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  3. What Goes Up... Gravity and Scientific Method
  • Cited by 7
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      March 2017
      January 2017
      ISBN:
      9781316417003
      9781107129856
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417003
      Dimensions:
      (247 x 174 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.62kg, 232 Pages
      Dimensions:
      Weight & Pages:
      • Subjects:
      Physics and Astronomy, Cosmology, Relativity and Gravitation, History, Philosophy and Foundations of Physics
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    Subjects:
    Physics and Astronomy, Cosmology, Relativity and Gravitation, History, Philosophy and Foundations of Physics
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    Book description

    The concept of gravity provides a natural phenomenon that is simultaneously obvious and obscure; we all know what it is, but rarely question why it is. The simple observation that 'what goes up must come down' contrasts starkly with our current scientific explanation of gravity, which involves challenging and sometimes counterintuitive concepts. With such extremes between the plain and the perplexing, gravity forces a sharp focus on scientific method. Following the history of gravity from Aristotle to Einstein, this clear account highlights the logic of scientific method for non-specialists. Successive theories of gravity and the evidence for each are presented clearly and rationally, focusing on the fundamental ideas behind them. Using only high-school level algebra and geometry, the author emphasizes what the equations mean rather than how they are derived, making this accessible for all those curious about gravity and how science really works.

    Reviews

    'In Kosso’s most recent work, the philosopher and physicist exhibits precision in language and thought. In a sense, What Goes Up is three works in one. A history of physics is intertwined with a non-mathematical conceptual physics text. Arising out of these two comes a philosophy of physics glue that binds the first two together. The evolution of one’s 'understanding of gravity' … is used as the narrative, leading the reader from cover to cover. Philosophically, Kosso … helps the reader appreciate the scientific method as it comes to maturity out of a cooperation between observation and theory. He discusses such topics as the 'distinction between description and explanation', instrumentalism, and causal mechanisms. Especially easy to follow is his conceptual presentation on the metric and the manner in which the principle of equivalence leads to the gravitational red shift and the slowing of clocks - both normally difficult topics in general relativity.'

    J. F. Burkhart Source: CHOICE

    'I would say that it is about how scientific knowledge develops over time, using the historical evolution of our understanding of gravity as a guiding thread. … What Goes Up … is certainly an excellent guide to the science of gravity and its historical evolution, from the standpoint of a 21st century expert. It is interesting, for instance, to compare the ‘theories of principle’ of Aristotle and Einstein with the ‘constructive theory’ of Newton. … The text is well written and accessible. My teenage children learned about non-Euclidean geometry from figures in the book and were intrigued by the thought that gravity is not a force field but rather a metric field, which determines the straightest possible lines (geodesics) between two points in space-time.'

    Carlos Lourenço Source: CERN Courier

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    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Bibliography

    Rewarding Reading on Gravity and Scientific Method

    Barbour, J. (2001). The Discovery of Dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    This is a history of the merger of astronomy and physics, from Aristotle to Newton, in a clear, lively presentation with impressive attention to detail. Barbour writes “from a Machian point of view,” laying the foundations for relativity without distorting the history.

    Chalmers, A. (1999). What is This Thing Called Science?, third edition. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.

    Philosophers of science have a lot to say about the methods and limitations of science. Here is a readable guide to topics such as underdetermination, instrumentalism, testing, and interpretation of evidence.

    Cushing, J. (1998). Philosophical Concepts in Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    From Aristotle to the present, this explains the fundamentals of physics, including mechanics, electrodynamics, and quantum mechanics, in historical and methodological context. There is some math, and this makes the book a good source for understanding the details of derivation of important results.

    Gates, E. (2009). Einstein's Telescope. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Gravitational lensing and dark matter are explained with enthusiasm and insight by a respected astronomer. Here is where you can get more details on the bullet cluster and the evidence for the existence of dark matter, as well as the different ideas of just what dark matter is.

    Kuhn, T. (1957). The Copernican Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Kuhn is most famous for The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in which he introduces and develops the concept of a paradigm, but his ideas began with this study of the Copernican revolution. The history, from Aristotle to Kepler – and a little Newton – is helpful for understanding the scientific details and provocative for thinking about science.

    Schutz, B. (2003). Gravity From the Ground Up. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    This is where to go for more detail on the foundational concepts of gravity from Newton to relativity, with little reliance on mathematics. Modern cosmology and astrophysics are developed around the influence gravity.

    Weinberg, S. (1992). Dreams of a Final Theory. New York: Vintage Books.

    This is not explicitly about scientific method, but it has some of the clearest insights on scientific method you will find. It makes a genuine contribution to philosophy of science, despite a chapter called “Against Philosophy.” Weinberg is a Nobel Prize winning physicist, and the book is about the hope of unifying all forces of nature into one theory.

    Additional References

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    Clowe, D., Bradac, M., Gonzalez, A., et al. (2006). A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter. The Astrophysical Journal, 648, L109–L113.
    Copernicus, N. (1952, first published 1543). On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated by Wallis, C.. In Great Books of the Western World, volume 16, ed. Hutchins, R.: Chicago, London, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica, pp. 497–838.
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    Einstein, A. (1920). Relativity: the Special and General Theories. New York: Henry Holt.
    Einstein, A. (1936). Physics and reality. The Journal of the Franklin Institute 221 (3), 349–382.
    Eisenstein, E. (1979). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Feyerabend, P. (1993). Against Method, third edition. New York: Verso.
    Galileo, (1953, originally published in 1632). Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, translated by Drake, Stillman. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    Hoskin, M. ed. (1999). The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Hoskin, M., Gingerich, O. (1999). Medieval Latin astronomy. In The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy, ed. Hoskin, M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 68–93.
    Jeffreys, H. (1919). On the crucial test of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 80 (2), 138–154.
    Kepler, J. (1952, first published 1618). Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, translated by Wallis, C.. In Great Books of the Western World, volume 16, ed. Hutchins, R.. Chicago, London, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica, pp. 839–1004.
    Kepler, J. (1992, first published 1609). New Astronomy, translated by Donahue, W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
    Kuhn, T. (1977). The Essential Tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Kuhn, T. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, third edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Lange, M. (2002). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Physics: Fields, Energy, and Mass. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Lloyd, G. (1974). Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle. New York: Norton.
    Mach, E. (1911). History and Root of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing.
    Moore, P. (1996). The Planet Neptune, second edition. New York: Halstead Press.
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    Ohanian, H. (2008). Einstein's Mistakes: The Human Failings of Genius. New York: Norton.
    O'Neill, I. (2014). Big Bang, Inflation, Gravitational Waves: What It Means. http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/big-bang-inflation-gravitational-waves-what-it-all-means-140317.htm
    Pais, A. (1982). Subtle Is the Lord. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Reichenbach, H. (1958). The Philosophy of Space & Time, translated by Reichenbach, M. and Freund, J.. New York: Dover Publications.
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    Sachs, M. (1973). The Field Concept in Contemporary Science. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
    Schwarzschild, B. (2006). Collision between galaxy clusters unveils striking evidence of dark matter. Physics Today, 59 (11), 21–24.
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    Will, C. (1986). Was Einstein Right? New York: Basic Books.

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