Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 13
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2013
Print publication year:
2013
Online ISBN:
9781139343398

Book description

Gabrielle Simm's critical re-evaluation of sex between international personnel and local people examines the zero tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse and its international legal framework. Whereas most preceding studies of the issue have focused exclusively on military peacekeepers, Sex in Peace Operations also covers the private military contractors and humanitarian NGO workers who play increasingly important roles in peace operations. Informed by socio-legal studies, Simm uses three case studies (Bosnia, West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to illustrate the extent of the problem and demonstrate that the problems of impunity for sexual crimes are not just a failure of political will but the result of the structural weaknesses of international law in addressing non-state actors. Combining the insights of feminist critique with a regulatory approach to international law, her conclusions will interest scholars of international law, peace and conflict studies, gender and sexuality, and development.

Reviews

'… this is an outstanding work that examines international law on peacekeeping sex from a regulatory perspective, and underlines the importance of considering all aspects of sex between local people and private military contractors in peace support operations. It stands as a unique scholarly reference on the subject and will serve as an essential tool to academics, students of peacekeeping studies and feminist legal scholars both immediately and for several years to come.'

Hilmi M. Zawati Source: International Peacekeeping

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography

UN documents

A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, UN Doc. A/59/710 (2005)

Administrative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/51/903 (1997)

Committee on the Rights of the Child, ‘Adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, General Comment 4, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/4 (2003)

Comprehensive Review of the Welfare and Recreation Needs of all Categories of Peacekeeping Personnel, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/62/663 (2008)

Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peace-Keeping Operations in all their Aspects, Model Status-of-Forces Agreement for Peace-keeping Operations, Annex, UN Doc. A/45/594 (1990)

Conflict-related Sexual Violence, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/66/57-S/2012/33 (13 January 2012)

Consultative Relationship between the United Nations and Non-governmental Organizations, UN Doc. E/RES/1996/31 (1996)

Criminal Accountability of United Nations Officials and Experts on Mission, UNGA Res. 66/93, UN Doc. A/RES/66/93 (2012)

Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, A New Partnership Agenda: Charting a New Horizon for UN Peacekeeping (2009), available at www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/newhorizon.pdf

Draft of a possible Convention on Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) for consideration and action by the Human Rights Council, Annex to Report of the Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of Peoples to Self-determination, UN Doc. A/HRC/15/25 (2010)

Ensuring the Accountability of United Nations Staff and Experts on Mission with respect to Criminal Acts Committed in Peacekeeping Operations, Annex III, Draft Convention on the Criminal Accountability of United Nations Officials and Experts on Mission, UN Doc. A/60/980 (2006)

Establishment of an International Law Commission, GA Res. 174 (II) (1947), UN Doc. A/RES/174 (II)

Financing of the UN Protection Force, the UN Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia, the UN Preventative Deployment Force and the UN Peace Forces Headquarters: Administrative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of the UN Peacekeeping Operations: Financing of the UN Peacekeeping Operations, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/51/389 (1996)

General Comment No. 31 (on Art. 2 of the Covenant: the Nature of the General Legal Obligation imposed on States Parties to the Covenant) adopted 21 April 2004, UN Doc. CCPR/C/74/CRP.4/Rev.6

Gaja, Giorgio, First Report of the Special Rapporteur on Responsibility of International Organizations, UN Doc. A/CN.4/532 (2003)

Gaja, Giorgio, Third Report of the Special Rapporteur on Responsibility of International Organizations, UN Doc. A/CN.4/553 (2005)

Gaja, Giorgio, Fourth Report on Responsibility of International Organizations, UN Doc. A/CN.4/564 (2006)

Gaja, Giorgio, Seventh Report of the Special Rapporteur on Responsibility of International Organizations, UN Doc. A/CN.4/610 (2009)

Gaja, Giorgio, Eighth Report on Responsibility of International Organizations, UN Doc. A/CN.4/640 (14 March 2011)

Implementation of the United Nations Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Staff and Related Personnel, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/64/176 (2009)

Information-Sharing Practices between the United Nations and National Law Enforcement Authorities, as well as Referrals of Possible Criminal Cases related to United Nations Staff, United Nations Officials and Experts on Mission, Report of the Secretary General, UN Doc. A/63/331 (2008)

International Law Commission, Report of the Work of its Sixtieth Session, UN Doc. A/63/10, Supp No 10 (2008), Chapter X

International Law Commission, Report on the Work of its Sixty-first Sesssion, UN Doc. A/64/10 (2009)

International Law Commission, Report of the Sixty-third Session, UN Doc. A/66/10 (2011)

International Law Commission, Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, GA Res. 56/83, UN Doc. A/RES/56/83 (2001), Annex

Investigation by the Office of Internal Oversight Services into Allegations of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, UN Doc. A/57/465 (2005)

Investigation into Sexual Exploitation of Refugees by Aid Workers in West Africa, Note by the Secretary-General covering Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the Investigation into Sexual Exploitation of Refugees by Aid Workers in West Africa, UN Doc. A/57/465 (2002)

Letter dated 25 May 2006 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly, Annex A (Draft United Nations policy statement on assistance and support to victims of sexual exploitation and abuse by United Nations staff or related personnel), UN Doc. A/60/877 (2006)

Manual on Policies and Procedures concerning the Reimbusement and Control of Contingent-owned Equipment of Troop/Police Contributors Participating in Peacekeeping Missions (COE Manual), UN Doc. A/C.5/63/18 (2009)

Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for States related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies during Armed Conflict, Montreux, 17 September 2008, Annex to Letter dated 2 October 2008 from the Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the UN addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/63/467-S/2008/636 (2008)

Peacekeeping Operations, Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, UN Doc. A/65/271 (Part III) (2011)

Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Economic and Social Council, UN Doc. E/2002/68/Add.1 (2002)

Report of the Economic and Social Council for the Year 1997, UN Doc. A/52/3/Rev.1 (1997)

Report of the Group of Legal Experts on Making the Standards Contained in the Secretary-General's Bulletin Binding on Contingent Members and Standardizing the Norms of Conduct so that they are Applicable to All Categories of Peacekeeping Personnel, UN Doc. A/61/645 (2006)

Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Sixty-third Session, GA Res. 66/98, UN Doc. A/RES/66/98 (2012)

Report of the Office of International Oversight Services on its Investigation into Allegations of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in the Ituri Region (Bunia) in the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, UN Doc. A/61/841 (2007)

Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on Strengthening the Investigation Functions in the United Nations, GA Res. 59/28, UN Doc. A/RES/59/287 (2005)

Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (Brahimi Report), UN Doc. A/55/305–S/2000/804 (2000)

Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping, UN Doc. A/47/277–S/24111 (1992)

Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, UN Doc. A/51/1 (1996)

Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Entreprises, John Ruggie Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect, and Remedy’ Framework, UN Doc. A/HRC/17/31

Revised Draft Model Memorandum of Understanding between the United Nations and [participating State] Contributing Resources to [the United Nations Peacekeeping Operation], UN Doc. A/61/494 (2006)

Secretary-General's Bulletin on Observance by United Nations Forces of International Humanitarian law, UN Doc. ST/SGB/1999/13 (1999)

Secretary-General's Bulletin on Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, UN Doc. ST/SGB/2003/13 (2003)

Secretary-General's Bulletin on Prohibition of Discrimination, Harassment, including Sexual Harassment, and Abuse of Authority, UN Doc. ST/SGB/2008/5 (2008)

Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/65/742 (2011)

Strengthening of the Coordination of Humanitarian Emergency Assistance of the United Nations, GA Res. 46/182, UN Doc. A/RES/46/182 (1991)

Supplement to an Agenda for Peace, Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations' Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, UN Doc. A/50/60–S/1995/1 (1995)

Third Party Liability: Temporal and Financial Limitations, GA Res. 52/247 (17 July 1998), UN Doc. A/RES/52/247

To Serve with Pride, training video, directed by Nicky Chalk for the United Nations, 2006

UN Secretary-General, Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Children: Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, Report of the Expert of the Secretary-General Ms Graça Machel, UN Doc. A/51/306 (1996)

UN Secretary-General, Twenty-fourth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, UN Doc. S/2007/671 (2007)

United Nations Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Staff and Related Personnel, UN Doc. A/RES/62/214 (2008)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res. 217A(III), UN Doc. A/8 (1948)

Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action, UN Doc. A/55/138-S/2000/693, Annexes I and II (2000)

Secondary sources

ABC Online, ‘Alleged UN sex abuse in Sudan “outrageous”’ (2007), available at www.abc.net.au/news/newsitem/200701/s1821754.htm
Advisory Council on International Affairs, Employing Private Military Companies: a Question of Responsibility (Netherlands Government, 2007)
Alston, Philip, ‘The “not-a-cat” syndrome: can the International Human Rights regime accommodate non-state actors?’ in Philip Alston (ed.), Non-State Actors and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2005) 3
Andreas, Peter, ‘Symbiosis between Peace Operations and Illicit Business in Bosnia’ (2009) 16 International Peacekeeping33
Antic, Miroslav, Bosnia Expels American Executives in Sex Scandal (2002), available at www.mail-archive.com/news@antic.org/msg03675.html
Armstrong, Patricia, ‘The limits and risks of regulation: the case of the World Bank-supported Draft Handbook on Good Practices for Laws relating to NGOs’ in Lisa Jordan and Peter Van Tuijl (eds.), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (Earthscan, 2006) 61
Askin, Kelly, ‘The jurisprudence of International War Crimes Tribunals: securing gender justice for some survivors’ in Helen Durham and Tracey Gurd (eds.), Listening to the Silences: Women and War (Martinus Nijhoff, 2005) 125
Atteritano, Andrea, ‘Liability of private military and security companies: jurisdictional issues and applicable law’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 470
Ayres, Ian and John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate (Oxford University Press, 1992)
Bakker, Christine, ‘Duties to prevent, investigate and redress human rights violations by private military security companies: the role of the host state’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 130
Barnett, Anthony, ‘Scandal-hit US Firm Wins Key Contracts’ (2003), available at www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/apr/13/iraq17
BBC News, ‘Child refugee sex scandal’, 26 February 2002, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1842512.stm
BBC News, ‘Aid-for-sex children speak out’, 27 February 2002, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1843930.stm
BBC News, ‘Kosovo UN troops “fuel sex trade”’, 6 May 2004, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3686173.stm
BBC News, ‘UN sex abuse sackings in Burundi’, 2005, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/4697465.stm
BBC News, ‘UN soldiers arrested in DR Congo’, 2005, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/4262743.stm
BBC News, ‘UN troops face child abuse claims’, 30 November 2006, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm
BBC News, ‘“Zero tolerance” for UN sex abuse’, 5 December 2006, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/americas/6208774.stm
BBC News, ‘UN probes child prostitute ring’, 2006, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/5260210.stm
Bearpark, Andrew and Sabrina Schulz, ‘The future of the market’ in Chia Lehnardt and Simon Chesterman (eds.), From Mercenaries to Market: the Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (Oxford University Press, 2007) 239
Bedont, Barbara, ‘The renewed popularity of the Rule of Law: implications for women, impunity, and operations’ in Dyan Mazurana, Angela Raven-Roberts and Jane Parpart (eds.), Gender, Conflict and Peacekeeping (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) 83
Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul Williams, ‘Conclusion: What Future for Peace Operations? Brahimi and Beyond’ (2004) 11 International Peacekeeping183
Bellamy, Alex J., Paul Williams and Stuart Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping (Polity Press, 2004)
Bernstein, Elizabeth and Laurie Schaffner (eds.), Regulating Sex: the Politics of Intimacy and Identity (Routledge, 2005)
Black, Julia, ‘Critical Reflections on Regulation’ (2002) 27 Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy1
Black, Julia, ‘“Which arrow?”: rule type and regulatory policy’ in Colin Scott (ed.), Regulation (Dartmouth-Ashgate, 2003)
Bluemel, Erik B., ‘Overcoming NGO Accountability Concerns in International Governance’ (2005–2006) 31 Brooklyn Journal of International Law139
Bodeau-Livenec, Pierre, Gionata P. Buzzini and Santiago Villalpando, ‘International Decision: Behrami & Behrami v France; Saramati v France, Germany & Norway (2008) 102 American Journal of International Law323
Borton, John, ‘Accountability in the International Humanitarian System’ (2001) 15 Accountability Quarterly23
Boutin, Bérénice, ‘Responsibility of the Netherlands for the Acts of Dutchbat in Nuhanović and Mustafić: the Continuous Quest for a Tangible Meaning for “Effective Control” in the Context of Peacekeeping’ (2012) 25 Leiden Journal of International Law521
Bowett, D. W., United Nations Forces (Frederick A. Praeger, 1964)
‘Boys will be Boys’, documentary film, reporter Sue Lloyd-Roberts, BBC Correspondent programme (BBC, 2002), available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio-video/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/2043794.txt
Braithwaite, John, Crime, Shame and Reintegration (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
Braithwaite, John, ‘On Speaking Softly and Carrying Big Sticks: Neglected Dimensions of a Republican Separation of Powers’ (1997) 47 University of Toronto Law Journal305
Braithwaite, John, Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation (Oxford University Press, 2002)
Braithwaite, John, ‘Responsive Regulation and Developing Economies’ (2005) 34 World Development884
Braithwaite, John, Regulatory Capitalism (Edward Elgar, 2008)
Braithwaite, John and Peter Drahos, Global Business Regulation (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Breitegger, Alexander, ‘Sacrificing the Effectiveness of the European Convention on Human Rights on the Altar of the Effective Functioning of Peace Support Operations: a Critique of Behrami & Saramati and Al Jedda (2009) 11 International Community Law Review155
Bridge, Donna and Debbie Horsfall, ‘Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-balanced Force’ (2009) 36 Armed Forces and Society121
Burke, Róisín, ‘Status of Forces Deployed on UN Peacekeeping Operations: Jurisdictional Immunity’ (2011) 16 Journal of Conflict and Security Law63
Buss, Doris, ‘Performing Legal Order: Some Feminist Thoughts on International Criminal Law’ (2011) 11 International Criminal Law Review409
Buss, Doris and Ambreena Manji (eds.), International Law: Modern Feminist Approaches (Hart, 2005)
Cabrera, Irene and Antoine Perret, ‘Colombia: regulating private military and security companies in a “Host” state’ in Christine Bakker and Mirko Sossai (eds.), Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: the Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms (Hart, 2012) 411
Callamard, Agnès, ‘NGO accountability and the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership: towards a transformative agenda’ in Lisa Jordan and Peter van Tuijl (eds.), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (Earthscan, 2006) 183
Caparini, Marina, ‘Domestic regulation: licensing regimes for the export of military goods and services’ in Chia Lehnardt and Simon Chesterman (eds.), From Mercenaries to Market: the Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (Oxford University Press, 2007) 158
Caplan, Richard, ‘Who Guards the Guardians? International Acountability in Bosnia’ (2005) 12 International Peacekeeping463
Capps, Robert, Outside the Law (26 June 2002), available at www.salon.com/news/feature/2002/06/26/bosnia/print.html
Capps, Robert, Sex-Slave Whistle-Blowers Vindicated (2002), available at http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/08/06/dyncorp/print.html
Carnahan, Michael, Scott Gilmore and William Durch, ‘New Data on the Economic Impact of UN Peacekeeping’ (2007) 14 International Peacekeeping384
Carreiras, Helena, ‘Gendered Culture in Peacekeeping Operations’ (2010) 17 International Peacekeeping471
Cassese, Antonio, ‘The Martens Clause: Half a Loaf or Pie in the Sky?’ (2000) 11 European Journal of International Law187
Cassese, Antonio, International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2008)
Charlesworth, Hilary, ‘Feminist Methods in International Law’ (1999) 93 American Journal of International Law379
Charlesworth, Hilary, ‘Not Waving but Drowning: Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United Nations’ (2005) 18 Harvard Human Rights Journal1
Charlesworth, Hilary and Christine Chinkin, ‘Regulatory frameworks in international law’ in Christine Parker, Colin Scott, Nicola Lacey and John Braithwaite (eds.), Regulating Law (Oxford University Press, 2004) 246
Charlesworth, Hilary, Christine Chinkin and Shelley Wright, ‘Feminist Approaches to International Law’ (1991) 85 American Journal of International Law613
Charlesworth, Hilary and Judith Gardam, ‘Protection of Women in Armed Conflict’ (2000) 22 Human Rights Quarterly148
Charlesworth, Hilary and Mary Wood, ‘“Mainstreaming Gender” in International Peace and Security: the Case of East Timor’ (2001) 26 Yale Journal of International Law313
Chinkin, Christine and Hilary Charlesworth, ‘Building Women into Peace’ (2006) 27 Third World Quarterly937
Clapham, Andrew, ‘The question of jurisdiction under international criminal law over legal persons: lessons from the Rome Conference on an International Criminal Court’ in Menno T. Kamminga and Saman Zia-Zarifi (eds.), Liability of Multinational Corporations under International Law (Kluwer Law International, 2000) 139
Clapham, Andrew, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (Oxford University Press, 2006)
Clapham, Andrew, ‘The Role of the Individual in International Law’ (2010) 21 European Journal of International Law25
Clayton, Jonathan and James Bone, ‘Sex scandal in Congo threatens to engulf UN's peacekeepers’ 23 December 2004, available to www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article405213.ece?to
Cockayne, James, ‘Make or buy? Principal-agent theory and the regulation of private military companies’ in Simon Chesterman and Chia Lehnardt (eds.), From Mercenaries to Market: the Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (Oxford University Press, 2007) 196
Cockayne, James, ‘Regulating Private Military and Security Companies: the Content, Negotiation, Weaknesses and Promise of the Montreux Document’ (2009) 13 Journal of Conflict and Security Law401
Cogan, Jacob Katz, ‘The Regulatory Turn in International Law’ (2011) 52 Harvard International Law Journal322
Collins, Hugh, Regulating Contracts (Oxford University Press, 1999)
Connell, R.W., Gender (Polity, 2002)
CorpWatch, ‘CSC/DynCorp’ (2002), available at www.corpwatch.org/section.php?id=18
Cottier, Michael, ‘Elements for Contracting and Regulating Private Security and Military Companies’ (2006) 88 International Review of the Red Cross637
Crawford, James, The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
D'Aspremont, Jean, ‘Conclusion: inclusive law-making and law-enfocement processes for an exclusive International Legal System’ in Jean D'Aspremont (ed.), Participants in the Inernational Legal System: Multiple Perspectives on Non-state Actors in International Law (Routledge, 2011) 425
D'Aspremont, Jean (ed.), Participants in the International Legal System: Multiple Perspectives on Non-State Actors in International Law (Routledge, 2011)
Dahrendorf, Nicola, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: Lessons Learned, Study addressing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in MONUC (2006), available at http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid=752
Daly, Kathleen, ‘Restorative justice and sexual assault’ in Heather Strang and John Braithwaite (eds.), Restorative Justice and Family Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2002) 62
Dannenbaum, Tom, ‘Translating the Standard of Effective Control into a System of Effective Accountability: How Liability Should be Apportioned for Violations of Human Rights by Member State Troop Contingents Serving as United Nations Peacekeepers’ (2010) 51 Harvard International Law Journal114
Dauvergne, Catherine, Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Davey, Corinne, Paul Nolan and Patricia Ray, Change Starts with Us, Talk to Us! (HAP International, 2010), available at www.hapinternational.org/pool/files/change-starts-with-us.pdf
de Brabandere, Eric, ‘Non-state actors and human rights: corporate responsibility and the attempts to formalize the role of corporations as participants in the International Legal System’ in Jean D'Aspremont (ed.), Participants in the International Legal System: Multiple Perspectives on Non-State Actors in International Law (Routledge, 2011) 268
de Groot, Gerard J., ‘A Few Good Women: Gender Stereotypes, the Military and Peacekeeping’ (2001) 8 International Peacekeeping23
de Jonge, Alice, Transnational Corporations and International Law: Accountability in the Global Business Environment (Edward Elgar, 2011)
De Schutter, Olivier, ‘The responsibility of states’ in Simon Chesterman and Angelina Fisher (eds.), Private Security, Public Order: the Outsourcing of Public Services and its Limits (Oxford University Press, 2009) 25
De Schutter, Olivier, ‘Human rights and the rise of international organisation: the logic of sliding scales in the Law of International Responsibility’ in Jan Wouters, Eva Brems, Stefaan Smis and Pierre Schmitt (eds.), Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organisations (Hart, 2010) 122
Deen-Racsmány, Zsuzsanna, ‘The Amended UN Model Memorandum of Understanding: A New Incentive for States to Discipline and Prosecute Military Members of National Peacekeeping Contingents?’ (2011) 16 Journal of Conflict and Security Law321
Defeis, Elizabeth, ‘U.N. Peacekeepers and Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: an End to Impunity’ (2008) 7 Washington University Global Studies Law Review185
Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Capstone Doctrine) (2008)
Devereux, Annemarie, ‘Selective universality? Human-rights accountability of the UN in post-conflict operations’ in Brett Bowden, Hilary Charlesworth and Jeremy Farrall (eds.), The Role of International Law in Rebuilding Societies after Conflict: Great Expectations (Cambridge University Press, 2009) 198
Dickinson, Laura A., ‘Contract as a tool for regulating private military companies’ in Simon Chesterman and Chia Lehnardt (eds.), From Mercenaries to Markets: the Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (Oxford University Press, 2007) 217
Dingemans, Esther, Review of Mechanisms Put in Place by the International Community in DRC to Eliminate Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Humanitarian Aid Personnel, available at www.un.org/en/pseataskforce/docs/review_of_mechanisms_to_eliminate_sea_by_humanitarian_aid_pe.doc
Doswald-Beck, Louise, ‘Private military companies under International Humanitarian Law’ in Chia Lehnardt and Simon Chesterman (eds.), From Mercenaries to Market: the Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (Oxford University Press, 2007) 115
Dowden, RichardAfrica: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles (Portobello Books, 2008)
Dowdle, Michael W. (ed.), Public Accountability: Designs, Dilemmas and Experiences (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
Doyle, Charles, Civilian Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act: Federal Contractor Criminal Liability Overseas (2012), available at www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42358.pdf
Doyle, Mark, ‘Haiti's cholera row with UN rumbles on’ (2011), available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16180250
Doyle, Michael W. and Nicholas Sambanis, ‘International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis’ (2000) 94 American Political Science Review779
Dudink, Stefan, ‘The unheroic men of a moral nation: masculinity and nation in modern Dutch history’ in Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov (eds.), The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities and International Peacekeeping (Lawrence & Wishart, 2002) 146
Duffield, Mark, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples (Polity Press, 2007)
Duncanson, Claire, ‘Forces for Good? Narratives of Military Masculinity in Peacekeeping Operations’ (2009) 11 International Feminist Journal of Politics63
Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, ‘L'unité de l'ordre juridique international: Cours générale de droit international public’ (2002) 297 Recueil des Cours de l'Academie de Droit International de la Haie105
Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, ‘Conclusion: return on the legal status of NGOs and on the methodological problems which arise for legal scholarship’ in Pierre-Marie Dupuy and Luisa Vierucci (eds.), NGOs in International Law: Efficiency in Flexibility? (Edward Elgar, 2008) 204
Durham, Helen and Katie O'Bryne, ‘The Dialogue of Difference: Gender Perspectives on International Humanitarian Law’ (2010) 92 International Review of the Red Cross31
Durward, Rosemary, ‘Security Council Authorization for Regional Peace Operations: a Critical Analysis’ (2006) 13 International Peacekeeping350
DynCorp International, Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (2010), available at https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/27481/code.pdf
ECHA/ECPS UN and NGO Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, Conversations with RC/HCs, Best Practice Series (July 2008), available at www.un.org/en/pseataskforce/index.shtml
Edwards, Michael and David Hulme, ‘Too Close for Comfort? The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organisations’ (1996) 24 World Development961
Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman (Princeton University Press, 1981)
Engle, Karen, ‘After the collapse of the public/private distinction: strategizing women’s rights’ in Dorinda G. Dallmeyer (ed.), Reconceiving Reality: Women and International Law (American Society of International Law, 1993) 143
Engle, Karen, ‘Feminism and its (Dis)contents: Criminalizing Wartime Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina’ (2005) 99 American Journal of International Law778
Engle, Karen and Annelise Lottmann, ‘The force of shame’ in Clare McGlynn and Vanessa E. Munro (eds.), Rethinking Rape Law: International and Comparative Perspectives (Routledge, 2010) 76
Facilitator's Guide: To Serve with Pride DVD (2007), available at www.un.org/en/pseataskforce/tools.shtml
Fact Sheet United Nations Peacekeeping (2010), available at www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/factsheet.pdf
Faite, Alexandre, ‘Involvement of Private Contractors in Armed Conflict: Implications under International Humanitarian Law’ (2004) 4 Defence Studies166
Featherstone, Andy, ‘United We Stand? Collective Accountability in the Humanitarian Sector’ (2011) 52 Humanitarian Exchange Magazine
Fisher, Angelina, ‘Accountability to whom?’ in Simon Chesterman and Angelina Fisher (eds.), Private Security, Public Order: the Outsourcing of Public Services and its Limits (Oxford University Press, 2009) 44
Fox, Gregory H., Humanitarian Occupation (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Fox, Hazel, The Law of State Immunity (Oxford University Press, 2008)
Francioni, Francesco, ‘The role of the home state in ensuring compliance with human rights by private military contractors’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 93
Freeman, Edward, Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach (Cambridge University Press, 1984)
Frulli, Michaela, ‘Immunity for Private Military Contractors: Legal Hurdles or Political Snags?’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 448
Gaja, Giorgio, ‘The Position of Individuals in International Law: an ILC Perspective’ (2010) 21 European Journal of International Law11
Gallagher, Anne T., ‘Human Rights and the New UN Protocols on Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling: a Preliminary Analysis’ (2001) 23 Human Rights Quarterly975
Gallagher, Anne T., ‘Human Rights and Human Trafficking: Quagmire or Firm Ground? A Response to James Hathaway’ (2009) 49 Virginia Journal of International Law789
Gallagher, Anne T., The International Law of Human Trafficking (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
Gallagher, Katherine, ‘Civil Litigation and Transnational Business: an Alien Tort Statute Primer’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice745
Gardam, Judith and Michelle Jarvis, Women, Armed Conflict and International Law (Kluwer Law International, 2001)
Gestri, Marco, ‘The European Union and private military and security contractors: existing controls and legal bases for further regulation’ in Christine Bakker and Mirko Sossai (eds.), Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: the Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms (Hart, 2012) 53
Ghebali, Victor-Yves, ‘The United Nations and outsourcing peacekeeping operations’ in Alan Bryden and Marina Caparini (eds.), Private Actors and Security Governance (LIT Verlag, 2006) 213
Gomez del Prado, José, ‘Private Military and Security Companies and the UN Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries’ (2009) 13 Journal of Conflict and Security Law429
Gordenker, Leon and Thomas G. Weiss, ‘Devolving responsibilities: a framework for analysing NGOs and services’ in Thomas G. Weiss (ed.), Beyond UN Subcontracting: Task-Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-Providing NGOs (MacMillan, 1998) 30
Grady, Kate, ‘Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Peacekeepers: a Threat to Impartiality’ (2010) 17 International Peacekeeping215
Gunningham, Neil, ‘Environment Law, Regulation and Governance: Shifting Architectures’ (2009) 21 Journal of Environmental Law179
Gunningham, Neil and Peter Grabosky, Smart Regulation: Designing Environmental Policy (Clarendon Press, 1998)
Halley, Janet, ‘Rape in Berlin: Reconsidering the Criminalisation of Rape in the International Law of Armed Conflict’ (2008) 9 Melbourne Journal of International Law2
Halley, Janet, ‘Rape at Rome: Feminist Interventions in the Criminalization of Sex-related Violence in Positive International Criminal Law’ (2009) 30 Michigan Journal of International Law1
Halley, Janet, Prabha Kotiswaran, Hilar Shamir and Chantal Thomas, ‘From the International to the Local in Feminist Legal Responses to Rape, Prostitution/Sex Work, and Sex Trafficking: Four Studies in Contemporary Governance Feminism’ (2006) 29 Harvard Journal of Law and Gender335
Hampson, Françoise J. and Ai Kihari-Hunt, ‘The accountability of personnel associated with peacekeeping operations’ in Chiyuki Aoi, Eric De Coning and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations (United Nations University, 2007) 195
HAP International, Accountability for Humanitarians (2008), available at www.hapinternational.org/about/accountability-for-humanitarians
HAP International, Current Members (2010), available at www.hapinternational.org/members.aspx
HAP International, The 2010 HAP Standard in Accountability and Quality Management (2010), available at www.hapinternational.org/pool/files/2010-hap-standard-in-accountability.pdf
HAP International, ‘Humanitarian Accountability Partnership’, paper presented at the Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 11 May 2011
HAP International, The 2011 Humanitarian Accountability Report (2012), available at www.hapinternational.org/pool/files/2011humanitarian-accountability-report.pdf
Harcourt, Bernard, Illusion of Order: the False Promise of Broken Windows Policing (Harvard University Press, 2001)
Harding, Rosie, Regulating Sexuality: Legal Consciousness in Lesbian and Gay Lives (Routledge, 2011)
Harrington, Carol, Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping (Ashgate, 2010)
Hathaway, James C., ‘The Human Rights Quagmire of “Human Trafficking”’ (2008–2009) 49 Virginia Journal of International Law1
Heathcote, Gina, ‘Naming and Shaming: Human Rights Accountability in Security Council Resolution 1960 (2010) on Women, Peace and Security’ (2012) 4 Journal of Human Rights Practice82
Henriques, Adrian, ‘Civil Society and Social Auditing’ (2002) 10 Business Ethics: A European Review40
Henry, Marsha, ‘Peacexploitation? Interrogating Labor Hierarchies and Global Sisterhood Among Indian and Uruguayan Female Peacekeepers’ (2012) 9 Globalizations15
Higate, Paul, Gender and Peacekeeping Studies: the DRC and Sierra LeoneInstitute for Security Studies, 2004), available at www.iss.org.za/pubs/Monographs/No91/Contents.html#
Higate, Paul, ‘Peacekeepers, Masculinities, and Sexual Exploitation’ (2007) 10 Men and Masculinities99
Higate, Paul R. (ed.), Military Masculinities: Identity and the State (Praeger, 2003)
Higate, Paul and Marsha Henry, ‘Engendering (In)security in Peace Support Operations’ (2004) 35 Security Dialogue481
Higate, Paul and Marsha Henry, Insecure Spaces: Peacekeeping, Power and Performance in Haiti, Kosovo and Liberia (Zed Books, 2009)
Higgins, Rosalyn, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (Clarendon Press, 1994)
Hofmann, Charles-Antoine, ‘NGO certification: time to bite the bullet?’ (2011) 52 Humanitarian Exchange Magazine
Hohenboken, Angus, ‘Australian contractor killed in Iraq’, The Australian, 10 August 2009
Holt, Kate, BBC News, ‘DR Congo's shameful sex secret’ 3 June 2004, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3769469.stm
Hoppe, Carsten, ‘Passing the Buck: State Responsibility for Private Military Companies’ (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law989
Howard, Lise Morjé, UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Human Rights First, How to End Impunity for Private Security and Other Contractors: Blueprint for the Next Administration (2008), available at www.humanrightsfirst.org/pdf/PSC-081118-end-cont-impun-blueprint.pdf
Human Rights Watch, Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution (2002), available at www.hrw.org
Human Rights Watch, Trapped by Inequality: Bhutanese Refugee Women in Nepal (2003)
Human Rights Watch, We'll Kill You if You Cry: Sierra Leone Sexual Violence Widespread in War (2003)
Human Rights Watch, Q&A on Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Sri Lanka (2010), available at www.hrw.org/news/2010/05/20/q-accountability-violations-international-humanitarian-law-sri-lanka
Huskey, Kristine and Scott Sullivan, ‘United States: law and policy governing private military contractors after 9/11’ in Christine Bakker and Mirko Sossai (eds.), Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: the Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms (Hart, 2012) 331
IASC, Report of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Humanitarian Crises (2002), available at www.unicef.org/emerg/files/IASCTFReport.pdf
IASC, About the InterAgency Standing Committee (2012), available at www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=content-about-default
ICRC, Confidentiality: Key to the IRC's Work but not Unconditional (2010), available at www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/interview/confidentiality-interview-010608.htm
Ignatieff, Michael, Empire Lite: Nation Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan (Vintage, 2003)
International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers, available at www.icoc-psp.org/Home_Page.html
International Council of Voluntary Agencies, Building Safer Organisations Guidelines: Receiving and Investigating Allegations of Abuse and Exploitation by Humanitarian Workers (2007), available at www.icva.ch/doc00002028.pdf
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief (1994), available at www.ifrc.org/publicat/conduct/code.asp
Jackson, Emily, Regulating Reproduction: Law, Technology and Autonomy (Hart, 2001)
Jennings, Kathleen M., ‘Protecting whom? Approaches to sexual exploitation and abuse in UN peacekeeping operations’ in Fafo Report (2008: 36)
Jennings, Kathleen M., ‘Unintended Consequences of Intimacy: Political Economies of Peacekeeping and Sex Tourism’ (2010) 17 International Peacekeeping229
Jennings, Kathleen M., ‘Women's Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Agents of Change or Stranded Symbols?’ (2011), available at www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/84078cfbc0d02ee99cc3ec50550ee9ea.pdf
Jennings, Kathleen M. and Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović, UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications, MICROCON Research Working Paper 17 (2009)
Jett, Dennis C., Why Peacekeeping Fails (St Martin's Press, 1999)
Jordan, Lisa and Peter Van Tuijl, ‘Rights and responsibilities in the political landscape of NGO accountability: introduction and overview’ in Lisa Jordan and Peter Van Tuijl (eds.), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (Earthscan, 2006) 3
Kanetake, Machiko, ‘Whose Zero Tolerance Counts? Reassessing a Zero Tolerance Policy against Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Peacekeepers’ (2010) 17 International Peacekeeping200
Kapur, Ratna, ‘The Tragedy of Victimization Rhetoric: Resurrecting the “Native” Subject in International/Post-Colonial Feminist Legal Politics’ (2002) 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal1
Kaufman-Osborn, Timothy, ‘Gender Trouble at Abu Ghraib?’ (2005) 1 Politics and Gender597
Kelly, Michael J., Restoring and Maintaining Order in Complex Peace Operations: the Search for a Legal Framework (Kluwer Law International, 1999)
Kent, Vanessa, ‘Protecting civilians from UN peacekeepers and humanitarian workers: sexual exploitation and abuse’ in Chiyuki Aoi, Eric De Coning and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations (United Nations University, 2007) 44
Kilby, Patrick, ‘Accountability for Empowerment: Dilemmas Facing Non-Governmental Organizations’ (2006) 34 World Development951
Kingsbury, Benedict, ‘The Concept of “Law” in Global Administrative Law’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law23
Klabbers, Jan, ‘(I can't get no) recognition: subjects doctrine and the emergence of non-state actors’ in Andrea Bianchi (ed.), Non-State Actors and International Law (Ashgate, 2009) 37
Kouvo, Sari, ‘The United Nations and gender mainstreaming: limits and possibilities’ in Doris Buss and Ambreena Manji (eds.), International Law: Modern Feminist Approaches (Hart, 2005)
Kovach, Hetty, ‘Addressing accountability at the global level: the challenges facing international NGOs’ in Lisa Jordan and Peter Van Tuijl (eds.), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (Earthscan, 2006) 195
Koyama, Shukuko and Henri Myrttinen, ‘Unintended consequences of peace operations on Timor Leste from a gender perspective’ in Chiyuki Aoi, Eric De Coning and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations (United Nations University Press, 2007) 23
Kreidler, Corinna, ‘The Role of Donors in Enhancing Quality and Accountability in Humanitarian Aid’ (2011) Humanitarian Exchange Magazine (September)
Kroeger, Alexandra, ‘Victims of Bosnia's sex trade’, BBC News, 2002, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1807189.stm
Lacey, Nicola, ‘Unspeakable subjects, impossible rights: sexuality, integrity and criminal law’ in Nicola Lacey (ed.), Unspeakable Subjects: Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory (Hart, 1998)
Lacey, Nicola, ‘Criminalization as regulation: the role of criminal law’ in Christine Parker, Colin Scott, Nicola Lacey and John Braithwaite (eds.), Regulating Law (Oxford University Press, 2004) 144
Larsen, Kjetil Mujezinovic, ‘Attribution of Conduct in Peace Operations: the “Ultimate Authority and Control” Test’ (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law509
Lattu, Kirsti, To Complain or Not to Complain: Still the Question (Humanitarian Accountability Partnership, 2008)
Leck, Christopher, ‘International Responsibility in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Command and Control Arrangements and the Attribution of Conduct’ (2009) 10 Melbourne Journal of International Law346
Lehnardt, Chia, ‘Individual Liability of Private Military Personnel under International Criminal Law’ (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law1015
Lehnardt, Chia, ‘Peacekeeping’ in Simon Chesterman and Angelina Fisher (eds.), Private Security, Public Order: the Outsourcing of Public Services and its Limits (Oxford University Press, 2009) 205
Lenzerini, Federinco and Francesco Francioni, ‘The role of human rights in the regulation of private military and security companies’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 55
Leopold, Evelyn, UN Bans Peacekeepers from Sex with Congolese (10 February 2005), available at www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/181/33600.html
Lessig, Lawrence, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999)
Lessig, Lawrence, Code v.2 (2005)
Levi-Faur, David and Jacint Jordana, ‘The Rise of Regulatory Capitalism: the Global Diffusion of a New Order’ (2005) 598 Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science200
Levin, Scott, ‘Sexual Exploitation of Refugee Children by U.N. Peacekeepers’ (2003) 19 New York Law School Journal of Human Rights833
Lindblom, Anna-Karin, Non-Governmental Organisations in International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Macfarquhar, Neil, ‘An unwelcome light of the U.N.’, International Herald Tribune, 9 September 2011.
MacKenzie, Megan, ‘Securitizing Sex?’ (2010) 12 International Feminist Journal of Politics202
MacQueen, Norrie, ‘A Commuity of Illusions? Portugal, the CPLP and Peacemaking in Guine-Bissau’ (2003) 10 International Peacekeeping1
Martin, Sarah, Must Boys be Boys? (Refugees International, 2005)
Matti, Stephanie, ‘Governing sexual abuse and exploitation by humanitarian workers through codes of conduct’ in What if Patriarchy is the Big Question? (The Graduate Institute, Geneva, 2011)
McCoubrey, Hilaire and Justin Morris, Regional Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era (Martinus Nijhoff, 2000)
McIvor, Chris, ‘Children's Feedback Committees in Zimbabwe: an Experiment in Accountability’ (2004) 27 Humanitarian Exchange Magazine
Mégret, Frédéric, ‘The vicarious responsibility of the United Nations’ in Chiyuki Aoi, Eric de Coning and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations (United Nations University Press, 2007) 250
Mendelson, Sarah E, Barracks and Brothels: Peacekeepers and Human Trafficking in the Balkans (Centre for Strategic and International Studies Press, 2005)
Messineo, Francesco, ‘Things Could Only Get Better: Al-Jedda Beyond Behrami (2012) 50 Military Law and Law of War Review321
Milanović, Marko and Tatjana Papić, ‘As Bad as it Gets: the European Court of Human Rights's Behrami and Saramati Decision and General International Law’ (2009) 58 International and Comparative Law Quarterly267
Miller, Anthony J., ‘Legal Aspects of Stopping Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in U.N. Peacekeeping Operations’ (2006) 39 Cornell International Law Journal71
Morgan, Bronwen and Karen Yeung, An Introduction to Law and Regulation (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
Moser-Puangsuwan, Yeshua, ‘UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: Whose Needs were Met?’ (1995) 7 Pacifica Review103
Murdoch, Lindsay, ‘UN acts at last on sex crimes in Timor’, The Age (Melbourne), 30 August 2006
Murdoch, Lindsay, ‘Plea for boy left behind by UN dad’, The Age (Melbourne), 2 May 2009
Murphy, Ray, ‘An Assessment of UN Efforts to Address Sexual Misconduct by Peacekeeping Personnel’ (2006) 13 International Peacekeeping531
Murray, Jennifer, ‘Who will Police the Peace-builders? The Failure to Establish Accountability for the Participation of United Nations Civilian Police in the Trafficking of Women in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina’ (2003) 34 Columbia Human Rights Law Review475
Naik, Asmita, ‘The West Africa Sex Scandal’ (2003) 24 Humanitarian Exchange Magazine
Najam, Adil, ‘NGO Accountability: a Conceptual Framework’ (1996) 14 Development Policy Review339
Najam, Adil, ‘Understanding the Third Sector: Revisiting the Prince, the Merchant and the Citizen’ (1996) 7 Nonprofit Management and Leadership203
NATOPolicy on combating trafficking in human beings (2004), available at www.nato.int/docu/comm/2004/06-istanbul/docu-traffic.htm
Nduka-Agwu, Adibeli, ‘Doing Gender' After the War: Dealing with Gender Mainstreaming and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peace Support Operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone’ (2009) 11 Civil Wars179
Ndulo, Muna, ‘The United Nations Responses to the Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Women and Girls by Peacekeepers during Peacekeeping Missions ’ (2009) 27 Berkeley Journal of International Law127
Nollkaemper, André, ‘Concurrence between Individual Responsibility and State Responsiblity in International Law’ (2003) 52 International and Comparative Law Quarterly615
Nollkaemper, André, Dual Attribution: Liability of the Netherlands for Conduct of Dutchbat in Srebrenica Amsterdam,Centre for International Law Research Paper No. 2011–11 (SHARES Series) (2011)
Nortmann, Math and Cedric Ryngaert (eds.), Non-state Actor Dynamics in International Law: From Law-Takers to Law-Makers (Ashgate, 2010)
Ntoubandi, Faustin Z., ‘South Africa: the regulatory context of private military and security services’ in Christine Bakker and Mirko Sossai (eds.), Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: the Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms (Hart, 2012) 487
O'Brien, Melanie, ‘Sexual Exploitation and Beyond: Using the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to Prosecute UN Peacekeepers for Gender-based Crimes’ (2011) 11 International Criminal Law Review803
O'Hanlon, Michael and P.W. Singer, “The Humanitarian Transformation”: Expanding Global Intervention Capacity’ (2004) 46 Survival77
O'Meara, Kelly Patricia, ‘DynCorp disgrace’, Insight, 14 January 2002
Ogus, Anthony, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Hart, 2004)
Olsen, Frances E., ‘The Family and the Market: a Study of Ideology and Legal Reform’ (1983) 96 Harvard Law Review1497
Olsson, Louise and Torunn L Tryggestad (eds.), Women and International Peacekeeping (F. Cass, 2001)
One World Trust, Database of Civil Society Self-Regulatory Initiatives (2012), available at www.oneworldtrust.org/csoproject/
Orentlicher, Diane F., ‘Unilateral Multilateralism: United States Policy toward the International Criminal Court’ (2003–04) 46 Cornell International Law Journal415
Orford, Anne, ‘The Politics of Collective Security’ (1996) 17 Michigan Journal of International Law373
Oswald, Bruce, ‘Model Codes for Criminal Justice and Peace Operations: Some Legal Issues’ (2004) 9 Journal of Conflict and Security Law253
Oswald, Bruce and Sarah Finnin, ‘Combating the trafficking of persons on peace operations’ in Harvey Langholtz, Boris Kondoch and Alan Wells (eds.), International Peacekeeping: the Yearbook of International Peace Operations (2006) vol. 10, 1
Otto, Dianne, ‘Making sense of zero tolerance policies in peacekeeping sexual economies’ in Vanessa Munro and Carl F. Stychin (eds.), Sexuality and the Law: Feminist Engagements (Routledge, 2007) 259
Otto, Dianne, ‘The Sexual Tensions of UN Peace Support Operations: a Plea for “Sexual Positivity” (2007) 18 Finnish Yearbook of International Law261
Otto, Dianne, ‘The Exile of Inclusion: Reflections on Gender Issues in International Law over the Last Decade’ (2009) 10 Melbourne Journal of International Law1
Otto, Dianne, ‘The Security Council's alliance of gender legitimacy: the symbolic capital of Resolution 1325’ in Hilary Charlesworth and Jean-Marc Coicaud (eds.), Fault Lines of International Legitimacy (Cambridge University Press, 2009) 239
Otto, Dianne, ‘Power and Danger: Feminist Engagement with International Law through the UN Security Council’ (2010) 32 Australian Feminist Law Journal97
Pallis, Mark, ‘The Operation of UNHCR’s Accountability Mechanisms’ (2005) 37 New York Journal of International Law and Politics869
Paris, Roland, ‘International Peacebuilding and the “Mission Civilisatrice”’ (2002) 28 Review of International Studies637
Parker, Christine, ‘Reinventing Regulation within the Corporation: Compliance-Oriented Regulatory Innovation’ (2000) 32 Administration and Society529
Parker, Christine, Colin Scott, Nicola Lacey and John Braithwaite, ‘Introduction’ in Christine Parker, Colin Scott, Nicola Lacey and John Braithwaite (eds.), Regulating Law (Oxford University Press, 2004) 1
Parpart, Jane and Marysia Zalewski, Rethinking the Man Question: Sex, Gender and Violence in International Relations (Zed Books, 2008)
Paye-Layleh, Jonathan, ‘African refugees condemn sex abuses’, 28 February 2002, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1847483.stm
Peruzzotti, Enrique, ‘Civil society, representation and accountability: restating current debates on the representativeness and accountability of civic associations’ in Lisa Jordan and Peter Van Tuijl (eds.), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles, and Innovations (Earthscan, 2006) 43
Peterson, V. Spike (ed.), Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory (Lynne Rienner, 1992)
Pettman, Jan Jindy, Worlding Women: A Feminist International Politics (Allen & Unwin, 1996)
Phal, Kien Serey, ‘The Lessons of the UNTAC Experience and the Ongoing Responsibilities of the International Community for Peacebuilding and Development in Cambodia’ (1995) 7 Pacifica Review129
Physicians for Human Rights, War-related Sexual Violence in Sierra Leone: a Population-based Assessment (2002), available at http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/sexual-violence-sierra-leone.pdf
Picarelli, John, Trafficking, Slavery and Peacekeeping: the Need for a Comprehensive Training Program (Transnational Crime and Corruption Center and UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 2002)
Pouligny, Béatrice, Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People (Hurst & Co., 2006)
Puechguirbal, Nadine, ‘Gender Training for Peacekeepers: Lessons from the DRC’ (2003) 10 International Peacekeeping113
Pugh, Michael, ‘Peacekeeping and Critical Theory’ (2004) 11 International Peacekeeping39
Quénivet, Noëlle, ‘The Dissonance between the United Nations Zero-Tolerance Policy and the Criminalisation of Sexual Offences on the International Level’ (2007) 7 International Criminal Law Review657
Quénivet, Noëlle, ‘The role of the International Criminal Court in the prosecution of peacekeepers for sexual offenses’ in Roberta Arnold (ed.), Law Enforcement within the Framework of Peace Support Operations (Brill, 2008) 399
Quirico, Ottavio, ‘The criminal responsibility of private military and security company personnel under International Humanitarian Law’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 423
Ratner, Steven R., The New UN Peacekeeping: Building Peace in Lands of Conflict After the Cold War (St Martin's Press, 1995)
Ratner, Steven R., ‘Corporations and Human Rights: a Theory of Legal Responsibility’ (2001) 111 Yale Law Journal497
Rawski, Frederick, ‘To Waive or Not to Waive: Immunity and Accountability in UN Peacekeeping Operations’ (2002) 18 Connecticut Journal of International Law103
Razack, Sherene, Dark Threats and White Knights: the Somalia Affair, Peacekeeping, and the New Imperialism (University of Toronto Press, 2004)
Reddick, Moira, Global Synthesis Report: IASC Review of Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN, NGO, IOM and IFRC Personnel (2010), available at www.un.org/en/pseataskforce/documents/psea_review_global_synthesis_report.pdf
Rehn, Elisabeth and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Women, War and Peace: the Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women's Role in Peace-Building (Progress of the World's Women) (2002) Vol. I
Reid, Tim, ‘Blackwater chief “killed former staff”, The Times, 7 August 2009
Reinisch, August, International Organisations before National Courts (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Reinisch, August, ‘The changing international legal framework for dealing with non-state actors’ in Philip Alston (ed.), Non-State Actors and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2005) 37
Reinisch, August (ed.), Challenging Acts of International Organizations Before Domestic Courts (Oxford University Press, 2010)
Reydams, Luc, Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Legal Perspectives (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Ross, Brian, David Scott and Rhonda Schwartz, ABC News, ‘Peace at what price? U.N. sex crimes in Congo’, 10 February 2005, available at www.abcnews.go.com/print?id=489306
Ryfman, Philippe, ‘Non-governmental Organizations: an Indispensible Player of Humanitarian Aid’ (2007) 89 International Review of the Red Cross21
Ryngaert, Cedric, Jurisdiction in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2008)
Ryngaert, Cedric, ‘Litigating Abuses Committed by Private Military Companies’ (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law1035
Sangster, Joan, Regulating Girls and Women: Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario 1920–1960 (University of Toronto Press, 2001)
Sari, Aurel, ‘Jurisdiction and International Responsibility in Peace Support Operations: the Behrami and Saramati Cases’ (2008) 8 Human Rights Law Review151
Saura, Jaume, ‘Lawful Peacekeeping: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations’ (2007) 58 Hastings Law Journal479
Save the Children, From Camp to Community: Liberia Study on exploitation of children, Discussion Paper (2006)
Save the Children, No One to Turn To: the Under-reporting of Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Aid Workers and Peacekeepers (2008)
Schwellenbach, Nick and Carol Leonnig, ‘U.S. policy a paper tiger against sex trade in war zones’, Washington Post, 18 July 2010
Scott, Colin, ‘Regulation in the Age of Governance: the rise of the post-regulatory state’ in Jacint Jordana and David Levi-Faur (eds.), The Politics of Regulation (Edward Elgar, 2003) 145
Scott, Craig (ed.), Torture as Tort: Comparative Perspectives on the Development of Transnational Human Rights Litigation (Hart, 2001)
SEESAC, The Sarajevo Client Guidelines for the Procurement of Private Security Companies (2006), available at www.seesac.org/reports/Procurement%20guidelines.pdf
Shearing, Clifford D. and Phillip C. Stenning, ‘From the Panoptican to Disney World: the development of discipline’ in Ron D. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (Harrow and Heston, 1997) 300
Shotton, Anna, ‘A Strategy to Address Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Peacekeeping Personnel’ (2006) 39 Cornell International Law Journal97
Sikkink, Kathryn, ‘From state responsibility to individual criminal accountability: a new regulatory model for core human rights violations’ in Walter Mattli and Ngaire Woods (eds.), The Politics of Global Regulation (Princeton University Press, 2009) 121
Simic, Olivera, ‘Rethinking “Sexual Exploitation” in UN Peacekeeping Operations’ (2009) 32 Women's Studies International Forum288
Simic, Olivera, Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations (Springer, 2012)
Simm, Gabrielle, ‘Negotiating the United Nations Trafficking Protocol: Feminist Debates’ (2004) 23 Australian Journal of International Law135
Simpson, Gerry, ‘On the Magic Mountain: Teaching Public International Law’ (1999) 10 European Journal of International Law70
Singer, Peter, ‘Peacekeepers, Inc.’ (2003) 119 Policy Review59
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘Lost in Translation: UN Responses to Sexual Violence against Men and Boys in Situations of Armed Conflict’ (2010) 92 International Review of the Red Cross259
Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford University Press, 1976)
Smith, Edwin M. and Thomas G. Weiss, ‘UN task-sharing: toward or away from global governance?’ in Thomas G. Weiss (ed.), Beyond UN Subcontracting: Task-Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-Providing NGOs (MacMillan, 1998) 227
Snyder, David L., ‘Civilian Military Contractors on Trial: the Case for Upholding the Amended Exceptional Jurisdiction Clause of the Uniform Code of Military Justice’ (2009) 44 Texas International Law Journal65
Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (2004)
Stadlmeier, Sigmar and Franz Leidenmuehler, ‘The law of occupation and peace support operations – at odds?’ in Roberta Arnold (ed.), Law Enforcement within the Framework of Peace Support Operations (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008)
Stigler, George, ‘The Theory of Economic Regulation’ (1971) 2 Bell Journal of Economics3
Stiglmayer, Alexandra (ed.), Mass Rape: the War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (University of Nebraska Press, 1994)
Stillman, Sarah, ‘The invisible army’, New Yorker, 6 June 2011
Sweetser, Catherine E., ‘Providing Effective Remedies to Victims of Abuse by Peacekeeping Personnel’ (2008) 83 New York University Law Review1643
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and ICRC, Brochure on the Montreux Document (2009), available at www.eda.admin.ch/etc/medialib/downloads/edazen/topics/intla/humlaw.Par.0078.File.tmp/Montreux%20Broschuere.pdf
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and ICRC, Participating States of the Montreux Document (2012), available at www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/topics/intla/humlaw/pse/parsta.html
Tardy, Thierry, ‘A Critique of Robust Peacekeeping in Contemporary Peace Operations’ (2011) 18 International Peacekeeping152
Terry, Fiora, Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action (Cornell University Press, 2002)
Teubner, Gunther, ‘Juridification: concepts, aspects, limits, solutions’ in Gunther Teubner (ed.), Juridification of Social Spheres (Walter de Gruyter, 1987) 3
Thakur, Ramesh and Albrecht Schnabel, ‘Cascading generations of peacekeeping: across the Mogadishu Line to Kosovo and Timor’ in Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel (eds.), United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Mission, Permanent Engagement (United Nations University, 2001) 3
‘The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo’, film, directed Lisa F. Jackson, Jackson Films Inc. in association with the Fledgling Fund and HBO Documentary Films (2007)
‘The Whistleblower’, film, directed by Larysa Kondracki, Whistleblower (Gen One) Canada Inc. Barry Films co-production, (2010)
Thornton, Margaret, ‘The cartography of public and private’ in Margaret Thornton (ed.), Public and Private: Feminist Legal Debates (Oxford University Press, 1995) 2
Tittemore, Brian D., ‘Belligerents in Blue Helmets: Applying International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Peace Operations’ (1997) 33 Stanford Journal of International Law61
Tondini, Matteo, ‘The “Italian Job”: how to make international organisations compliant with human rights and accountable for their violation by targeting member states’ in Jan Wouters, Eva Brems, Stefaan Smis and Pierre Schmitt (eds.), Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organisations (Intersentia, 2010)
Tonkin, Hannah, State Control over Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflict (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
Tsagourias, Nicholas, ‘Consent, Neutrality/Impartiality and the Use of Force in Peacekeeping: their Constitutional Dimension’ (2006) 11 International Peacekeeping478
UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Democratic Republic of the Congo – MONUC – Facts and Figures (2008), available at www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/facts.html
UN News, ‘UN unveils more aggressive plan to fight human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina’, 2001, available at www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=1195&Cr=&Cr1=
UN News, ‘International Day spotlights need for more women in UN peacekeeping’, 2009, available at www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30957&Cr=peacekeep&Cr1=#
UN News, ‘Ban announces appointment of new UN police chief’, 2010, available at www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34005&Cr=police&Cr1=#
UN News, ‘Senior UN team heads to Haiti in wake of alleged sexual abuse by peacekeepers’, 2011, available at www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39550&Cr=haiti&Crl=
UN News, ‘UN police chief: “zero impunity for peacekeepers guilty of sexual abuse”, 2012, available at www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41601&Cr=peacekeep&Cr1=
UN Wire, ‘Countries blast UNHCR over handling of sex abuse scandal’ (2002), available at www.unwire.org/unwire/20020307/24468_story.asp
UN Women, Q&A with Peacekeeper Sahely Ferdous, Superintendent in the Bangladesh Formed Police Unit, Haiti (2012), available at www.unwomen.org/2012/05/qa-with-peacekeeper-sahely-ferdous-superintendent-in-the-bangladesh-formed-police-unit-haiti
UNAIDS, ‘Sex workers mobilize to fight HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS says’ (2003), available at http://un.by/print/en/unaids/news/world/23-01-03-mobi.html
UNHCR and Save the Children-UK, ‘Sexual Violence and Exploitation: the Experience of Refugee Children in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone’ (2002), available at www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.pdf?id=3c7cf89a4&tbl=PARTNERS
United Nations, Human Trafficking and United Nations Peacekeeping, DPKO Policy Paper (2004), available at www.un.org/womenwatch/news/documents/DPKOHumanTraffickingPolicy03-2004.pdf
United Nations Peacekeeping, ‘Peacekeeping Operations’ (2012), available at www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/
United Nations Peacekeeping, ‘Gender Statistics’, available at www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/gender.shtml
US Department of State, Information Memorandum: Trafficking in Women in Bosnia: Recent Events (2002), available at www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2002/bosnia/1201memo.pdf
US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (2012), available at www.state.gov/documents/organization/192599.pdf
US Government, National Security Presidential Directive-22 Combating Trafficking in Persons (2002), available at www.combat-trafficking.army.mil/documents/policy/NSPD-22.pdf
US Inspector-General, Assessment of DOD Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons, Phase II, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo (2003), available at www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2002/bosnia.ig.pdf
US Inspector-General, ‘US defense contractor held responsible for sex trafficking in Bosnia’, Feminist Daily News Wire, 7 August 2002, available at www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/printnews.asp?id+6769
Verdirame, Gugliermo, The UN and Human Rights: Who Guards the Guardians? (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
Walker, Christopher J, ‘Border Vigilantism and Comprehensive Immigration Reform’ (2007) 10 Harvard Latino Law Review135
Walsh, Declan and Nicola Byrne, ‘Peacekeeper jailed for porn films’, Scotland on Sunday, 22 December 2002
Weiner, Rebecca Ulam, ‘Peace Corp.’, Boston Globe, 23 April 2006, available at www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/04/23/peace_corp/
Weiner, Rebecca Ulam, ‘Sheep in Wolves' Clothing’ (2006) 5 Legal Affairs23
Wells, Celia and Juanita Elias, ‘Catching the conscience of the King: corporate players on the international stage’ in Philip Alston (ed.), Non-State Actors and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2005) 141
Wenzel, Michael, ‘Tax compliance and the psychology of justice: mapping the field’ in Valerie Braithwaite (ed.), Taxing Democracy: Understanding Tax Avoidance and Evasion (Ashgate, 2003)
White, Nigel D., ‘Institutional responsibility for private military and security companies’ in Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors (Oxford University Press, 2011) 381
White, Nigel D., ‘The Privatisation of Military and Security Functions and Human Rights: Comments on the UN Working Group's Draft Convention’ (2011) 11 Human Rights Law Review133
White, Nigel D. and Dirk Klaasen, ‘An emerging legal regime?’ in Nigel D. White and Dirk Klaasen (eds.), The UN, Human Rights and Post-conflict Situations (Manchester University Press, 2005) 1
White, Nigel D. and Sorcha MacLeod, ‘EU Operations and Private Military Contractors: Issues of Corporate and Institutional Responsibility’ (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law965
Whitworth, Sandra, Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: a Gendered Analysis (Lynne Rienner Pub., 2004)
Wilde, Ralph, Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes? Why and How UNHCR Governance of Development Refugee Camps Should be Subject to International Human Rights Law’ (1998) 1 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal107
Wilde, Ralph, ‘International territorial administration and human rights’ in Dirk Klaasen and Nigel D. White (eds.), The UN, Human Rights, and Post-Conflict Situations (Manchester University Press, 2005) 149
Wilde, Ralph, International Territorial Administration: How Trusteeship and the Civilizing Mission Never Went Away (Oxford University Press, 2008)
Wilson, James Q. and George L. Kelling, ‘Broken Windows: the Police and Neighbourhood Safety’ (1982) Atlantic Monthly (March)
Wilson, Jamie, ‘£100,000 payout for sacked whistleblower’, Guardian, 27 November 2002, available at www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/nov/27/jamiewilson/print
Wilson, Jamie and Kevin Maguire, ‘American firm in Bosnia sex trade row poised to win MOD contract’ (2002), available at www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/nov/29/military.politics
Zalewski, Marysia, ‘Well, What is the Feminist Perspective on Bosnia?’ (1995) 71 International Affairs339
Zalewski, Marysia, ‘“I Don't Even Know What Gender Is”: a Discussion of the Connections between Gender, Gender Mainstreaming and Feminist Theory’ (2010) 36 Review of International Studies3
Zanotti, Laura, ‘UN Integrated Peacekeeping Operations and NGOs: Reflections on Governmental Rationalities and Contestation in the Age of Risk’ (2010) 17 International Peacekeeping17
Zerk, Jennifer A., Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility: Limitations and Opportunities in International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
Zwanenberg, Marten, ‘UN Peace Operations between Independence and Accountability’ (2008) 5 International Organizations Law Review23

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.