Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 12
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
February 2024
Print publication year:
2024
Online ISBN:
9781009031080

Book description

Humans produce utterances intentionally. Visible bodily action, or gesture, has long been acknowledged as part of the broader activity of speaking, but it is only recently that the role of gesture during utterance production and comprehension has been the focus of investigation. If we are to understand the role of gesture in communication, we must answer the following questions: Do gestures communicate? Do people produce gestures with an intention to communicate? This Element argues that the answer to both these questions is yes. Gestures are (or can be) communicative in all the ways language is. This Element arrives at this conclusion on the basis that communication involves prediction. Communicators predict the behaviours of themselves and others, and such predictions guide the production and comprehension of utterance. This Element uses evidence from experimental and neuroscientific studies to argue that people produce gestures because doing so improves such predictions.

References

Alibali, M. W., Evans, J. L., Hostetter, A. B., Ryan, K., & Mainela-Arnold, E. (2009). Gesture–speech integration in narrative: Are children less redundant than adults? Gesture, 9(3), 290311.
Alibali, M. W., Kita, S., & Young, A. J. (2000). Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593613.
Altmann, G. T., & Kamide, Y. (1999). Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition, 73(3), 247–64.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Edited by James O. Urmson & Marina Sbisá.)
Bara, B. G. (2010). Cognitive pragmatics: The mental processes of communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bara, B. G. (2017). Cognitive pragmatics. In Huang, Y. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of pragmatics (pp. 279–99). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bara, B. G., Enrici, I., & Adenzato, M. (2016). At the core of pragmatics: The neural substrates of communicative intentions. In Hickok, G. & Small, S. L. (Eds.), Neurobiology of language (pp. 675–85). New York: Elsevier.
Barsalou, L. W. (1983). Ad hoc categories. Memory and Cognition, 11(3), 211–27.
Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 577660.
Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–45.
Bavelas, J., Gerwing, J., Sutton, C., & Prevost, D. (2008). Gesturing on the telephone: Independent effects of dialogue and visibility. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(2), 495520.
Bavelas, J., & Healing, S. (2013). Reconciling the effects of mutual visibility on gesturing: A review. Gesture, 13(1), 6392.
Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (1999a). Do iconic hand gestures really contribute anything to the semantic information conveyed by speech? An experimental investigation. Semiotica, 123(1–2), 130.
Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (1999b). Mapping the range of information contained in the iconic hand gestures that accompany spontaneous speech. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18(4), 438–62.
Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (2001). An experimental investigation of the role of different types of iconic gesture in communication: A semantic feature approach. Gesture, 1(2), 129–49.
Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (2002). An experimental investigation of some properties of individual iconic gestures that mediate their communicative power. British Journal of Psychology, 93(2), 179–92.
Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (2006). When size really matters: How a single semantic feature is represented in the speech and gesture modalities. Gesture, 6(1), 6384.
Cafazzo, S., Natoli, E., & Valsecchi, P. (2012). Scent-marking behaviour in a pack of free-ranging domestic dogs. Ethology, 118(10), 955–66.
Campisi, E., & Mazzone, M. (2016). Do people intend to gesture? A review of the role of intentionality in gesture production and comprehension. Reti Saperi Linguaggi–Italian Journal of Cognitive Science, 3(2), 285300.
Campisi, E., & Özyürek, A. (2013). Iconicity as a communicative strategy: Recipient design in multimodal demonstrations for adults and children. Journal of Pragmatics, 47(1), 1427.
Carston, R. (2002). Thoughts and utterances: The pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Carston, R. (2010). Xiii – Metaphor: Ad hoc concepts, literal meaning and mental images. In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Vol. 110, pp. 295321). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carston, R. (2018). Figurative language, mental imagery, and pragmatics. Metaphor and Symbol, 33(3), 198217.
Chu, M., Meyer, A., Foulkes, L., & Kita, S. (2014). Individual differences in frequency and saliency of speech-accompanying gestures: The role of cognitive abilities and empathy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 694709.
Clark, A. (2015). Surfing uncertainty: Prediction, action, and the embodied mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, H. H. (2016). Depicting as a method of communication. Psychological Review, 123(3), 324–47.
Clark, H. H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition, 22(1), 139.
Cohen, D., Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (2011). Tracking the distribution of individual semantic features in gesture across spoken discourse: New perspectives in multi-modal interaction. Semiotica, 185(1–4), 147–88.
Cooperrider, K., Slotta, J., & Nunez, R. (2018). The preference for pointing with the hand is not universal. Cognitive Science, 42(4), 1375–90.
Davidson, D. (2001). Essays on actions and events: Philosophical essays (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davies, C., & Richardson, A. (2021). Semantic as well as referential relevance facilitates the processing of referring expressions. Journal of Pragmatics, 178(1), 258–69.
Degen, J., Hawkins, R. D., Graf, C., Kreiss, E., & Goodman, N. D. (2020). When redundancy is useful: A Bayesian approach to ‘overinformative’ referring expressions. Psychological Review, 127(4), 591621.
de Ruiter, J. P. (2000). The production of gesture and speech. In McNeill, D. (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 284311). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
de Ruiter, J. P. (2006). Can gesticulation help aphasic people speak, or rather, communicate? International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8(2), 124–7.
de Ruiter, J. P. (2007). Postcards from the mind: The relationship between speech, imagistic gesture, and thought. Gesture, 7(1), 2138.
de Ruiter, J. P. (2017). The asymmetric redundancy of gesture and speech. In Church, R. B., Alibali, M. W. & Kelly, S. D. (Eds.), Why gesture? How the hands function in speaking, thinking and communicating (pp. 5976). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
de Ruiter, J. P., Bangerter, A., & Dings, P. (2012). The interplay between gesture and speech in the production of referring expressions: Investigating the tradeoff hypothesis. Topics in Cognitive Science, 4(2), 232–48.
di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992). Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91(1), 176–80.
Ekman, P. (1999). Emotional and conversational nonverbal signals. In Messing, L. S. & Campbell, R. (Eds.), Gesture, speech, and sign (pp. 4555). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2009). The anatomy of meaning: Speech, gesture, and composite utterances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2013). A ‘composite utterances’ approach to meaning. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S., McNeill, D. & Teßendorf, S. (Eds.), Body – language – communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 689706). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Enfield, N. J., & Sidnell, J. (2017). The concept of action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enrici, I., Adenzato, M., Cappa, S., Bara, B. G., & Tettamanti, M. (2011). Intention processing in communication: A common brain network for language and gestures. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2415–31.
Enrici, I., Bara, B. G., & Adenzato, M. (2019). Theory of mind, pragmatics and the brain: Converging evidence for the role of intention processing as a core feature of human communication. Pragmatics & Cognition, 26(1), 538.
Fiengo, R. (2007). Asking questions: Using meaningful structures to imply ignorance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gallagher, S. (2020). Action and interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Garrod, S., & Pickering, M. J. (2004). Why is conversation so easy? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 811.
Gerwing, J., & Bavelas, J. (2004). Linguistic influences on gesture’s form. Gesture, 4(2), 157–95.
Geurts, B. (2019). What’s wrong with gricean pragmatics. In Exling 2019: Proceedings of the 10th international conference of experimental linguistics (pp. 19). Athens: ExLing Society.
Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. D., & Wagner, S. (2001). Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12(6), 516–22.
Goodman, N. D., & Frank, M. C. (2016). Pragmatic language interpretation as probabilistic inference. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(11), 818–29.
Grice, H. P. (1957). Meaning. Philosophical Review, 66(3), 377–88.
Grice, H. P. (1968). Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning and word-meaning. Foundations of Language, 4, 118.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Cole, P. & Morgan, J. L. (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 4158). New York: Academic Press.
Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gsell, A., Innes, J., de Monchy, P., & Brunton, D. (2010). The success of using trained dogs to locate sparse rodents in pest-free sanctuaries. Wildlife Research, 37(1), 3946.
Harman, G. H. (1965). The inference to the best explanation. Philosophical Review, 74(1), 8895.
Hart, B. L. (1974). Environmental and hormonal influences on urine marking behavior in the adult male dog. Behavioral Biology, 11(2), 167–76.
Hauser, M. D. (1996). The evolution of communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Heyes, C. M. (2018). Cognitive gadgets: The cultural evolution of thinking. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Heyes, C. M., & Catmur, C. (2020). What happened to mirror neurons? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), 153–68.
Heyes, C. M., & Frith, C. D. (2014). The cultural evolution of mind reading. Science, 344(6190), 1243091.
Hohwy, J. (2013). The predictive mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holler, J., & Bavelas, J. (2017). Multi-modal communication of common ground: A review of social functions. In Kelly, S. D., Church, R. Breckinridge, & Alibali, M. W. (Eds.), Why gesture? How the hands function in speaking, thinking and communicating (pp. 213240). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Holler, J., & Beattie, G. (2002). A micro-analytic investigation of how iconic gestures and speech represent core semantic features in talk. Semiotica, 142(1/4), 3170.
Holler, J., & Beattie, G. (2003). Pragmatic aspects of representational gestures: Do speakers use them to clarify verbal ambiguity for the listener? Gesture, 3(2), 127–54.
Holler, J., Schubotz, L., Kelly, S. D., Hagoort, P., Schuetze, M., & Özyürek, A. (2014). Social eye gaze modulates processing of speech and co-speech gesture. Cognition, 133(3), 692–7.
Horn, L. (2004). Implicature. In Horn, L. & Ward, G. (Eds.), The handbook of pragmatics (pp. 328). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2007). Raise your hand if you’re spatial: Relations between verbal and spatial skills and gesture production. Gesture, 7(1), 7395.
Hostetter, A. B., Alibali, M. W., & Kita, S. (2007). I see it in my hands’ eye: Representational gestures reflect conceptual demands. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(3), 313–36.
Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2001). The resilience of gesture in talk: Gesture in blind speakers and listeners. Developmental Science, 4(4), 416–22.
Iverson, J. M., Tencer, H. L., Lany, J., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2000). The relation between gesture and speech in congenitally blind and sighted language-learners. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(2), 105–30.
Kelly, S. D., Barr, D. J., Church, R. B., & Lynch, K. (1999). Offering a hand to pragmatic understanding: The role of speech and gesture in comprehension and memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(4), 577–92.
Kelly, S. D., Healey, M., Özyürek, A., & Holler, J. (2015). The processing of speech, gesture, and action during language comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(2), 517–23.
Kelly, S. D., Kravitz, C., & Hopkins, M. (2004). Neural correlates of bimodal speech and gesture comprehension. Brain and Language, 89(1), 253–60.
Kelly, S. D., Özyürek, A., & Maris, E. (2010). Two sides of the same coin: Speech and gesture mutually interact to enhance comprehension. Psychological Science, 21(2), 260–7.
Kendon, A. (1980). Gesticulation and speech: Two aspects of the process of utterance. In Key, M. Ritchie (Ed.), The relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication (Vol. 25, pp. 207–27). The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kenny, A. J. (1966). Practical inference. Analysis, 26(3), 6575.
Kepa, K., & Perry, J. (2020). Pragmatics. In Zalta, E. N. & Nodelman, U. (Eds.), The Standford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
Kissine, M. (2013). From utterances to speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kita, S. (2009). Cross-cultural variation of speech-accompanying gesture: A review. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(2), 145–67.
Kita, S., & Davies, T. S. (2009). Competing conceptual representations trigger co-speech representational gestures. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(5), 761–75.
Kita, S., & Özyürek, A. (2003). What does cross-linguistic variation in semantic coordination of speech and gesture reveal? Evidence for an interface representation of spatial thinking and speaking. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(1), 1632.
Kita, S., Özyürek, A., Allen, S., Brown, A., Furman, R., & Ishizuka, T. (2007). Relations between syntactic encoding and co-speech gestures: Implications for a model of speech and gesture production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(8), 1212–36.
Kobayashi, H., & Kohshima, S. (2001). Unique morphology of the human eye and its adaptive meaning: Comparative studies on external morphology of the primate eye. Journal of Human Evolution, 40(5), 419–35.
Kockelman, P. (2012). Meaning, motivation, and mind: Some conditions and consequences for the flexibility and intersubjectivity of cognitive processes. New Ideas in Psychology, 30(1), 6585.
Kokocińska-Kusiak, A., Woszczyło, M., Zybala, M., Maciocha, J., Barłowska, K., & Dzięcioł, M. (2021). Canine olfaction: Physiology, behavior, and possibilities for practical applications. Animals, 11(8), 2463.
Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., & Gottesmamn, R. F. (2000). Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model. In McNeill, D. (Ed.), Language and gesture (Vol. 2, pp. 261–83). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krauss, R. M., Dushay, R. A., Chen, Y., & Rauscher, F. (1995). The communicative value of conversational hand gesture. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31(6), 533–52.
Levelt, W. J. (1993). Speaking: From intention to articulation (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1979). Activity types and language. Linguistics, 17(5–6), 365400.
Levinson, S. C. (1995). Interactional biases in human thinking. In Goody, E. N. (Ed.), Social intelligence and interaction (pp. 221–60). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Levinson, S. C. (2012). Action formation and ascription. In Sidnell, J. & Stivers, T. (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 101–30). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Lewis, D. (1969). Convention: A philosophical study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Liszkowski, U., Brown, P., Callaghan, T., Takada, A., & de Vos, C. (2012). A prelinguistic gestural universal of human communication. Cognitive Science, 36(4), 698713.
Mason, P. H., Domínguez, D., J. F., Winter, B., & Grignolio, A. (2015). Hidden in plain view: Degeneracy in complex systems. Biosystems, 128, 18.
Mazzone, M., & Campisi, E. (2013). Distributed intentionality: A model of intentional behavior in humans. Philosophical Psychology, 26(2), 267–90.
McGuire, B., & Bemis, K. E. (2017). Scent marking in shelter dogs: Effects of body size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 186, 4955.
McGuire, J. T., & Kable, J. W. (2012). Decision makers calibrate behavioral persistence on the basis of time-interval experience. Cognition, 124(2), 216–26.
McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
McNeill, D. (2000). Introduction. In McNeill, D. (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 112). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McNeill, D. (2005). Gesture and thought. London: University of Chicago Press.
McNeill, D. (2012). How language began: Gesture and speech in human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McNeill, D. (2015). Why we gesture: The surprising role of hand movements in communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Melinger, A., & Levelt, W. J. (2004). Gesture and the communicative intention of the speaker. Gesture, 4(2), 119–41.
Millikan, R. G. (1984). Language, thought, and other biological categories: New foundations for realism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Moore, R. (2017). Gricean communication and cognitive development. Philosophical Quarterly, 67(267), 303–26.
Morsella, E., & Krauss, R. M. (2004). The role of gestures in spatial working memory and speech. American Journal of Psychology, 117(3), 411–24.
Neale, S. (1992). Paul Grice and the philosophy of language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, 509–59.
Noordzij, M., Newman-Norlund, S., De Ruiter, J. P., Hagoort, P., Levinson, S., & Toni, I. (2009). Brain mechanisms underlying human communication. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 14.
Novack, M. A., Wakefield, E. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2016). What makes a movement a gesture? Cognition, 146, 339–48.
Ozcaliskan, S., Lucero, C., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2016). Does language shape silent gesture? Cognition, 148, 1018.
Özyürek, A. (2002). Do speakers design their cospeech gestures for their addressees? The effects of addressee location on representational gestures. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(4), 688704.
Özyürek, A. (2014). Hearing and seeing meaning in speech and gesture: Insights from brain and behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1651), 20130296.
Özyürek, A., Kita, S., Allen, S., Furman, R., & Brown, A. (2005). How does linguistic framing of events influence co-speech gestures? Insights from crosslinguistic variations and similarities. Gesture, 5(1–2), 219–40.
Özyürek, A., Willems, R. M., Kita, S., & Hagoort, P. (2007). On-line integration of semantic information from speech and gesture: Insights from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(4), 605–16.
Parikh, P. (2019). Communication and content (Vol. Topics at the Grammar-Discourse Interface) (No. 4). Berlin: Language Science Press.
Pearl, J., & Mackenzie, D. (2018). The book of why: The new science of cause and effect. New York: Basic Books.
Peirce, C. S. (1998). The essential Peirce: Selected philosophical writings, 1893–1913 (Vol. 1). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Pickering, M. J., & Gambi, C. (2018). Predicting while comprehending language: A theory and review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(10), 1002–44.
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2007). Do people use language production to make predictions during comprehension? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(3), 105–10.
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2013). An integrated theory of language production and comprehension. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(4), 329–47.
Proverbio, A. M., Gabaro, V., Orlandi, A., & Zani, A. (2015). Semantic brain areas are involved in gesture comprehension: An electrical neuroimaging study. Brain and Language, 147, 3040.
Rauscher, F. H., Krauss, R. M., & Chen, Y. S. (1996). Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production. Psychological Science, 7(4), 226–31.
Redcay, E., Velnoskey, K. R., & Rowe, M. L. (2016). Perceived communicative intent in gesture and language modulates the superior temporal sulcus. Human Brain Mapping, 37(10), 3444–61.
Rizzolatti, G., & Arbib, M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends in Neurosciences, 21(5), 188–94.
Rubio-Fernández, P. (2016). How redundant are redundant color adjectives? An efficiency-based analysis of color overspecification. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 153.
Rubio-Fernández, P. (2019). Overinformative speakers are cooperative: Revisiting the Gricean maxim of quantity. Cognitive Science, 43(11), 12797.
Schiffer, S. (1972). Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (2010). Making the social world: The structure of human civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sedivy, J., Tanenhaus, M., Chambers, C., & Carlson, G. (1999). Achieving incremental semantic interpretation through contextual representation. Cognition, 71(2), 109–47.
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Slobin, D. I. (1987). Thinking for speaking. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 13, 435–45.
So, W. C., Alvan, Y. F., Yap, D. F., Kheng, E., & Yap, J. M. (2013). Iconic gestures prime words: Comparison of priming effects when gestures are presented alone and when they are accompanying speech. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 779.
So, W. C., Kita, S., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2009). Using the hands to identify who does what to whom: Gesture and speech go hand-in-hand. Cognitive Science, 33(1), 115–25.
Sperber, D. (1995). How do we communicate? In Brockman, J & Matson, K. (Eds.), How things are: A science toolkit for the mind (pp. 191–99). New York: Morrow.
Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and cognition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (2002). Pragmatics, modularity and mind-reading. Mind & Language, 17(1–2), 323.
Spunt, R. P., Kemmerer, D., & Adolphs, R. (2016). The neural basis of conceptualizing the same action at different levels of abstraction. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(7), 1141–51.
Spunt, R. P., Satpute, A. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Identifying the what, why, and how of an observed action: An fMRI study of mentalizing and mechanizing during action observation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(1), 6374.
Stalnaker, R. C. (2002). Common ground. Linguistics and Philosophy, 25, 701–21.
Stenning, K., Lascarides, A., & Calder, J. (2006). Introduction to cognition and communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Straube, B., Green, A., Weis, S., & Kircher, T. (2012, 11). A supramodal neural network for speech and gesture semantics: An fMRI study. PLoS ONE, 7(11), 110.
Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 3(99), 36149.
Thesen, A., Steen, J. B., & Doving, K. B. (1993). Behaviour of dogs during olfactory tracking. Journal of Experimental Biology, 180(1), 247–51.
Tomasello, M. (2006). Why don’t apes point? In Enfield, N. & Levinson, S. C. (Eds.), The roots of human sociality: Culture, cognition and interaction (pp. 506–24). Oxford: Berg.
Tomasello, M. (2010). Origins of human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Trujillo, J. P., Simanova, I., Bekkering, H., & Özyürek, A. (2018). Communicative intent modulates production and comprehension of actions and gestures: A kinect study. Cognition, 180, 3851.
Trujillo, J. P., Simanova, I., Özyürek, A., & Bekkering, H. (2019). Seeing the unexpected: How brains read communicative intent through kinematics. Cerebral Cortex, 30(3), 1056–67.
Van Overwalle, F., & Baetens, K. (2009). Understanding others’ actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: A meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 48(3), 564–84.
Wagner, S. M., Nusbaum, H., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2004). Probing the mental representation of gesture: Is handwaving spatial? Journal of Memory and Language, 50(4), 395407.
Wesp, R., Hesse, J., Keutmann, D., & Wheaton, K. (2001). Gestures maintain spatial imagery. American Journal of Psychology, 114(4), 591600.
Wharton, T. (2009). Pragmatics and non-verbal communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Willems, R. M., Öyürek, A., & Hagoort, P. (2007). When language meets action: The neural integration of gesture and speech. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2322–33.
Willems, R. M., Özyürek, A., & Hagoort, P. (2009). Differential roles for left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in multimodal integration of action and language. NeuroImage, 47(4), 19922004.
Willems, R. M., & Varley, R. (2010). Neural insights into the relation between language and communication. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 203.
Wilson, D., & Wharton, T. (2006). Relevance and prosody. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(10), 1559–79.
Wilson, J. (2016). What co-speech gestures do: Investigating the role of visual behaviour accompanying language use during reference in interaction (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Leeds.
Wilson, J., & Argyriou, P. (2019, June). When do speakers share gesture perspective? Poster presented at Body up: Current trends and future directions in embodiment and social interaction.
Winter, B. (2014). Spoken language achieves robustness and evolvability by exploiting degeneracy and neutrality. BioEssays, 36(10), 960–7.
Wu, Y. C., & Coulson, S. (2005). Meaningful gestures: Electrophysiological indices of iconic gesture comprehension. Psychophysiology, 42(6), 654–67.
Wu, Y. C., & Coulson, S. (2007). Iconic gestures prime related concepts: An ERP study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 5763.
Xu, J., Gannon, P. J., Emmorey, K., Smith, J. F., & Braun, A. R. (2009). Symbolic gestures and spoken language are processed by a common neural system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(49), 20664–9.
Yorzinski, J. L., & Miller, J. (2020). Sclera color enhances gaze perception in humans. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0228275.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.