Abercrombie, David 1964, ‘A phonetician's view of verse structure’, Linguistics 6: 5–13
Anderson, James A. 1995, An introduction to neural networks, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Anderson, John M. 1986, ‘Suprasegmental dependencies’, in Durand (ed.) 1986, pp. 55–135
Arbib, Michael A., Peter Érdi and János Szentagothai 1998, Neuronal organisation: structure, function, and dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Aunger, Robert (ed.) 2001, Darwinizing culture: the status of memetics as a science, Oxford University Press
Bank of English. A huge reference corpus of English usage, available online (April 2003):<http://titania.cobuild.collins.co.uk/boeinfo.html>, London: Harper Collins
Beaugrande, Robert de 1997, New foundations for a science of text and discourse, Norwood: Ablex
Bergson, Henri 1907, L'evolution creatrice, Paris: PUF
Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo 1998, ‘Prosodic optimisation: the Middle English length adjustment’, English Language and Linguistics 2: 169–97
Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo and Chris, McCully 1997, ‘Review of Ritt (1994)’, Journal of Linguistics 33: 620–25
Bibliander, Theodor 1548, De ratione communi omnium linguarum et literarum commentarius Theodori Bilbiandri, Zurich: Christoph Frosch
Bichakjian, Bernhard H. 1988, Evolution in language, Ann Arbor: Karoma
Bichakjian, Bernhard H. 1996, ‘Language evolution: a Darwinian process’, in Nöth (ed.) 1994, pp. 269–92
Bichakjian, Bernhard H. 1999, ‘Language evolution and the complexity criterion’, Psycoloquy 10: 33–57
Blackmore, Susan 1997, ‘The power of the meme meme’, Skeptic 5: 43–9
Blackmore, Susan 1998, ‘Imitation and the definition of a meme’, Journal of Memetics 2, available online (April 2003): <http://www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk/jom-emit/1998/vol2/balckmores.html>
Blackmore, Susan 1999, The meme machine, Oxford University Press
Blackmore, Susan 2000, ‘The power of memes’, Scientific American 283: 53–61
Boden, Margaret A. (ed.) 1996, The philosophy of artificial life, Oxford University Press
Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richerson 1985, Culture and the evolutionary process, University of Chicago Press
Boyd, Robert and Peter, J. Richerson 2000, ‘Meme theory oversimplifies how culture changes’, Scientific American 283: 58–9
British National Corpus, available online (April 2003): <http://info.ox.ac.uk/bnc/>, Oxford University Computing Services
Brodie, Richard 1996, Virus of the mind: the new science of the meme, Seattle: Integral Press
Campbell, Donald 1960, ‘Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes’, Psychological Review 67: 380–400
Casti, John L. 1989, Paradigms lost: images of man in the mirror of science, New York: William Morrow
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L. and Marcus, W. Feldman 1973, ‘Cultural versus biological inheritance: phenotypic transmission from parents to children’, Human Genetics 25: 618–37
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L. and Marcus, W. Feldman 1981, Cultural transmission and evolution: a quantitative approach, Princeton University Press
Chalmers, David 1996, The conscious mind: in search of a fundamental theory, Oxford University Press
Chater, Nick 1999, ‘Why biological neuroscience cannot replace psychology’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences 22:834
Cheshire, Jenny 1982, Variations in an English dialect, Cambridge University Press
Chomsky, Noam 1965, Aspects of a theory of syntax, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Chomsky, Noam 1988, Language and problems of knowledge, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Chomsky, Noam 1992a, ‘Language and interpretation’, in Earman (ed.) 1992, pp. 99–128
Chomsky, Noam 1992b, The minimalist program, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Chomsky, Noam 1993, Lectures on government and binding, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle 1968, The sound pattern of English, New York: Harper
Churchland, Patricia S. 1986, Neurophilosophy: toward a unified science of the mind/brain, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Churchland, Paul M. 1995, The engine of reason, the seat of the soul: a philosophical journey into the brain, Cambridge University Press
Clark, Wiliam R. 1995, At war within: the double edged sword of immunity, Oxford University Press
Clements, George N. and Samuel Jay Keyser 1983, CV-phonology: a generative theory of the syllable, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Cloak, F. T. (unpub. conference paper), ‘Elementary self-replicating instructions and their works: toward a radical reconstruction of general anthropology through a general theory of natural selection’, available online (April 2003): <http://www.thoughtcontagion.com/cloak1973.htm>
Cloak, F. T. 1975, ‘Is a cultural ethology possible?’, Human Ecology 3: 161–82
Costall, Alan 1991, ‘The meme meme’, Cultural Dynamics 4: 321–35
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth 1993, English speech rhythm: form and function in every day verbal interaction, Amsterdam: Benjamins
Crick, Francis 1995, The astonishing hypothesis. The scientific search for the soul, London: Touchstone
Croft, William 2000, Explaining language change, Harlow: Longman
Cziko, Gary 1995, Without miracles: universal selection theory and the second Darwinian revolution, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Dahlbom, Bo (ed.) 1993, Dennett and his critics: demystifying mind, Oxford: Blackwell
Dalton-Puffer, Christiane and Nikolaus Ritt (eds.) 2000, Words: structure, mean ing, function, Berlin: Mouton
Darwin, Charles 1859, The origin of species by means of natural selection, London: Murray
Dawkins, Richard 1982, The extended phenotype, Oxford University Press
Dawkins, Richard 1986, The blind watchmaker, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Dawkins, Richard 1989, The selfish gene, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press
Dawkins, Richard 1993, Viruses of the mind, in Dalhbom (ed.) 1993, pp. 13–27
Dawkins, Richard 1995, River out of Eden, New York: Harper Collins
Dawkins, Richard 1996, Climbing Mount Improbable, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Dawkins, Richard 1999, Foreword in Blackmore 1999, pp. vii–xvii
Deacon, Terrence W. 1997, The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain, New York: Norton
Dennett, Daniel C. 1990a, ‘The interpretation of texts, people and other artefacts’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50, Supplement: 177–94
Dennett, Daniel C. 1990b, ‘Memes and the exploitation of imagination’, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 48: 126–35
Dennett, Daniel C. 1993, Consciousness explained, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Dennett, Daniel C. 1995, Darwin's dangerous idea: evolution and the meanings of life, New York: Simon and Schuster
Dennett, Daniel C. 1999a, ‘Foreword’, in Aunger (ed.) 2001, pp. vii–ix
Dennett, Daniel C. 1999b, ‘The evolution of culture’ [Charles Simonyi Lecture, Oxford University, 17 February 1999], available online (April 2003): <http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge52.html>
Diamond, Jared 1998, Why sex is fun: the evolution of human sexuality, New York: Basic Books
Donegan, Patricia Jane 1979, On the natural phonology of vowels, Ann Arbor: Karoma
Dressler, Wolfgang U. 1985, Morphonology: the dynamics of derivation, Ann Arbor: Karoma Press
Dressler, Wolfgang U. 1999, ‘Why collapse morphological concepts? Open peer commentary on Clahsen 1999’, Behavioural and Brains Sciences 22: 1021–2
Dressler, Wolfgang U. and Mária, Ladányi 1998, ‘On grammatical productivity of word formation rules’, Wiener Linguistische Gazette 62/63: 29–55
Dressler, Wolfgang U. and Mária, Ladányi 2000, ‘On contrastive word formation: German and Hungarian denominal adjective formation’, in Dalton-Puffer and Ritt (eds.) 2000, pp. 59–75
Dunbar, Robin 1996, Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language, London: Faber and Faber
Dunbar, Robin, Knight, Chris and Camilla Power (eds.) 1999, The evolution of culture, Edinburgh University Press
Durand, Jacques (ed.) 1986, Dependency and non-linear phonology, London: Blackwell
Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna 1995, Phonology without the syllable: a study in the natural framework, Poznan: Motivex
Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna 1996, ‘Natural Phonology without the syllable’, in Hurch and Rhodes (eds.) 1996, pp. 53–72
Earman, John (ed.) 1992, Inference, explanation, and other frustrations: essays in the philosophy of science, Stanford: University of California Press
Eaton, Roger, Fischer, Olga, Koopmann, Willem and Friderike van der Leeke (eds.) 1987, Explanation and linguistic change, Amsterdam: Benjamins
Eco, Umberto 1989, Foucault's Pendulum (translated by William Weaver), New York: Harcourt Brace
Edelmann, Gerald M. 1987, Neural Darwinism: the theory of neural group selection, New York: Basic Books. 1989, The remembered present, New York: Basic Books
Eldrege, Niles 1995, Reinventing Darwin: the great evolutionary debate, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
Fill, Alwin 1993, Okolinguistik. Eine Einführung, Tubingen: Narr
Fisiak, Jacek (ed.) 1997, Studies in Middle English linguistics, Berlin: Mouton
Fodor, Jerry A. 1989, ‘Making mind matter more’, Philosophical Topics 17: 59–80
Gell-Mann, Murray 1992, ‘Complexity and complex adaptive systems’, in Hawkins and Gell-Mann (eds.) 1992, pp. 3–18
Gell-Mann, Murray 1994, The quark and the jaguar, New York: Freeman
Gell-Mann, Murray 1995, Complex adaptive systems, in Morowitz and Singer (eds.) 1995, pp. 11–25
Gessner, Conrad 1555, Mithridates, Zurich: Christoph Frosch
Giegerich, Heinz J. 1985, Metrical phonology and phonological structure, Cambridge University Press
Gold, Ian and Daniel, Stoljar 1999, ‘A neuron doctrine in the philosophy of neuroscience’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences 22: 809–30
Goldsmith, John A. 1976, Autosegmental phonology, Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club
Gould, Stephen Jay 1982, ‘Darwinism and the expansion of evolutionary theory’, Science 216: 380–7
Gould, Stephen Jay 1983, The panda's thumb: more reflections on natural history, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Gould, Stephen Jay 1989, Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history, New York: Norton
Gould, Stephen Jay 1996a, Dinosaur in a haystack: reflections in natural history, London: Jonathan Cape
Gould, Stephen Jay 1996b, Life's grandeur: the spread of excellence from Plato to Darwin, London: Jonathan Cape
Harris, John 1994, English sound structure, London: Blackwell
Hartmann, Peter 1963, Theorie der Sprachwissenschaft, Assen: Van Gorcum
Haspelmath, Martin 1999, ‘Optimality and diachronic adaptation’, Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 18: 180–206
Hawkins, John A. and Murray Gell-Mann (eds.) 1992, The evolution of human languages, New York: Addison-Wesley
Hofstadter, Douglas R. 1995, ‘The architecture of Jumbo’, in Hofstadter et al. (eds.) 1995, pp. 87–126
Hofstadter, Douglas R. 1979, Gödel, Escher, Bach: an eternal golden braid, New York: Basic Books
Hofstadter, Douglas R. and the Fluid Analogies Research Group 1995, Fluid concepts and creative analogies, New York: Basic Books
Hogg, Richard and Christopher B. McCully 1987, Metrical phonology: a course book, Cambridge University Press
Holland, John H. 1975, Adaptation in natural and artificial systems, University of Michigan Press
Holland, John H. 1995, How adaptation builds complexity, Reading, Mass.: Perseus
Holthausen, Friedrich 1974, Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd edition, Heidelberg: Winter
Hooper, Joan Bybee 1972, ‘The syllable in phonological theory’, Language 48: 525–40
Hubel, David 1988, Eye, brain and vision, New York: Freeman
Hudson, Richard A. 1996, Sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press
Hull, David L. 1982, The naked meme, in Plotkin (ed.) 1982, pp. 83–112
Hull, David L. 1988a, ‘Interactors versus vehicles’, in Plotkin (ed.) 1988, pp. 19–50
Hull, David L. 1988b, Science as a process: an evolutionary account of the social and conceptual development of science, University of Chicago Press
Hull, David L. 1999, ‘Strategies in Meme Theory’, Journal of Memetics 3, available online (April 2003): <http://www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk/jom-emit/1999/vol3/hulldl.html>
Hurch, Bernhard and Richard A. Rhodes (eds.) 1996, Natural phonology: the state of the art, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Hurford, Jim 1999, ‘The evolution of language and languages’, in Dunbar, Knight and Power (eds.) 1999, pp. 173–93
Hurford, Jim and Simon Kirby 1997, ‘Learning, culture and evolution in the originof linguistic constraints’, in Husbands and Harvey (eds.) 1997, pp. 493– 502
Husbands, Phil and Inman Harvey (eds.) 1997, Fourth European Conference on artificial life, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
James, William 1892, Psychology: briefer course, Harvard University Press
Jamieson, Dale 1999, ‘The “trivial neurone doctrine” is not trivial’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences 22: 841–2
Jespersen, Otto 1922, Language: its nature, development and origin, London: Allen and Unwin
Jones, Charles 1989, A history of English phonology, London: Longman
Kahn, Daniel 1976, Syllable based generalizations in English phonology, Blooming ton: IULC
Kastovsky, Dieter 1982, Wortbildung und Semantik, Dusseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann-Bagel
Kastovsky, Dieter and Arthur Mettinger (eds.) 2000, Languages and contact in the history of English, Frankfurt am Main: Lang
Kaufmann, Stuart 1995, At home in the universe: the search for laws of self-organization and complexity, London: Viking
Keller, Rudi 1990, Sprachwandel. Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache, Tübingen: Francke
Kim, Jaegwong 1998, Mind in a physical world: an essay on the mind–body problem and mental causation, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Kindell, Gloria and Paul Lewis (eds.) 2000, Assessing ethnolinguistic vitality: theory and practice, SIL International
Lakoff, George 1987, Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind, Chicago University Press
Langacker, Ronald W. 1987, Foundations of cognitive grammar, vol. I. Theoretical prerequisites, Stanford University Press
Lass, Roger 1994, Old English, Cambridge University Press
Lass, Roger 1976, English phonology and phonological theory, Cambridge University Press
Lass, Roger 1996, ‘Of emes and memes: on the trail of the wild replicator’, VIEWS 5: 3–11
Lass, Roger 1997, Historical linguistics and language change, Cambridge University Press
Lass, Roger 1980, On explaining language change, Cambridge University Press
Lass, Roger 1987a, ‘Language, speakers, history and drift’, in Eaton, Fischer, Koopmann and van der Leeke (eds.) 1987, pp. 151–76
Lass, Roger 1987b, ‘On shotting the door in Early Modern English: a reply to Professor Samuels’, in Eaton, Fischer, Koopmann and van der Leeke (eds.) 1987, pp. 251–6
Lass, Roger 1990, ‘How to do things with junk: expatiation in language evolution’, Journal of Linguistics 26: 79–102
Lass, Roger 1997, Historical linguistics and language change, Cambridge University Press
Lehmann, Winfred P. and Yakov Malkiel (eds.) 1968, Directions for historical linguistics, Austin: University of Texas Press
Lewontin, Richard C. 1970, ‘The units of selection’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1: 1–18
Lewontin, Richard C. 1982, Human diversity, New York: Scientific American Library
Liberman, Anatoly 1992, ‘A bird's-eye view of open syllable lengthening in English and in the other Germanic languages’, NOWELE 20: 67–87
Lightfoot, David 1991, How to set parameters, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Lightfoot, David 1996, The development of language: acquisition, change, and evolution, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell
Lorenz, Konrad 1973, Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung: Grundlagen der Ethologie, Berlin: Springer
Luick, Karl 1898, ‘Beiträge zur englischen Grammatik III: Die Quan-titätsveränderungen im Laufe der englischen Sprachentwicklung’, Anglia 20: 335–62
Luick, Karl 1914/21, Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache, Stuttgart: Tauchnitz
Lumsden, Charles J. and Edward O. Wilson 1981, Genes, mind and culture, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Lynch, Aaron 1996, Thought contagion. How belief spreads through society: the new science of memes, New York: Basic Books
Margulis, Lynn 1981, Symbiosis in cell evolution, San Francisco: Freeman
Margulis, Lynn 1989, Did Darwin get it right? Essays on games, sex and evolution, New York: Chapman and Hall
Margulis, Lynn 1996, ‘Evolution – natural and artificial’, in Boden (ed.) 1996, pp. 173–8
Mazzon, Gabriella 1997, ‘The study of language varieties in diachrony and synchrony, or: on methodological cross-fertilization’, in Fischer and Ritt (eds.), available online (April 2003): <http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/hoe/pmazzon.htm>
Mazzon, Gabriella 2000, ‘Describing language variation in synchrony and diachrony: some methodological considerations’, VIEWS 9: 82–104
McCarthy, John and Alan S. Prince forthcoming, Generalised alignment [Rutgers Optimality Archive. ROA-7-0000], available online (April 2003): <ftp://ruccs.rutgers.edu/pub/OT/TEXTS/archive/7-0000/7-00002.pdf>
McCawley, Jim D. 1968, ‘Lexical insertion in a transformational grammar without deep structure’, CLS 4: 71–80
McDonald, Cynthia and Graham McDonald (eds.) 1995, Connectionism: debates on psychological explanation, Oxford: Blackwell
McGinn, Colin 1999, The mysterious flame: conscious minds in a material world, New York: Basic Books
McMahon, April 1994, Understanding language change, Cambridge University Press. 2000, Change, chance, and optimality, Oxford University Press
McPeek, Mary et al. (eds.) forthcoming, Darwinian evolution across the disciplines
Mendel, Gregor 1866, ‘Versuche uber Pflanzen-Hybriden’, Verhandlungen desnaturforschenden Vereines Brünn 4: 3–47
Mettinger, Arthur 1999, ‘Contrastivity: the interplay of language and mind’, [unpub. Habilitationsschrift. University of Vienna: Geisteswissenschaftliche Fakultät]
Milroy, James 1992, Linguistic variation and change, Oxford: Blackwell
Milroy, Leslie 1980, Language and social networks, Oxford: Blackwell
Milroy, Leslie 1987, Observing and analysing natural language, Oxford: Blackwell
Minkova, Donka 1982, ‘The environment for open syllable lengthening in Middle English’, Folia linguistica historica 3: 29–58
Minkova, Donka 1991, The history of final vowels in English: the sound of muting, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Minkova, Donka and Robert P. Stockwell 1992, ‘Homorganic clusters as moric busters in the history of English: the case of-ld,-nd,-mb’, in Rissanen, Ihalainen, Nevalainen and Taavitsainen (eds.) 1992, pp. 191–206
Mitchell, Melanie forthcoming, ‘Life and evolution in computers’, in McPeek et al. (eds), available online (April 2003): <http://www.santafe.edu/⋧mm/life-and-evolution.ps>
Morowitz, Harold J. and Jerome L. Singer (eds.) 1995, The mind, the brain and complex adaptive systems, New York: Addison-Wesley
Mufwene, Salikoko 1996, ‘The Founder Principle in creole genesis’, Diachronica 13: 83–134
Mufwene, Salikoko 1999, ‘Language contact, evolution, and death: how ecology rolls the dice’, in Kindell and Lewis (eds.) 2000, pp. 39–64
Mufwene, Salikoko 2001, The Ecology of Language Evolution, Cambridge University Press
Murray, Robert W. and Theo, Vennemann 1982, ‘Sound change and syllable structure [: problems] in Germanic phonology’, Language 59: 514–28
Nöth, Winfried (ed.) 1994, Origins of semiosis: sign evolution in nature and culture, Berlin: Mouton
Orton, Harold, Stewart Sanderson and John Widdowson 1978, The linguistic atlas of England, London: Croom Helm
Oxford English Dictionary (OED) see Simpson and Weiner (eds.) 1989
Paley, William 1828, Natural theology, 2nd edition, Oxford: Vincent
Paterson, Hugh E. H. 1985, ‘The recognition concept of species’, in Vrba (ed.) 1985, pp. 21–9
Paul, Hermann 1880 (1920), Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, 5th edition, Halle: Niemeyer
Penrose, Roger 1991, The emperor's new mind: concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Phillips, Betty S. 1992, ‘Open syllable lengthening and the Ormulum’, Word 43: 375–82
Pinker, Steven 1994, The language instinct, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Pinker, Steven 1997, How the mind works, New York: Norton
Pinker, Steven 1999, Words and rules, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
Plotkin, Henry C. 1994, Darwin, machines and the nature of knowledge, Harvard University Press
Plotkin, Henry C. 2000, ‘People do more than imitate’, Scientific American 283: 60
Plotkin, Henry C. (ed.) 1982, Learning, development, and culture, Chicester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Plotkin, Henry C. (ed.) 1988, The role of behavior in evolution, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Popper, Karl Raimund and John C. Eccles 1993, The self and its brain, London: Routledge
Popper, Karl Raimund 1968a, ‘Epistemology without a knowing subject’, in Van Rootselaar and Staal (eds.) 1968, pp. 333–73
Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky 1993, Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. RuCCS Technical Report 2. Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University and Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. To appear, Linguistic Inquiry Monographs, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Svartvik 1985, A comprehensive grammar of the English language, London: Longman
Richardson, Marks and Cluterman (eds.) 1983, Papers from the parasession on the interplay of phonology, morphology and syntax, Chicago: CLS
Ridley, Matt 1994, The red queen: sex and the evolution of human nature, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Ridley, Matt 1996, The origins of virtue, London: Viking
Ridley, Matt 2000, Genome. The autobiography of a species, London: 4th Estate
Rissanen, Matti, Ihalainen, Ossi, Nevalainen, Terttu and Irma Taavitsainen (eds.) 1992, History of Englishes: new methods and interpretations in historical linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Ritt, Nikolaus 1994, Quantity adjustment: vowel lengthening and shortening in Early Middle English, Cambridge University Press
Ritt, Nikolaus 1995, ‘Language change as evolution: looking for linguistic genes’, VIEWS 4: 43–57
Ritt, Nikolaus 1996, ‘Darwinising historical linguistics: applications of a dangerous idea’, VIEWS 5: 27–47
Ritt, Nikolaus 1997a, ‘Mutation, variation and selection in phonological evolution: a sketch based on the case of Late Middle English a > au/—l{C|#}’, in Fisiak (ed.) 1997, pp. 531–50
Ritt, Nikolaus 1997b, ‘Now you see it, now you don't: Middle English lengthening in closed syllables’, Studia Anglica Posnaniensa 31: 259–70
Ritt, Nikolaus 2000, ‘The spread of Scandinavian 3rd Psn. Pl. Pronouns in English: optimization, adaptation, and evolutionary stability’, in Kastovsky and Mettinger (eds.) 2000, pp. 279–305
Rose, N. (1998). ‘Controversies in meme theory’, Journal of Memetics 2, available online (April 2003): <http://www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk/jom-emit/1998/vol2/rosen.html>
Rose, Steven 1993, The making of memory, 2nd edition, New York: Doubleday
Rumelhart, David L., McCleland, James L. and the PDP research group (eds.) 1986, Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Russell, Bertrand 1961, History of western philosophy, 2nd edition, London: Routledge
Samuels, Michael L. 1987a, ‘The status of the functional approach’, in Eaton, Fischer, Koopmann and van der Leeke (eds.) 1987, pp. 239–50
Samuels, Michael L. 1987b, ‘A brief rejoinder to Professor Lass’, in Eaton, Fischer, Koopmann and van der Leeke (eds.) 1987, pp. 257–9
Saussure, Ferdinand de 1974, Course in general linguistics (transl. by C. Baltaxe), London: Fontana
Schendl, Herbert 1996, ‘Who does the copying? Some thoughts on N. Ritt's “Darwinising historical linguistics”’, VIEWS 5: 47–50
Schleicher, August 1863, Die Darwinische Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft, Weimar: Böhlau
Simpson, John and Edmund Weiner (eds.) 1989, The Oxford English dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Sinclair, John McHardy 1992, ‘The automatic analysis of corpora’, in Svartvik (ed.) 1992, pp. 379–97
Snyder, Solomon H. 1986, Drugs and the brain, New York: Scientific American Library
Spitzer, Manfred 1996, Geist im Netz. Modelle für Lernen, Denken und Handeln, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
Stampe, David and Patricia Jane Donegan 1983, ‘Rhythm and the holistic organization of language structure’, in Richardson and Cluterman (eds.) 1983, pp. 337–49
Stevick, Robert D. 1963, ‘The biological model and historical linguistics’, Language 39, 159–69
Svartvik, Jan (ed.) 1992, Directions in corpus linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Trudgill, Peter 1974, The social differentiation of English in Norwich, Cambridge University Press
Van Rootselaar, B. and J. E. Staal (eds.) 1968, Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science III. Proceedings of the third International Congress for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Amsterdam, 1967, Amsterdam: North-Holland
Vennemann, Theo 1972, ‘On the theory of syllabic phonology’, Linguistische Berichte 18: 1–18
Vennemann, Theo 1986, Neuere Entwicklungen in der Phonologie, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Vennemann, Theo 1988, Preference laws for syllable structure and the explanation of sound change, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Vincent, Nigel 1986, ‘Constituency and syllable structure’, in Durand (ed.) 1986, pp. 305–19
Vrba, Elizabeth S. (ed.) 1985, Species and speciation. Transvaal Museum Monographs 4, Pretoria: Transvaal Museum
Waldrop, Mitchell 1993, Complexity: the emerging science at the edge of order and chaos, London: Viking
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William and Marvin Herzog 1968, ‘Empirical foundations for a theory of language change’, in Lehmann and Malkiel (eds.) 1968, pp. 95–195
Zeki, Semir 1993, A vision of the brain, London: Blackwell
