Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 18
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2020
Print publication year:
2020
Online ISBN:
9781108866217

Book description

In this Element, I first introduce intelligence in terms of historical definitions. I show that intelligence, as conceived even by the originators of the first intelligence tests, Alfred Binet and David Wechsler, is a much broader construct than just scores on narrow tests of intelligence and their proxies. I then review the major approaches to understanding intelligence and its development: the psychometric (test-based), cognitive and neurocognitive (intelligence as a set of brain-based cognitive representations and processes), systems, cultural, and developmental. These approaches, taken together, present a much more complex portrait of intelligence and its development than the one that would be ascertained just from scores on intelligence tests. Finally, I draw some take-away conclusions.

References

Arlin, P. K. (1975). Cognitive development in adulthood: A fifth stage? Developmental Psychology, 11(5), 602606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.11.5.602
Azuma, H., & Kashiwagi, K. (1987). Descriptions for an intelligent person: A Japanese study. Japanese Psychological Research, 29(1), 1726.
Bardon, A. (2019). The truth about denial: Bias and self-deception in science, politics, and religion. Oxford University Press.
Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1916), The development of intelligence in children (E. S. Kite, trans). Williams & Wilkins.
Boring, E. G. (1923). Intelligence as the tests measure it. New Republic, 36, 3537.
Bornstein, M. H. (2020). Intelligence in infancy. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 124154). Cambridge University Press.
Bornstein, M. H., & Colombo, J. (2012). Infant cognitive functioning and mental development. In Pauen, S. (Ed.), Early childhood development and later achievement (pp. 118147). Cambridge University Press.
Bornstein, M. H., & Putnick, D. L. (2019). The architecture of the child mind. Routledge.
Bornstein, M. H., & Sigman, M. D. (1986). Continuity in mental development from infancy. Child Development, 57(2), 251274.
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Esposito, G. (2017). Continuity and stability in development. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 1131199.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2009). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Brown, A. L., & Ferrara, R. A. (1985). Diagnosing zones of proximal development. In Wertsch, J. V. (Ed.). Culture, communication, and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives (pp. 273305). Cambridge University Press.
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge University Press.
Cattell, R. B. (1987). Beyondism: Religion from science. Praeger.
Ceci, S. J. (1996). On intelligence: A bioecological treatise on intellectual development (expanded ed.). Harvard University Press.
Ceci, S. J., & Bronfenbrenner, U. (1985). “Don’t forget to take the cupcakes out of the oven”: Prospective memory, strategic time-monitoring, and context. Child Development, 56(1), 152164. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130182
Ceci, S. J., & Roazzi, A. (1994). The effects of context on cognition: Postcards from Brazil. In Sternberg, R. J. & Wagner, R. K. (Eds.), Mind in context: Interactionist perspectives on human intelligence (pp. 74101). Cambridge University Press.
Chappell, B. (2020, May 21). US could have saved 36,000 lives if social distancing started 1 week earlier: study. NPR, www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/21/860077940/u-s-could-have-saved-36–000-lives-if-social-distancing-started-1-week-earlier-st
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Society, culture, and person: A systems view of creativity. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp. 325339). Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. HarperCollins.
Dasen, P. (1984). The cross-cultural study of intelligence: Piaget and the Baoule. International Journal of Psychology, 19(4–5), 407434.
Deary, I. J., Whalley, L. J., & Starr, J. M. (2009). A lifetime of intelligence: Follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. American Psychological Association.
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004). The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 130147.
Demetriou, A. (Ed.), (1988). The neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development: Toward an integration. North-Holland.
Demetriou, A., (2000). Organization and development of self-understanding and self-regulation: Toward a general theory. In Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P. R., & Zeidner, M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 209251). Academic Press.
Detterman, D. K., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (1982). How and how much can intelligence be increased? Ablex.
Ellingsen, V. J., & Engle, R. W. (2020). Cognitive approaches to intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Human intelligence: An introduction (pp. 104138). Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2020). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887.
Engle, R. W, & Kane, M. J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. In Ross, B. H (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 44, pp. 145199). Academic Press.
Ericsson, A. & Poole, R. (2017). Peak: Secrets from the new science of expertise. Eamon/Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Fagan, J. F., Holland, C. R., & Wheeler, K. (2007). The prediction, from infancy, of adult IQ and achievement. Intelligence, 35(3), 225231.
Fagan, J. F., & Singer, L T. (1983). Infant recognition memory as a measure of intelligence. In Lipsitt, L. P. (Ed.), Advances in infancy research (Vol. 2, pp. 3179). Ablex Publishers.
Faulkner, W. (2012). Requiem for a nun. Vintage.
Feuerstein, R. (1979). The dynamic assessment of retarded performers: The Learning Potential Assessment Device theory, instruments, and techniques. University Park Press.
Fischer, K. W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87(6), 477531.
Fischer, K. W., & Rose, S. P. (1994). Dynamic development of coordination of components in brain and behavior: A framework for theory and research. In Dawson, G. & Fischer, K. W. (Eds.), Human behavior and the developing brain (pp. 366). Guilford Press.
Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 171191.
Flynn, R. J. (2012). Are we getting smarter? Cambridge University Press.
Flynn, J. R. (2016). Does your family make you smarter? Nature, nurture, and human autonomy. Cambridge University Press.
Frensch, P. A., & Sternberg, R. J. (1989). Expertise and intelligent thinking: When is it worse to know better? In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (Vol. 5, pp. 157188). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Frey, M. C., & Detterman, D. K. (2004). Scholastic assessment or g? The relationship between the Scholastic Assessment Test and general cognitive ability. Psychological Science, 15(6), 373378.
Galton, F. (1869/1892/1962). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. Macmillan/Fontana.
Galton, F. (1883/1907/1973). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. AMS Press
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences (rev. ed.). Basic Books.
Garrett, B. (2020, May 3). We should all be preppers. The Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/05/we-should-all-be-preppers/611074/
Gelman, S. A., & DeJesus, J. M. (2020). Intelligence in childhood. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 155180). Cambridge University Press.
Goldberg, M. (2020, June 22). America is too broken to fight the coronavirus. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/opinion/us-coronavirus-trump.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage.
Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. W. W. Norton.
Greenfield, P. M. (2020). Historical evolution of intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 916939). Cambridge University Press.
Grigorenko, E. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Dynamic testing. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 75111.
Grigorenko, E. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence as predictors of self-reported adaptive functioning: A case study in Russia. Intelligence, 29, 5773.
Grigorenko, E. L., Meier, E., Lipka, J., Mohatt, G., Yanez, E., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Academic and practical intelligence: A case study of the Yup’ik in Alaska. Learning and Individual Differences, 14, 183207.
Grigorenko, E. L., Ruzgis, P., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.) (1997). Psychology in Russia: Past, present, future. Nova Science.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. McGraw-Hill.
Guilford, J. P. (1988). Some changes in the structure-of-intellect model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 14.
Haier, R. J. (2016). The neuroscience of intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Haier, R. J. (2020). Biological approaches to intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Human intelligence: An introduction (pp. 139173). Cambridge University Press.
Haier, R. J., Karama, S., Leyba, L., & Jung, R. E. (2009). MRI assessment of cortical thickness and functional activity changes in adolescent girls following three months of practice on a visual-spatial task. BMC Research Notes, 2, 174. http://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-2-174.
Haier, R. J., Siegel, B. V., Nuechterlein, K. H., Hazlett, E., Wu, J. C., Paek, J., … & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1988). Cortical glucose metabolic-rate correlates of abstract reasoning and attention studies with positron emission tomography. Intelligence, 12(2), 199217.
Haier, R. J., Siegel, B. V., Tang, C., Abel, L., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1992). Intelligence and changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate following learning. Intelligence, 16(3–4), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(92)90018-M.
Hall, S. (2015, October 26). Exxon knew about climate change almost 40 years ago. Scientific American, www.scientificamerican.com/article/exxon-knew-about-climate-change-almost-40-years-ago/
Hedlund, J. (2020). Practical intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 736755). Cambridge University Press.
Henig, R. M. (2020, April 8). Experts warned of a pandemic decades ago. Why weren’t we ready? National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/experts-warned-pandemic-decades-ago-why-not-ready-for-coronavirus/#close
Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve. Free Press.
Hertzog, C. (2020a). Intelligence in adulthood. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 181204). Cambridge University Press.
Hertzog, C. (2020b). Lifespan development of intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Human intelligence: An introduction (2nd ed., pp. 279313). Cambridge University Press.
Hilt, P. J. (1997, August 15). Racism accusations and award is delayed. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/1997/08/15/us/racism-accusations-and-award-is-delayed.html
Horn, J. L., & Knapp, J. R. (1973). On the subjective character of the empirical base of Guilford’s structure-of-intellect model. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 3343.
Hughes, V. (2014, March 5). Epigenetics: The sins of the father. Nature, 507, www.nature.com/news/epigenetics-the-sins-of-the-father-1.14816
Hunt, E. B., Lunneborg, C., & Lewis, J. (1975). What does it mean to be high verbal? Cognitive Psychology, 7, 194227.
“Intelligence and its measurement”: A symposium (1921). Journal of Educational Psychology, 12, 123147, 195216, 271275.
Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor. Praeger-Greenwood.
Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). The parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 135154.
Kaufman, A. S., Schneider, W. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2020). Psychometric approaches to studying intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Human intelligence: An introduction (pp. 67103). Cambridge University Press.
Knopik, V. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., DeFries, J. M., & Plomin, R. (2016). Behavioral genetics (7th ed.). Worth.
Koenig, K.A., Frey, M.C. & Detterman, D.K. (2008). ACT and general cognitive ability. Intelligence, 36, 153160.
Kuhn, T. S. (2012). The structure of scientific revolutions (50th anniversary ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1980). Beyond formal operations: Uses and limits of pure logic in life-span development. Human Development, 23, 141161.
Lave, J. (1988) Cognition in practice. Cambridge University Press.
Lidz, C. S. (1991). Practitioner’s guide to dynamic assessment. Guilford Press.
Locke, S. F. (2008, September 11). Was the dinosaurs’ long reign on Earth a fluke? Scientific American, www.scientificamerican.com/article/was-the-dinosaurs-long-reign-a-fluke/
Lutz, C. (1985). Ethnopsychology compared to what? Explaining behaviour and consciousness among the Ifaluk. In White, G. M. & Kirkpatrick, J. (Eds.), Person, self, and experience: Exploring Pacific ethnopsychologies (pp. 3579). University of California Press.
Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. PNAS, 97(8), 43984403, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.070039597
Malone, T. W., & Woolley, A. W. (2020). Collective intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 780801). Cambridge University Press.
Markus, H. R., & Conner, A. (2014). Clash: How to thrive in a multicultural world. Plume.
Marquie, J. C., Duarte, L. R., Bessieres, P., Dalm, C., Gentil, C., & Ruidavets, J. B. (2010). Higher mental stimulation at work is associated with improved cognitive functioning in both young and older workers. Ergonomics, 53(11), 12871301. http://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2010.519125.
McCall, R. B. (1994). What process mediates prediction of childhood IQ from infant habituation and recognition memory? Speculations on the roles of inhibition and rate of information processing. Intelligence, 18, 107125.
McCarthy, C. (2007). The road. Vintage.
McGrew, K. S. (2005). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future. In Flanagan, D. P. & Harrison, P. L. (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, issues (2nd ed. pp. 136181). Guilford Press.
Moreno, J. E. (2020, June 20). Most Trump rally attendees opt not to wear face masks. The Hill, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/503752-most-trump-rally-attendees-opt-not-to-wear-face-masks
Murray, C. (2020). Human diversity: The biology gender, race, and class. Twelve.
Nuñes, T. (1994). Street intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human intelligence (Vol. 2, pp. 10451049). Macmillan.
Okagaki, L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1993). Parental beliefs and children’s school performance. Child Development, 64(1), 3656.
Piaget, J. (1972). The psychology of intelligence. Littlefield Adams.
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2013). Behavioral genetics (6th ed.). Worth.
Poole, F. J. P. (1985). Coming into social being: Cultural images of infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin folk psychology. In White, G. M. & Kirkpatrick, J. (Eds.). Person, self, and experience: Exploring Pacific ethnopsychologies (pp. 183244). University of California Press.
Ruzgis, P. M & Grigorenko, E. L. (1994). Cultural meaning systems, intelligence and personality. In Sternberg, R. J. and Ruzgis, P. (Eds.). Personality and intelligence (pp. 248270). Cambridge University Press.
Sackett, P. R., Shewach, O. R., & Dahlke, J. A. (2020). The predictive value of general intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Human intelligence: An introduction (pp. 381414). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Salthouse, T. A. (2006). Mental exercises and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 6887.
Schliemann, A. D., & Magalhües, V. P. (1990). Proportional reasoning: From shops, to kitchens, laboratories, and, hopefully, schools. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Oaxtepec, Mexico.
Schooler, C., & Kaplan, L. J. (2009). How those who have, thrive: Mechanisms underlying the well-being of the advantaged later in life. In Bosworth, H. B. & Hertzog, C. (Eds.), Aging and cognition: Research methodologies and empirical advantages (pp. 121141). American Psychological Association.
Serpell, R. (1996). Cultural models of childhood in indigenous socialization and formal schooling in Zambia. In Hwang, C. P. & Lamb, M. E. (Eds), Images of childhood. (pp. 129142). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Serpell, R. (2002). The embeddedness of human development within sociocultural context: Pedagogical, and political implications. Social Development, 11(2) 290295.
Simberloff, D. (N.D.) A modern mass extinction? PBS: Evolution. www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/extinction/massext/statement_03.html
Smithsonian Institution (2018, September 14). Survival of the adaptable: What does it mean to be human? https://humanorigins.si.edu/research/climate-and-human-evolution/survival-adaptable
Spearman, C. (1904). “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 201292.
Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man. Macmillan.
Sternberg, R. J. (1977a). Component processes in analogical reasoning. Psychological Review, 84, 353378.
Sternberg, R. J. (1977b). Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sternberg, R. J. (1983). Components of human intelligence. Cognition, 15, 148.
Sternberg, R. J (1990). Metaphors of mind. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Successful intelligence. Plume.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998a). Abilities are forms of developing expertise. Educational Researcher, 27(3), 1120.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998b). Cupid’s arrow: The course of love through time. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998c). The dialectic as a tool for teaching psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 25, 177180.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998d). Principles of teaching for successful intelligence. Educational Psychologist, 33, 6572.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999a). A dialectical basis for understanding the study of cognition. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), The nature of cognition (pp. 5178). The MIT Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999b). Intelligence as developing expertise. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 24, 359375.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999c). A propulsion model of types of creative contributions. Review of General Psychology, 3, 83100.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Culture and intelligence. American Psychologist, 59(5), 325338.
Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Intelligence and culture. In Kitayama, S. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Hand of cultural psychology (pp. 547568). Guilford Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2010). College admissions for the 21st century. Harvard University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2012). Intelligence in its cultural context. In Gelfand, M., Chiu, C.-Y, and Hong, Y.-Y (Eds.), Advances in cultures and psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 205248). Oxford University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Teaching for wisdom. In David, S., Boniwell, I., & Ayers, A. C. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness (pp. 631643). Oxford University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2016). What universities can be: A new model for preparing students for active concerned citizenship and ethical leadership. Cornell University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2017). ACCEL: A new model for identifying the gifted. Roeper Review, 39 (3), 139152. www.tandfonline.com/eprint/kSvRMFf9R8tAJPDRfXrJ/full.
Sternberg, R. J. (2019a). Introduction to the Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom: Race to Samarra: The critical importance of wisdom in the world today. In Sternberg, R. J. & Glueck, J. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 39). Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2019b). Is gifted education on the right path? The ACCEL model of giftedness. In Sisk, D., Wallace, B., & Senior, J. (Eds.), Hand of gifted education (pp. 518). Sage.
Sternberg, R. J. (2019c). A theory of adaptive intelligence and its relation to general intelligence. Journal of Intelligence, https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence7040023.
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.) (2020). Cambridge handbook of intelligence (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (in press). Adaptive intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Davidson, J. E. (1999). Insight. In Runco, M. & Pritzker, S. R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (Vol. 2, pp. 5769). Academic Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2001). All testing is dynamic testing. Issues in Education, 7(2), 137170.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2002). Dynamic testing. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2007). Teaching for successful intelligence (2nd ed.). Corwin Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Hedlund, J. (2002). Practical intelligence, g, and work psychology. Human Performance, 15(1/2), 143160.
Sternberg, R. J., & Suben, J. (1986). The socialization of intelligence. In Perlmutter, M. (Ed.), Perspectives on intellectual development: Vol. 19. Minnesota symposia on child psychology (pp. 201235). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sternberg, R. J., & The Rainbow Project Collaborators (2006). The Rainbow Project: Enhancing the SAT through assessments of analytical, practical and creative skills. Intelligence, 34(4), 321350.
Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (2010). Educational psychology (2nd ed.). Pearson/Merrill.
Sternberg, R. J., Bonney, C. R., Gabora, L, & Merrifield, M. (2012). WICS: A model for college and university admissions. Educational Psychologist, 47(1), 3041.
Sternberg, R. J., Conway, B. E., Ketron, J. L., & Bernstein, M. (1981). People’s conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 3755.
Sternberg, R. J., Forsythe, G. B., Hedlund, J., Horvath, J., Snook, S., Williams, W. M., Wagner, R. K., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., Ferrari, M., & Clinkenbeard, P. (1999). A triarchic analysis of an aptitude–treatment interaction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 15(1), 111.
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., & Kidd, K. K. (2005). Intelligence, race, and genetics. American Psychologist, 60(1), 4659.
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., Ngorosho, D., Tantufuye, E., Mbise, A., Nokes, C., Jukes, M., & Bundy, D. A. (2002). Assessing intellectual potential in rural Tanzanian school children. Intelligence, 30, 141162.
Sternberg, R. J., Jarvin, L., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2009). Teaching for wisdom, intelligence, creativity, and success. Corwin.
Sternberg, R. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2008). Applied intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Pretz, J. E. (2002). The creativity conundrum: A propulsion model of kinds of creative contributions. Psychology Press.
Sternberg, R. J., Nokes, K., Geissler, P. W., Prince, R., Okatcha, F., Bundy, D. A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2001). The relationship between academic and practical intelligence: A case study in Kenya. Intelligence, 29, 401418.
Sternberg, R. J., Wagner, R. K., Williams, W. M., & Horvath, J. A. (1995). Testing common sense. American Psychologist, 50(11), 912927.
Super, C.M., & Harkness, S. (1982). The development of affect in infancy and early childhood. In Wagner, D. & Stevenson, H. (Eds.). Cultural perspectives on child development (pp. 119). W. H. Freeman.
Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9, 545569.
Super, C. M & Harkness, S. (1993). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. In Pierce, R. A., Black, M. A., (Eds.). Life-span development: A diversity reader, (pp. 6177). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
Thomson, G. H. (1916). A hierarchy without a general factor. British Journal of Psychology, 8, 271281.
Thurstone, L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. University of Chicago Press.
Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2009). Differentiation of cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 10971118. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015864
Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2006). Beyond g: Putting multiple intelligence theory of the test. Intelligence, 34, 487502.
Von Stumm, S., & Plomin, R. (2015). Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence. Intelligence, 48, 3036. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.002.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. (Original work published 1934). MIT Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wechsler, D. (1940). Non-intellective factor in general intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 37, 444445.
Wechsler, D. (1944). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. Williams & Wilkins.
Wise, A. (2020, April 15). Trump says the US is past its peak on new coronavirus cases. NPR, www.npr.org/2020/04/15/833444593/watch-white-house-holds-briefing-amid-who-governor-spats
Wissler, C. (1901). The correlation of mental and physical tests. Psychological Review Monograph Supplement, 3(6), 162.
Zuckerman, H. (1983). The scientific elite: Nobel laureates’ mutual influences. In Albert, R. S. (Ed.), Genius and eminence: The social psychology of creativity and exceptional achievement (Vol. 5, pp. 241252). Pergamon.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.