Council on Foreign Relations. July 25, 2011. www.cfr.org/religion/europe-integrating-islam/p8252 (accessed November 19, 2015).
Kane, Eileen. Russian Hajj: Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.
Kanokov, Arsen, “President Kabardino-Balkarii Arsen Kanokov – ‘Gazete’ [President of Kabardino-Balkaria, Arsen Kanokov’s Interview to ‘Gazeta’].” SK-News. October 13, 2006. https://sk-news.ru/news/analitic/7428/.
Kantner, John, and Vaughn, Kevin J.. “Pilgrimage as Costly Signal: Religiously Motivated Cooperation in Chaco and Nasca.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 31 (2012): 6682.
Karpov, Vyacheslav. “Religiosity and Tolerance in the United States and Poland.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2) (2002): 267288.
Kavkazskiy Uzel. “V Kabardino-Balkarii Vzorvan Avtomobil’ S Militsionerami [In Kabardino-Balkaria a Police Car Has Been Blown Up].” April 30, 2010. www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/168269/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Kavkazskiy Uzel. “Kabardino-Balkariia: Khronika Vzryvov, Obstrelov I Teraktov [Kabardino-Balkaria: The Chronicle of Explosions, Shootings, and Terrorist Acts].” November 10, 2015. www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/172027/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Khodarkovsky, Michael. Bitter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011.
King, Charles. The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Kippenberg, Hans G.Searching for the Link between Religion and Violence by Means of the Thomas-Theorem.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, 22 (2010): 97115.
Kumykov, Tugan, ed. Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny i vyselenie cherkesov v predely Osmanskoi imperii (20–70-ye gg. XIX v.). Sbornik arkhivnykh dokumentov [Problems of the Caucasus War and the Deportation of the Circassians to the Ottoman Empire (from the 1820s to the 1870s). Compilation of Archival Documents]. Nalchik, Russia: Elbrus, 2001.
Kunovich, Robert M., and Hodson, Randy. “Conflict, Religious Identity, and Ethnic Intolerance in Croatia.” Social Forces, 78(2) (December 1999): 643668.
Kuru, Ahmet T.Authoritarianism and Democracy in Muslim Countries: Rentier States and Regional Diffusion.” Political Science Quarterly, 129(3) (2014): 399427.
Kurzman, Charles. The Missing Martyrs: Why There Are so Few Muslim Terrorists. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Kurzman, Charles, Schanzer, David, and Moosa, Ebrahim. “Muslim American Terrorism since 9/11: Why so Rare?The Muslim World, 101(3) (July 2011): 464483.
Lam, Pui-Yan. “As the Flocks Gather: How Religion Affects Voluntary Association Participation.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(3) (2002): 405422.
Latino Leadership. “National Council of La Raza: NCLR.” http://latino-leadership.org/partners-affiliations/ (accessed November 12, 2015).
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). “History: LULAC’s Milestones.” http://lulac.org/about/history/milestones/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Levine, Robert A., and Campbell, Donald T.. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behavior. Oxford: Wiley, 1972.
Lewis, Bernard. Faith and Power: Religion and Politics in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Lewis, Bernard, and Schapper, Dominique, eds. Muslims in Europe: Social Change in Western Europe. London: Pinter, 1994.
Low, Michael Christopher. “Empire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance, 1865–908.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40(2) (2008): 269290.
Malcolm, X, and Haley, Alex. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press, 1965.
Malik, Abida. “Identities, Islamophobia, and the State: Diverse Perspectives and Experiences of Muslim Civic Actors from Islamic Organizations in the UK.” In Kortmann, Matthias and Rosenow-Williams, Kerstin, eds. Islamic Organizations in Europe and the USA: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Mandaville, Peter. Global Political Islam. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Marguerite Casey Foundation. “National Council of La Raza.” http://caseygrants.org/grantees/national-council-of-la-raza/ (accessed November 12, 2015).
Marquez, Benjamin. Constructing Identities in Mexican-American Political Organizations: Choosing Issues, Taking Sides. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003.
Martinez, Deirdre. Who Speaks for Hispanics?: Hispanic Interest Groups in Washington. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009.
Massignon, Berengere. “Islam in the EC System of Regulation.” In Al-Azmeh, Aziz and Fokas, Effie, eds. Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity and Influence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Maxwell, Rahsaan. “Evaluating Migrant Integration: Political Attitudes across Generations in Europe.” International Migration Review, 44(1) (2010): 2552.
Mayer, Tamar, and Mourad, Suleiman A., eds. Jerusalem: Idea and Reality, New York: Routledge, 2008.
McGarty, Craig. Categorization in Social Psychology. London, Thousand Oaks, CA, New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications, 1999.
McGlinchey, Eric. Chaos, Violence, Dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011.
McKenzie, Brian D.Religious Social Networks, Indirect Mobilization, and African-American Political Participation.” Political Research Quarterly, 57(4) (2004): 621632.
Mikhail Babich: ‘My Budem Vyzhigat Terrorizm Kalenym Zhelezom’ [Mikhail Babich: ‘We Will Burn Out Terrorism with a Hot Iron’].” Polnomochnii Predstavitel’ Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii v Privolzhskom Federalnom Okruge [The Full Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in Volga Federal District]. July 20, 2012, www.pfo.ru/?id=56137.
Minahan, James. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. “Federal’nyi Spisok Ekstremistskikh Materialov [Federal List of Extremist Materials].” http://minjust.ru/extremist-materials (accessed July 25, 2016).
Moberg, David O. The Church as a Social Institution: The Sociology of American Religion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962.
Mohammed-Marzouk, Methal R.Knowledge, Culture, and Positionality: Analysis of Three Medieval Muslim Travel Accounts.” Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(6) (2012): 110.
Mummendey, Amélie, and Wenzel, Michael. “Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reactions to Intergroup Difference.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3 (1999): 158174.
Murphy, Paul J. The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror. Dulles, VA: Brasseay’s Inc., 2005.
Nagourney, Adam, Medina, Jennifer, Lovett, Ian, and Turkewitz, Julie. “As Bullets Flew, Urgent Prayers and Pure Panic.” New York Times, December 6, 2015.
Neuberg, Steven L., Warner, Carolyn M., Mistler, Stephen A., Berlin, Anna, Hill, Eric D., Johnson, Jordan D., Filip-Crawford, Gabrielle, Millsap, Roger E., Thomas, George, Winkelman, Michael, Broome, Benjamin J., Taylor, Thomas J., and Schober, Juliane. “Religion and Intergroup Conflict: Findings from the Global Group Relations Project.” Psychological Science, 25(1) (2014): 198206.
Nisbet, Robert A. The Sociological Tradition. New York: Basic Books, 1966.
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Nursing Schools. “15 Fascinating Scientific Facts about Siblings.” May 15, 2011. www.nursingschools.net/blog/2011/05/15-fascinating-scientific-facts-about-siblings/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
O’Brien, Susan. “Pilgrimage, Power, and Identity: The Role of the Hajj in the Lives of Nigerian Hausa Bori Adepts.” Africa Today, 46 (Summer 1999): 1140.
Pantoja, Adrian D., Ramirez, Ricardo, and Segura, Gary M.. “Citizens by Choice, Voters by Necessity: Patterns in Political Mobilization by Naturalized Latinos.” Political Research Quarterly, 54 (December): 729750.
Pantoja, Adrian D., and Segura, Gary M.. “Fear and Loathing in California: Contextual Threat and Political Sophistication among Latino Voters.” Political Behavior, 25(3) (September 2003): 265286.
Papas, Alexandre, Welsford, Thomas, and Zarcone, Thierry, eds. Central Asian Pilgrims: Hajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz. Berlin: Klaus Schwartz Verlag, 2012.
Pape, Robert A. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House, 2005.
Patterson, Eric. “Religious Activity and Political Participation: The Brazilian and Chilean Cases.” Latin American Politics and Society, 47(1) (2005): 129.
Peach, Ceri. “Muslim Population of Europe: A Brief Overview of Demographic Trends and Socioeconomic Integration, with Particular Reference to Britain.” In Angenendt, Steffen, Barrett, Paul M., Laurence, Jonathan, Peach, Ceri, Smith, Julianne, and Winter, Tim. Muslim Integration: Challenging Conventional Wisdom in Europe and the United States. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007.
Pearce, Susanna. “Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Religious Conflicts.” Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(3) (2005): 333352.
Penny Magazine. “Circassia and the Circassians.” London: Charles Knight & Co, April 14, 1838, pp. 137139.
Peters, Francis E. The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Tropp, Linda R.. “A Meta-analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5) (2006): 751783.
Pew Research Center. “The Global Religious Landscape.” Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. December 18, 2012. www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Pew Research Center. “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream.” May 22, 2007. www.pewresearch.org/2007/05/22/muslim-americans-middle-class-and-mostly-mainstream/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Pew Research Center. “Muslim Americans: No Sign of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism.” Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. August 30, 2011. www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/muslim-americans-no-signs-of-growth-in-alienation-or-support-for-extremism/ (accessed November 19, 2015).
Plomin, Robert. “Commentary: Why Are Children in the Same Family so Different? Non-shared Environment Three Decades Later.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(3) (June 2011): 582592.
Porter, Venetia, ed. Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
Portes, Alejandro, and Zhou, Min. “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530(1) (November 1993): 7496.
Postmes, Tom, and Branscombe, Nyla R., eds. Rediscovering Social Identity. New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Touchstone, 2000.
Putnam, Robert D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Putnam, Robert D., and Campbell, David E.. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010.
Radio Free Europe (RFE/RL). “Russia: Chechen Official Puts Death Toll for 2 Wars at up to 160,000.” August 16, 2005. www.rferl.org/content/article/1060708.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Radio Free Europe (RFE/RL). “Russia: Nalchik Raid Leaves a Painful Legacy.” October 12, 2006, www.rferl.org/content/article/1071996.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Ramadan, Tariq. The Quest for Meaning: Developing a Philosophy of Pluralism. London: Allen Lane, 2010.
Ramadan, Tariq. Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Regnum. “Imam Musulmanskoi Obshiny Vladikavkaza Provedet Poltora Goda V Kolonii-Poselenii [Imam of the Vladikavkaz Muslim Community Is Sentenced to a Year and a Half in a Colony].” October 4, 2011. http://regnum.ru/news/1452287.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Regnum. “Imama Nal’chika Uvolili, Vosstanovili Na Rabote, Ob’avili Blagodarnost’ I Snova Uvolili [The Imam of Nalchik Was Fired, Restored in His Position, Commended for Good Service, and Let Go Again].” August 8, 2008. www.regnum.ru/news/cultura/1042786.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Regnum. “Rais-imam Nalchika: Mufti Kabardino-Balkarii Prenebregaet MVeruyuschikh [Nalchik Rais-Imam: The Mufti of Kabardino-Balkaria Dismisses the Opinion of Muslims].” April 23, 2008. http://regnum.ru/news/991435.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Robinson, Adam. Bin Laden: The Inside Story of the Rise and Fall of the Most Notorious Terrorist in History. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011.
Roccas, Sonia. “Religion and Value Systems.” Journal of Social Issues, 61(4): 747759.
Roy, Olivier. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “1,379,531 Pilgrims from 188 Countries Arrived for Hajj.” October 13, 2013. www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “1,384,941 Foreign Pilgrims Participated in Hajj.” September 22, 2015. www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news09221501.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “2,521,000 Pilgrims Participated in Hajj 1430.” November 29, 2009. www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “2.8 Million Pilgrims Participated in Hajj 1431.” November 18, 2010. www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “2,927,717 Pilgrims Performed Hajj This Year.” November 6, 2011. www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “3,161,573 Pilgrims Perform Hajj This Year.” October 27, 2012. www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “Record Number of Pilgrims Arrive for Hajj.” December 6, 2008. www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. “Small Increase in Foreign Pilgrims.” October 2, 2014. www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx. (accessed July 14, 2015).
Saleem, Shahed. “The British Mosque: A Social and Architectural History.” Muslim Institute. www.musliminstitute.org/blogs/culture/british-mosque-social-and-architectural-history (accessed November 19, 2015).
Saleem, Shahed. “A History of Mosques in Britain.” Architects Journal. April 19, 2012. www.architectsjournal.co.uk/a-history-of-mosques-in-britain/8629263.article (accessed November 19, 2015).
Salvatore, Armando, and Levine, Mark, eds. Religion, Social Practice, and Contested Hegemonies: Reconstructing the Public Sphere in Muslim Majority Societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Sarkissian, Ani. “Religion and Civic Engagement in Muslim Countries.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(4) (2012): 607622.
Selway, Joel Sawat. “Cross-Cuttingness, Cleavage Structures and Civil War Onset.” British Journal of Political Science, 41(1) (2011): 111138.
Sergeev, Nikolai, “V Raslpedelenii Khadzh-Turov Nashli Priznaki Extremizma [Signs of Terrorism Have Been Found in Distribution of Hajj Tours].” Kommersant, July 20, 2012. www.kommersant.ru/doc/1984193 (accessed November 19, 2015).
Seul, Jeffrey R.‘Ours Is the Way of God’: Religion, Identity, and Intergroup Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research, 36(5) (1999): 553569.
Shadueva, Larisa. “Interview with the Head of the Spiritual Directorate in Kabardino-Balkaria, A. M. Pshikhachev.” Kabardino-Balkarskaia Pravda, February 11, 2006.
Shterin, Marat, and Yarlykapov, Akhmet. “Reconsidering Radicalisation and Terrorism: The New Muslims Movement in Kabardino-Balkaria and Its Path to Violence.” Religion, State and Society, 39(2–3) (2011): 303325.
Siddiqui, Shariq A.Islamic Society of North America.” In Curtis, Edward E., ed. Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010.
Sidel, John T. Riots, Pogroms, Jihad: Religious Violence in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Skerry, Peter. “The Muslim-American Muddle.” National Affairs, 9 (Fall 2011): 1437.
Sokolov, Boris. SSSR I Rossiia na Voine: Lyudskie Poteri XX veka [The USSR and Russia at War: People’s Casualties in the Twentieth Century]. Moscow: Yauza, 2014.
Stepan, Alfred. “Rituals of Respect: Sufis and Secularists in Senegal in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics, 44 (July 2012): 379401.
Stewart, Frances. Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Conflict in Multiethnic Societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Svensson, Isak. “Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(6) (2007): 930949.
Tajfel, Henri, and Turner, John C.. “The Social Identity Theory of Inter-group Behavior.” In Worchel, Stephen and Austin, William G., eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986, 724.
Telegraph. “Hajj Pilgrimage 2011: By Numbers.” November 3, 2011, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/8867639/Hajj-pilgrimage-2011-by-numbers.html (accessed November 19, 2015).
Tikaeva, Fatima. “Obschestvo na puti konsolidatsii [Society on Its Way to Consolidation].” Islam v Evrazii, January 23, 2009. http://islamvevrazii.ru/obsh274.php (accessed November 19, 2015).
Tishkov, Valery. Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Translated by Bevan, Gerald. London: Penguin Classics, (1835) 2003.
Toft, Monica Duffy. “Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War.” International Security, 31(4) (2007): 97131.
Turner, John C., Hogg, Michael A., Oakes, Penelope J., Reicher, Stephen D., and Wetherell, Margaret S.. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987.
Turner, John C., Oakes, Penelope J., Haslam, Alexander S., and McGarty, Craig. “Self and Collective: Cognition and Social Context.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(3) (1994): 454463.
Verba, Sidney, Scholzman, Kay Lehman, and Brady, Henry. Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Voll, John O., and Esposito, John L.. Islam and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Waters, Mary C., and Jimenez, Tomas R.. “Assessing Immigrant Assimilation: New Empirical and Theoretical Challenges.” Annual Review of Sociology, 31 (2005): 105125.
Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Whitehouse, Harvey, and Brian, McQuinn. “Ritual and Violence: Divergent Modes of Religiosity and Armed Struggle.” In Juergensmeyer, Mark, Kitts, Margo, and Jerryson, Michael, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Wikipedia. “Eid Al-Adha.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha#cite_note-4 (accessed November 20, 2015).
Wilson, John, and Janoski, Thomas. “The Contribution of Religion to Volunteer Work.” Sociology of Religion, 56(2) (1995): 137152.
Wilson, John, and Musick, Marc. “Who Cares? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work.” American Sociological Review, 62(5) (1997): 694713.
Wollebaek, Dag, and Selle, Per. “Participation in Social Capital Formation: Norway in a Comparative Perspective.” Scandinavian Political Studies, 26(1) (2003): 6791.
Wuthnow, Robert. “Mobilizing Civic Engagement: The Changing Impact of Religious Involvement.” In Skocpol, Theda and Fiorina, Morris P., eds. Civic Engagement in American Democracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999.
Zhemukhov, Sufian N.The Birth of Modern Circassian Nationalism.” Nationalities Papers, 40 (Spring 2012): 502524.
Zhemukhov, Sufian N.One Thousand Years of Islam in Kabarda: An Experiment in Periodization.” Anthropology and Archaeology of Eurasia, 49(4) (2011): 5471.
Zwilling, Anne-Laure. “France.” In Nielsen, Jørgen Schøler, Akgönül, Samim, Alibašić, Ahmet, Maréchal, Brigitte, and Moe, Christian, eds. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 1. Leiden: BRILL, 2009.