References
Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishing.
Afridi, F. (2010). “Women’s Empowerment and the Goal of Parity between the Sexes in Schooling in India.” Population Studies, 64(2): 131–145.
Agarwal, B. (1994). A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Agarwal, B. (1997). “‘Bargaining’ and Gender Relations: Within and beyond the Household.” Feminist Economics, 3(1): 1–51.
Agarwal, B. (2003). “Gender and Land Rights Revisited: Exploring New Prospects via the State, Family and Market.” Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(1–2): 184–224.
Aldasher, G., Chaara, I., Platteau, J.-P., and Wakhaj, Z. (2012). “Using the Law to Change the Custom.” Journal of Development Economics, 97: 182–200.
Alden Wily, L. (2001). “Reconstructing the African Commons.” Africa Today, 48(1): 77–99.
Aliber, M. and Walker, C. (2004). The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights: Case Studies from Kenya. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council.
Allendorf, K. (2007). “Do Women’s Land Rights Promote Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal?” World Development, 35(11): 1975–1988.
AUC (African Union Commission). (2011). Promoting Employment for Social Cohesion and Inclusive Growth. Addis Ababa: AUC.
AUC-ECA-AfDB Consortium. (2011). Land Policy in Africa: A Framework to Strengthen Land Rights, Enhance Productivity and Secure Livelihoods. Addis Ababa: African Union, African Development Bank, and Economic Commission for Africa.
Benjamin, N. and Mbaye, A. (2012). The Informal Sector in Francophone Africa. Paris and Washington, DC: Agence Française de Dévelopment and The World Bank.
Benschop, M. (2002). Rights and Reality: Are Women’s Equal Rights to Land, Housing and Property Implemented in East Africa? Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements.
Berge, E., Kambewa, D., Munthali, A., and Wiig, H. (2014). “Lineage and Land Reforms in Malawi: Do Matrilineal and Patrilineal Landholding Systems Represent a Problem for Land Reforms in Malawi.” Land Use Policy, 41: 61–69.
Bird, K. and Espey, J. (2010). “Power, Patriarchy and Land: Examining Women’s Land Rights in Uganda and Rwanda. In Chant, S. (ed.), International Handbook on Gender and Poverty: Concepts, Research, Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 360–366.
Bose, N. and Das, S. (2017). “Women’s Inheritance Rights, Household Allocation, and Gender Bias.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 107(5): 150–153.
Boudet, A. M., Buitrago, P., Leroy de la Briere, B., et al. (2018). “Gender Differences in Poverty and Household Composition through the Life-cycle.” World Bank Group Policy Research Working Paper No. 8360.
Budlender, D. (2008). “The Statistical Evidence on Care and Non-care Work across Six Countries.” United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Gender Programme Paper No. 4.
Budlender, D. and Alma, E. (2011). Women and Land: Securing Rights for Better Lives. Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Centre.
Carney, J. A. (1998). “Women’s Land Rights in Gambian Irrigated Rice Schemes: Constraints and Opportunities. Agriculture and Human Values, 15: 325–336.
Chapoto, A., Jayne, T., and Mason, N. (2007). “Security of Widows’ Access to Land in the Era of HIV/AIDS: Panel Survey Evidence from Zambia.” Food Security Research Project Working Paper No. 19.
Claassens, A. and Ngubane, S. (2008). “Women, Land and Power: The Impact of the Communal Land Rights Act.” In Claassens, A. and Cousins, B. (eds.), Land, Power and Custom: Controversies Generated by South Africa’s Communal Land Rights Act. Cape Town: UCT Press, 154–183.
Cooper, E. (2012). “Women and Inheritance in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can Change?” Development Policy Review, 30(5): 641–657.
Cooper, E. and Bird, K. (2012). “Inheritance: A Gendered and Intergenerational Dimension of Poverty.” Development Policy Review, 30(5): 527–541.
Cuberes, D. and Teignier, M. (2016). “Aggregate Effects of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate.” Journal of Human Capital, 10(1): 1–32.
Dancer, H. (2017). “An Equal Right to Inherit? Women’s Land Rights, Customary Law and Constitutional Reform in Tanzania.” Social and Legal Studies, 26(3): 291–310.
Deere, C. D. (2017). “Women’s Land Rights, Rural Social Movements, and the State in the 21st-Century Latin American Agrarian Reforms.” Journal of Agrarian Change, 17(2): 258–278.
Deere, C. D. and Doss, C. R. (2006). “Gender and the Distribution of Wealth in Developing Countries.” United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Research Paper No. 2006/115.
Deere, C. D. and León, M. (2009). Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Deere, C. D., Oduro, A. D., Swaminathan, H., and Doss, C. (2013). “Property Rights and the Gender Distribution of Wealth in Ecuador, Ghana and India.” The Journal of Economic Inequality, 11: 249–265.
Djurfeldt, A. A. (2020). “Gendered Land Rights, Legal Reform and Social Norms in the Context of Land Fragmentation: A Review of the Literature for Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda.” Land Use Policy, 90(1): 1–10.
Doss, C. R. (2006). “The Effects of Intrahousehold Property Ownership on Expenditure Patterns in Ghana.” Journal of African Economies, 15(1): 149–180.
Doss, C., Deere, C. D., Oduro, A. D., et al. (2011). The Gender Asset and Wealth Gaps: Evidence from Ecuador, Ghana, and Karnataka, India. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.
Doss, C., Truong, M., Nabanoga, G., and Namaalwa, J. (2012). “Women, Marriage and Asset Inheritance in Uganda.” Development Policy Review, 30(5): 597–616.
Duflo, E. (2003). “Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa.” The World Bank Economic Review, 17(1): 1–25.
Ellis, A., Blackden, M., Cutura, J., MacCulloch, F., and Seebens, H. (2007). Gender and Economic Growth in Tanzania: Creating Opportunities for Women. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Ellis, A., Manuel, C., and Blackden, C. M. (2006). Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the Power of Women. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Ellis, F. and Mdoe, N. (2003). “Livelihoods and Rural Poverty Reduction in Tanzania.” World Development, 31(8): 1367–1384.
Errico, S. (2021). “Women’s Right to Land between Collective and Individual Dimensions.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5: 690321.
Evans, R. (2015). “HIV-Related Stigma, Asset Inheritance and Chronic Poverty: Vulnerability and Resilience of Widows and Caregiving Children and Youth in Tanzania and Uganda.” Progress in Development Studies 15(4): 326–342.
Evans, R. (2016). “Gendered Struggles Over Land: Shifting Inheritance Practices among the Serer in Rural Senegal.” Gender, Place & Culture, 23(9): 1360–1375.
Evans, R., Mariwah, S., and Barima Antwi, K. (2015). “Struggles over Family Land? Tree Crops, Land and Labour in Ghana’s Brong-Ahafo Region.” Geoforum 67: 24–35.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2008). Land Reform: Land Settlement and Cooperatives. Rome: FAO. www.fao.org/3/i0470t/i0470t.pdf. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2011). The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011. Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development. Rome: FAO. www.fao.org/3/i2050e/i2050e.pdf. Federici, S. (2011). “Women, Land Struggles, and the Reconstruction of the Commons.” Journal of Labor and Society, 14(1): 41–56.
Ferrant, G. and Kolev, A. (2016). “Does Gender Discrimination in Social Institutions Matter for Long-Term Growth? Cross-Country Evidence.” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre Working Paper No. 330.
Ferrara, E. La and Milazzo, A. (2017). “Customary Norms, Inheritance, and Human Capital: Evidence from a Reform of the Matrilineal System in Ghana.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(4): 166–185.
Fonjong, L., Fombe, L., and Sama-Lang, I. (2013). “The Paradox of Gender Discrimination in Land Ownership and Women’s Contribution to Poverty Reduction in Anglophone Cameroon.” GeoJournal, 78(3): 575–589.
Genicot, G. and Hernandez-de-Benito, M. (2022). “Women’s Land Rights and Village Institutions in Tanzania.” World Development, 153: 105811.
GoK (Government of Kenya). (2006). Initial Report of States Parties to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. U.N. Doc. E/C.12/KEN/1. September 7.
Government of Cameroon. (1996). Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon. Yaounde: National Printing Press.
Grynberg, R. (2013). “Some Like Them Rough: The Future of Diamond Beneficiation in Botswana.” European Centre for Development Policy Management Discussion Paper No. 142.
Heintz, J. (2006). “Globalization, Economic Policy and Employment: Poverty and Gender Implications.” ILO Employment Strategy Paper No. 2006/3.
Hill, C. (2011). “Enabling Rural Women’s Economic Empowerment: Institutions, Opportunities, and Participation.” Background Paper for Expert Group Meeting, Accra, September 20–23.
Human Rights Watch. (2003). Double Standards: Women’s Property Rights Violations in Kenya. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Hunt, J. and Kasynathan, N. (2001). “Pathways to Empowerment? Reflections on Microfinance and Transformation in Gender Relations in South Asia.” Gender & Development, 9(1): 42–52.
Izumi, K. (2007). “Gender-Based Violence and Property Grabbing in Africa: A Denial of Women’s Liberty and Security.”Gender and Development, 15(1): 11–23.
Jacobs, K. and Kes, A. (2015). “The Ambiguity of Joint Asset Ownership: Customary Tales from Uganda and South Africa.” Feminist Economics, 21(3): 23–55.
Joireman, S. F. (2007). “Enforcing New Property Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Ugandan Constitution and the 1998 Land Act.” Comparative Politics, 39(4): 463–480.
Joireman, S. F. (2008). “The Mystery of Capital Formation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Women, Property Rights and Customary Law.” World Development, 36(7): 1233–1246.
Jones, A. S. and Frick, K. D. (2010). “The Roles of Women’s Health and Education in Family and Societal Health’. Women’s Health Issues, 20(4): 231–233.
Jütting, J. and Morrisson, C. (2005). Changing Social Institutions to Improve the Status of Women in Developing Countries. Policy Brief 27. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Kabeer, N. (2001). “Conflicts Over Credit: Re-evaluating the Empowerment Potential of Loans to Women in Rural Bangladesh.” World Development, 29(1): 63–84.
Kalabamu, F. (1998). “Effects of Gendered Land Rights on Urban Housing by Women in Botswana.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Land Tenure in the Developing World with a Focus on Southern Africa. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, January.
Kalabamu, F. (2006). “Patriarchy and Women Land Rights in Botswana.” Land Use Policy, 23(3): 237–246.
Katz, E. and Chamorro, J. S. (2003). “Gender, Land Rights, and the Household Economy in Rural Nicaragua and Honduras.” Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Latin American and Caribbean Economics Association, Puebla, Mexico, October.
Kelkar, G. (2014). “The Fog of Entitlement: Women’s Inheritance and Land Rights.” Economic and Political Weekly, 49(33): 51–58.
Kumar, N., Quisumbing, A. R. (2012). “‘Beyond Death Do Us Part’: The Long-Term Implications of Divorce Perceptions on Women’s Well-Being and Child Schooling in Rural Ethiopia.” World Development, 40(12): 2478–2489.
Lambert, S., Ravallion, M., and van de walle, D. (2014). “Intergenerational Mobility and Interpersonal Inequality in an African Economy.” Journal of Development Economics, 110: 327–344.
Lastarria-Cornhiel, S. (1997). “Impact of Privatization on Gender and Property Rights in Africa.” World Development, 25(8): 1317–1333.
Lemke, S. and Claeys, P. (2020). “Absent Voices: Women and Youth in Communal Land Governance: Reflections on Methods and Process from Exploratory Research in West and East Africa.” Land, 9(266). https://doi.org/10.3390/Land9080266. Lentz, C. (2007). “Land and the Politics of Belonging in Africa.” In Chabal, P., Engel, U., and de Haan, L. (eds.), African Alternatives. Leiden: Brill, 37–54.
MacInnes, J. (1998). The End of Masculinity. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Massay, G. (2020). “The Struggles for Land Rights by Rural Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Tanzania.” African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(2): 271–283.
McAuslan, P. (2013). Land Law Reform in Eastern Africa: Traditional or Transformative? A Critical Review of 50 Years of Land Law Reform in Eastern Africa 1961–2011. New York: Routledge.
Meinzen-Dick, R. S. and Pradhan, R. (2002). “Legal Pluralism and Dynamic Property Rights.” International Food Policy Research Institute CAPRi Working Papers No. 22.
Meinzen-Dick, R. S., Quisumbing, A., Doss, C., and Theis, S. (2019). “Women’s Land Rights As a Pathway to Poverty Reduction: Framework and Review of Available Evidence.” Agricultural Systems, 172: 72–82.
Mujere, J. (2014). “Land, Gender and Inheritance Disputes among the Basotho in the Dewure Purchase Areas, Colonial Zimbabwe.” South African Historical Journal, 66(4): 699–716.
Nandasen, N. (2012). “Rural Women’s Access to Land in Sub-Saharan Africa and Implications for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals.” Agenda, 26(1): 41–53.
Odeny, M. (2013). “Improving Access to Land and Strengthening Women’s Land Rights in Africa.” Paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, May 2017; Addis Ababa. Accessed from https://hdl.handle.net/10855/24140
. Odgaard, R. (2002). “Scrambling for Land in Tanzania: Processes of Formalisation and Legitimisation of Land Rights.” The European Journal of Development Research, 14(2): 71–88.
Peterman, A. (2012). “Widowhood and Asset Inheritance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical Evidence from 15 Countries.” Development Policy Review, 30(5): 543–571.
Quisumbing, A. R. and Maluccio, J. A. “Resources at Marriage and Intrahousehold Allocation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and South Africa.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65(3): 283–327.
Rose, L. (2006). Children’s Property and Inheritance Rights and their Livelihoods: The Context of HIV and AIDS in Southern and East Africa. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Rugadya, M., Nsamba, E., Lule, R. et al. (2008). Final Report of the Integrated Study on Land and Family Justice. Kampala: Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs.
Rugadya, M., Obaiko, E., and Kamusiime, H. (2004). Gender and the Land Reform Process in Uganda: Assessing Gains and Losses for Women in Uganda. Land Research Series No. 2. Kampala: Associates for Development.
Saiget, M. (2016). “(De-)Politicising Women’s Collective Action: International Actors and Land Inheritance in Post-war Burundi.” Review of African Political Economy, 43(149): 365–381.
Santos, F., Fletschner, D., and Daconto, G. (2014). “Enhancing Inclusiveness of Rwanda’s Land Tenure Regularization Program: Insights from Early Stages of its Implementation.” World Development, 62: 30–41.
Santpoort, R., Steel, G., Mkandawire, A. et al. (2021). “The Land Is Ours: Bottom-Up Strategies to Secure Rural Women’s Access, Control and Rights to Land in Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal and Malawi.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.697314. Sen, A. (1999). Development As Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.
Slavchevska, V., Doss, C. R., de la O Campos, A. P, and Brunelli, C. (2021). “Beyond Ownership: Women’s and Men’s Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Oxford Development Studies, 49(1): 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2020.1818714. Strickland, R. (2004). To Have and To Hold: Women’s Property and Inheritance Rights in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.
Swaminathan, H., Walker, C., and Rugadya, M. A. (eds). (2008). Women’s Property Rights, HIV and AIDS and Domestic Violence: Research Findings from Two Districts in South Africa and Uganda. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Torkelsson, Å. and Tassew, B. (2008). “Quantifying Women’s and Men’s Rural Resource Portfolios: Empirical Evidence from Western Shoa in Ethiopia.” European Journal of Development Research, 20: 462–481.
Tripp, A. (2004). “Women’s Movements, Customary Law, and Land Rights in Africa: The Case of Uganda.” African Studies Quarterly, 7(4): 1–19.
UN (United Nations). (2004). Property and Inheritance Rights and HIV/AIDS: Women and Girls in Southern Africa. New York: UN Secretary General’s Task Force on Women, Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa.
UN (United Nations). (2010). “‘Keeping the promise’: United to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.” Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly 65th Session, 19 October.
UN-Habitat. (2006). Progress Report on Removing Discrimination Against Women in Respect of Property and Inheritance Rights. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements.
UN Millennium Project. (2005). Taking Action: Achieving Gender Equality and Empowering Women. Report by the Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. New York: UN Millennium Project.
Walker, C. (2005). “Women, Gender Policy and Land Reform in South Africa.” Politikon, 32(2): 297–315.
Wamboye, E. F., Adekola, A., and Sergi, B, S. (2015a). “Sectoral Shifts and Women’s Employment: A Study of Thirty-Nine Least Developed Countries’. Journal of Economic Issues, 49(4): 1045–1076.
Wamboye, E. F., Adekola, A., and Sergi, B, S. (2015b). “Sectoral Effects of Female Absolute and Relative Employment in Selected Least Developed Countries.” Gender, Technology and Development, 19(1): 1–42.
Wamboye, E. F. and Seguino, S. (2015). “Gender Effects of Trade Openness in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Feminist Economics, 21(3): 82–113.
Wekwete, N. N. (2013). “Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa: Evidence and Policy.” Journal of African Economies, 23 (AERC Suppl. 1): i87–i127.
Whitehead, A. and Tsikata, D. (2003). “Policy Discourses on Women’s Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Implications of the Return to the Customary.” Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(1–2): 67–112.
World Bank (2004). Integrating Gender into HIV/AIDS Programs: An Operational Guide. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Young, D. (2010). “The Jurisprudence of Vulnerability: Property Rights, Domestic Violence and HIV/AIDS Among Women in Uganda.” International Review of Constitutionalism, 9(2): 327–360.
