This book is a novel synthesis of the philosophy and practice of science, covering its diverse theoretical, metaphysical, logical, philosophical, and practical elements. The process of science is generally taught in its empirical form: what science is, how it works, what it has achieved, and what it might achieve in the future. What is often absent is how to think deeply about science and how to apply its lessons in the pursuit of truth, in other words, knowing how to know. In this volume, David Teplow presents illustrative examples of science practice, history and philosophy of science, and sociological aspects of the scientific community, to address commonalities among these disciplines. In doing so, he challenges cherished beliefs and suggests to students, philosophers, and practicing scientists new, epistemically superior, ways of thinking about and doing science.

‘[This is] a rare and remarkable kind of book - a full-length treatment of the philosophy of science written by a highly respected scientist. The outcome is a veritable intellectual feast, including a sweep of the whole history of scientific methodology, from ancient Egypt to today’s data-driven research … this book makes something of a philosophical manual for working scientists, especially those who are in the early stages of their careers. I hope that generations of students and researchers entering their scientific careers will discover this book and benefit from its abundant wisdom.’

Hasok Chang - University of Cambridge (from his Foreword)

‘What is science? What does it mean to ‘do’ science? How can science be done thoughtfully? These broad, fundamental, and challenging questions are taken on by David B. Teplow. This book also provides practical real-world advice to young scientists on such issues as formulating a worthwhile hypothesis or question; the importance of experimental approach, design, rigor, and reproducibility; avoiding bias; … I found Teplow’s book to be educational, enlightening, thought-provoking, and engaging. Reading it reminded me to stop and think more deeply about the meaning and value of my own work, why I continue to ‘do’ science, and what I hope to accomplish.’

Michael S. Wolfe - University of Kansas (from his Foreword)