Abbink, Jon. 2000. “Introduction: Rethinking democratization and election observation.” In Abbink, Jon and Hesseling, G. (Eds.), Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 1–17.
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2005. Economic Origins of Dictatorship or Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ākhatāra, Muhāmmada Iẏāhaiẏā. 2001. Electoral Corruption in Bangladesh. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Albaugh, E. A. “An autocrat’s toolkit: Adaptation and manipulation in ‘democratic’ Cameroon.” Democratization 18(2): 388–414.
Alesina, Alberto and Spolaore, Enrico. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Allen, H. W. and Allen, K. W.. 1981. “Voting fraud and data validity.” In Clubb, J. M., Flanigan, W. H., and Zingale, H. (Eds.), Analyzing Electoral History. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 153–93.
Alston, L. J. and Gallo, A. A.. 2008. “Electoral fraud, the rise of Peron and demise of checks and balances in Argentina.” Explorations in Economic History 47(2): 179–97.
Alvarez, R. Michael, Rae Atkeson, Lonna, and Hall, Thad E. (Eds.). 2012. Confirming Elections: Creating Confidence and Integrity through Election Auditing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Alvarez, R. Michael, Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and E. Hall, Thad. 2012. Evaluating Elections: A Handbook of Methods and Standards. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Alvarez, R. Michael, Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Hall, Thad E., and Lotempio, Andrew J.. 2002. “Winning, losing and political trust in America.” British Journal of Political Science 32(2): 335–51.
Alvarez, R. Michael, Cheibub, José Antonio, Limongi, Fernando, and Przeworski, Adam. 1996. “Classifying political regimes.” Studies in International Comparative Development 31: 3–36.
Alvarez, R. Michael and Hall, Thad E.. 2006. “Controlling democracy: The principal agent problems in election administration.” Policy Studies Journal 34(4): 491–510.
Alvarez, R. Michael and Hall, Thad E.. 2008. “Building secure and transparent elections through standard operating procedures.” Public Administration Review 68(5): 828–38.
Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad, E. Hall, and Morgan, Llewellyn. 2008a. “Who should run elections in the United States?” Policy Studies Journal 36(3): 325–46.
Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad, E. Hall, and Morgan, Llewellyn. 2008b. “Are Americans confident their ballots are counted?” Journal of Politics 70(3): 754–66.
Alvarez, R. Michael, E. Hall, Thad, and Hyde, Susan (Eds.). 2008. Election Fraud. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Anderson, Christopher J. 1995. Blaming the Government: Citizens and the Economy in Five European Democracies. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Anderson, Christopher J., Blais, Andre, Bowler, Shaun, Donovan, Todd, and Listhaug, Ola. 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Anderson, Christopher J. and Guillory, Christine A.. 1997. “Political institutions and satisfaction with democracy.” American Political Science Review 91(1): 66–81.
Anderson, Christopher J. and Mendes, Silvia. 2006. “Learning to lose: Election outcomes, democratic experience and political protest potential.” British Journal of Political Science 36(1): 91–111.
Anderson, Christopher J. and Tverdova, Y. V.. 2001. “Winners, losers, and attitudes about government in contemporary democracies.” International Political Science Review 22: 321–38.
Anderson, Christopher J. and Tverdova, Yuliya V.. 2003. “Corruption, political allegiances, and attitudes toward government in contemporary democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47(1): 91–109.
Anglin, Douglas G. 1995. “International monitoring of the transition to democracy in South Africa, 1992–1994.” African Affairs 9(377): 519–43.
Anglin, Douglas G. 1998. “International election monitoring: The African experience.” African Affairs 97: 471–95.
Ansolabehere, Stephen. 2009. “Effects of identification requirements on voting: Evidence from the experiences of voters on election day.” PS: Political Science & Politics 42: 127–30.
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Hersh, Eitan, and Shepsle, Kenneth. 2012. “Movers, stayers, and registration: Why age is correlated with registration in the U.S.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7(4): 333–63.
Arrington, Theodore S. 2010. “Redistricting in the US: A review of scholarship and plan for future research.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 8(2).
Atkeson, Lonna Rae and Saunders, K. L.. 2007. “The effect of election administration on voter confidence: A local matter?” PS: Political Science & Politics 40: 655–60.
Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Ann, Lisa Bryant, and Thad, E. Hall. 2010. “A new barrier to participation: Heterogeneous application of voter identification policies.” Electoral Studies 29(1): 66–73.
Atwood, Richard. 2012. “How the EU can support peaceful post-election transitions of power: lessons from Africa.” Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Directorate B Policy Department, European Parliament, Brussels.
Baker, B. 2002. “When to call black white: Zimbabwe’s electoral reports.” Third World Quarterly 23(6): 1145–58.
Balule, Badala Tachilisa. 2008. “Election management bodies in the SADC region: An appraisal of the independence of Botswana’s independent electoral commission.” South African Journal on Human Rights 24: 104–22.
Banducci, Susan A. and Karp, Jeffrey A.. 1999. “Perceptions of fairness and support for proportional representation.” Political Behavior 21(3): 217–38.
Bardall, Gabrielle. “Election violence monitoring and the use of new communication technologies.” Democracy & Society 7(2): 1–8.
Barkan, Joel D. 1993. “Kenya: Lessons from a flawed election.” Journal of Democracy 4(3): 85–99.
Basedau, Matthais, Erdman, Gero, and Mehler, Andreas. 2007. Votes, Money and Violence: Political Parties in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Beaulieu, Emily. 2013. “Political parties and perceptions of election fraud in the U.S.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Challenges of Electoral Integrity, Harvard University, June 2–3, 2013.
Beaulieu, Emily and Hyde, Susan D.. 2009. “In the shadow of democracy promotion: Strategic manipulation, international observers, and election boycotts.” Comparative Political Studies 42(3): 392–415.
Beber, Bernd and Scacco, Alexandra. 2012. “What the numbers say: A digit-based test for election fraud.” Political Analysis 20(2): 211–34.
Bekoe, Dorina (Ed.). 2012. Voting in Fear: Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC:United States Institute of Peace.
Benson, J. F. 2009. “Voter fraud or voter defrauded? Highlighting an inconsistent consideration of election fraud.” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 44(1): 1–42.
Berinsky, Adam J. 2004. “The perverse consequences of electoral reform in the United States.” American Politics Research 33(4): 471–91.
Bermeo, Nancy. 2010. “Interests, inequality, and illusion in the choice for fair elections.” Comparative Political Studies 43(8–9): 1119–47.
Bhasin, Tavishi and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2013. “State repression in authoritarian elections.” Electoral Studies (Forthcoming).
Birch, Sarah. 2007. “Electoral systems and electoral misconduct.” Comparative Political Studies 40(12): 1533–56.
Birch, Sarah 2008. “Electoral institutions and popular confidence in electoral processes: A cross-national analysis.” Electoral Studies 27(2): 305–20.
Birch, Sarah 2010. “Perceptions of electoral fairness and voter turnout.” Comparative Political Studies 43(12): 1601–22.
Birch, Sarah 2011. Electoral Malpractice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bjornlund, Eric C. 2004. Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Bjornskov, C. “How does social trust lead to better governance? An attempt to separate electoral and bureaucratic mechanisms.” Public Choice 144(1–2): 323–46.
Bland, Gary, Green, Andrew, and Moore, Toby. 2012. “Measuring the quality of election administration.” Democratization, 1–20: 358–377
Blaydes, Lisa. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Boatright, Robert G. (Ed.). 2011. Campaign Finance: The Problems and Consequences of Reform. New York: IDebate Press.
Bogaards, Matthijs. 2013. “Reexamining African elections.” Journal of Democracy 24(4):151–60.
Bogaards, Matthijs, Basedau, Matthias, and Christof, Hartmann 2010. “Ethnic party bans in Africa: An introduction.” Democratization 17(4): 599–617.
Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael K., and Rosato, Sebastian. “A complete dataset of political regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies. Forthcoming.
Boniface, Makulilo Alexander. 2011. “‘Watching the watcher’: An evaluation of local election observers in Tanzania.” Journal of Modern African Studies 49(2): 241–62.
Boone, Catherine. 2011. “Politically allocated land rights and the geography of electoral violence: The case of Kenya in the 1990s.” Comparative Political Studies 44(10): 1311–42.
Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd. 2011. “The limited effects of election reforms on efficacy and engagement.” Australian Journal of Political Science 47(1): 55–70.
Brancati, Dawn and Snyder, Jack L.. 2011. “Rushing to the polls: The causes of premature postconflict elections.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(3): 469–92.
Bratton, Michael. 2008. “Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns.” Electoral Studies 27(4): 621–32.
Bratton, Michael (Ed.). 2013. Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Bratton, Michael and Walle, Nicholas van de. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bratton, Michael, Mattes, Robert, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 2005. Public Opinion, Democracy and Market Reform in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Breunig, Christian and Goerres, Achim. 2011. “Searching for electoral irregularities in an established democracy: Applying Benford’s Law tests to Bundestag elections in Unified Germany.” Electoral Studies 30(3): 534–45.
Brown, Nathan J. (Ed.). 2011. The Dynamics of Democratization: Dictatorship, Development and Diffusion. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brownlee, Jason 2008. “Bound to rule: Party institutions and regime trajectories in Malaysia and the Philippines.” Journal of East Asian Studies 8(1): 89–118.
Brownlee, Jason 2009. “Portents of pluralism: How hybrid regimes affect democratic transitions.” American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 515–32.
Brownlee, Jason 2011. “Executive elections in the Arab world: When and how do they matter?” Comparative Political Studies 44(7): 807–28.
Buckley, Sam. 2011. Banana Republic UK? Vote Rigging, Fraud and Error in British Elections since 2001. London: Open Rights Group.
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L.. 2006. “Favorable conditions and electoral revolutions.” Journal of Democracy 17: 5–18.
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L. 2010. “Defeating dictators: Electoral change and stability in competitive authoritarian regimes.” World Politics 62(1): 43–86.
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L. 2011. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Post-Communist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Butler, David and Cain, Bruce E.. 1992. Congressional Redistricting: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Macmillan.
Calimbahin, Cleo. 2011. “Exceeding (low) expectations: Autonomy, bureaucratic integrity, and capacity in the 2010 elections.” Philippine Political Science Journal 32(55): 103–26.
Callahan, W. A. 2000. Poll Watching, Elections and Civil Society in South-East Asia. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Callahan, W. A. 2005. “The discourse of vote buying and political reform in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs 78, (1): 95–113
Campbell, Tracy. 2006. Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition 1742–2004. New York: Basic Books.
Carey, Sabine. 2007. “Violent dissent and rebellion in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 44(1): 1–39.
Carman, Christopher, Mitchell, James, and Johns, Robert. 2008. “The unfortunate natural experiment in ballot design: The Scottish Parliamentary elections of 2007.” Electoral Studies 27(3): 442–59.
Carothers, Thomas. 1997. “The observers observed.” Journal of Democracy. 8(3): 17–31.
Carothers, Thomas 2002. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13: 5–21.
Carreras, Miguel and Irepoglu, Yasmin. 2013. “Trust in elections, vote buying, and turnout in Latin America.” Electoral Studies 32(4): 609–619.
Carroll, David J. and Davis-Roberts, Avery. 2013. “The Carter Center and election observation: An obligations-based approach for assessing elections.” Election Law Journal. 12(1): 87–93.
Center, The Carter. Database of Obligations for Democratic Elections. Atlanta:Carter Center.
Casas-Zamora, Kevin. 2004. Paying for Democracy. Essex: European Consortiunm for Political Research (ECPR) Press.
Case, William. 2011. “Electoral authoritarianism and backlash: Hardening Malaysia, oscillating Thailand.” International Political Science Review 32(4): 438–57.
Castaneda, Gonzalo. 2011. “Benford’s law and its applicability in the forensic analysis of electoral results.” Politica Y Gobierno 18(2): 297–329.
Castaneda, Gonzalo and Ibarra, I.. “Detection of fraud with agent-based models: The 2006 Mexican election.” Perfiles Latinoamericanos 18(36): 43–69.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Gleditsch, Kristian S., and Hug, Simon. 2012. “Elections and civil war.” Comparative Political Studies 46(3): 387–417.
Celestino, Mauricio Rivera and Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2013. “Fresh carnations or all thorn, no rose? Nonviolent campaigns and transitions in autocracies.” Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 385–400.
Chaisty, Paul and Whitefield, Steven. 2013. “Forward to democracy or back to authoritarianism? The attitudinal bases of mass support for the Russian election protests of 2011–2012.” Post-Soviet Affairs, 29(5): 387–403.
Chand, Vikram. 1997. “Democratisation from the outside in: NGO and international efforts to promote open elections.” Third World Quarterly 18(3): 543–61.
Chaturvedi, Ashish. 2005. “Rigged elections with violence.” Public Choice 125(1/2): 189–202.
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. “Democracy and dictatorship revisited.” Public Choice 143(1–2): 67–101.
Cingranelli, David L., Richards, David L., and Chad Clay, K.. 2013. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset.
Collier, Paul. 2009. Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places. New York: HarperCollins.
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke. 1998. “On economic causes of civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 50(4): 563–73.
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke 2002. “On the incidence of civil war in Africa.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 13–28.
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke 2004. “Greed and grievance in civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 56(4): 563–95.
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Rohner, Dominic. 2009. “Beyond greed and grievance: Feasibility and civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 61(1): 1–27.
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Soderbom, Mans. 2008. “Post-conflict risks.” Journal of Peace Research 45(4): 461–78.
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2005. “The Collier-Hoeffler model of civil war onset and the case study project research design.” Ch 1 in Understanding Civil War. Eds. Collier, Paul and Sambanis, Nicolas. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Collier, Paul and Vicente, Pedro. 2011. “Violence, bribery and fraud: the political economy of elections in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Public Choice. 153(1): 1–31.
Coppedge, Michael. 2012. Democratization and Research Methods. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Craig, Stephen C., Martinez, Michael D., and Gainous, Jason 2006. “Winners, losers, and election context: Voter responses to the 2000 presidential election.” Political Research Quarterly 59(4): 579–92.
Cruz, R. C. 2001. “Voting for the unexpected: Electoral fraud and political struggle in Costa Rica (1901–1948).” Journal of Latin American Studies 33: 893–94.
Curtice, John. 2013. “Politicians, voters and democracy: The 2011 UK referendum on the Alternative Vote.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 215–23.
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
D’Anieri, Paul (Ed.). 2010. Orange revolution and aftermath: Mobilization, apathy, and the state in Ukraine. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Davenport, Christian. 1997. “From ballots to bullets: An empirical assessment of how national elections influence state uses of political repression.” Electoral Studies 6(4): 517–40.
Davenport, Christian 2007a. “State repression and political order.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 1–23.
Davenport, Christian 2007b. State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Davenport, Christian and Inman, Molly. 2012. “The state of state repression research since the 1990s.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24(4): 619–34.
Davis-Roberts, Avery and Carroll, David J.. 2010. “Using international law to assess elections.” Democratization. 17(3): 416–41.
Daxecker, Ursula E. 2012. “The cost of exposing cheating: International election monitoring, fraud, and post-election violence in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 49(4): 503–16.
Daxecker, Ursula E. and Schneider, Gerald. 2014. “Electoral monitoring.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W. and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.
Debrah, Emmanuel. 2011. “Measuring governance institutions’ success in Ghana: The case of the Electoral Commission, 1993–2008.” African Studies 70(1): 25–45.
Deckert, Joseph, Myagkov, Mikhail, and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 2011. “Benford’s Law and the detection of election fraud.” Political Analysis 19: 245–68.
Denver, David, Johns, R., and Carman, C.. 2009. “Rejected ballot papers in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election: The voters’ perspective.” British Politics 4(1): 3–21.
Dercon, Stefan and Gutierrez-Romero, Roxana. 2012. “Triggers and characteristics of the 2007 Kenyan electoral violence.” World Development 40(4): 731–44.
Diamond, Larry. 2002. “Thinking about hybrid regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 21–35.
Diamond, Larry and Morlino, Leonardo. 2004. “Quality of democracy: An overview.” Journal of Democracy 15(4): 20–31.
Doherty, David and Wolak, Jennifer. 2012. “When do the ends justify the means? Evaluating procedural fairness.” Political Behavior 34(2): 301–23.
Donno, Daniella. 2010. “Who is punished? Regional intergovernmental organizations and the enforcement of democratic norms.” International Organization 64(4): 593–625.
Donno, Daniella 2013a. Defending Democratic Norms. New York: Oxford University Press.
Donno, Daniella 2013b. “Elections and democratization in authoritarian regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 57(3): 703–16.
Donno, Daniella and Simpser, Alberto. 2012. “Can international election monitoring harm governance?” Journal of Politics. 74(2): 501–13.
Donno, Daniella and Roussias, Nasos. 2012. “Does cheating pay? The effect of electoral misconduct on party systems.” Comparative Political Studies. 45(5):575–605.
Donsanto, C. C. 2008. “Corruption in the electoral process under U.S. federal law.” In Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Eds. Alvarez, R. Michael, Hall, Thad E., and Hyde, Susan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Doyle, Michael W and Sambanis, Nicolas. 2000. “International peace-building: A theoretical and quantitative analysis.” American Political Science Review 94(4): 779–801.
Drometer, Marcus and Johannes, Rincke. 2009. “The impact of ballot access restrictions on electoral competition: Evidence from a natural experiment.” Public Choice 138(3–4): 461–74.
Dunning, Thad. 2011. “Fighting and voting: Violent conflict and electoral politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(3): 327–39.
Dunning, Thad 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Eisenstadt, T. A. 2004. “Catching the state off guard: Electoral courts, campaign finance, and Mexico’s separation of state and ruling party.” Party Politics 10(6): 723–45.
Ekman, Joakim. 2009. “Political participation and regime stability: A framework for analyzing hybrid regimes.” International Political Science Review 30(1): 7–31.
Elklit, Jørgen. 1999. “Electoral institutional change and democratization: You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” Democratization 6(4): 28–51.
Elklit, Jørgen and Reynolds, Andrew. 2002. “The impact of election administration on the legitimacy of emerging democracies: A new comparative politics research agenda.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 40(2): 86–119.
Elklit, Jørgen and Reynolds, Andrew 2005 “A framework for the systematic study of election quality.” Democratization 12(2): 147–62.
Elklit, Jørgen and Svensson, Palle. 1997. “What makes elections free and fair?” Journal of Democracy 8(3): 32–46.
Elklit, Jørgen and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. Coding Manual: Assessing Election and Election Management Quality, 2011.
Estevez, Federico, Magar, Eric, and Rosas, Guillermo. 2008. “Partisanship in non-partisan electoral agencies and democratic compliance: Evidence from Mexico’s Federal Electoral Institute.” Electoral Studies 27(2): 257–71.
Evrensel, Astrid (Ed.). 2010. Voter Registration in Africa: A Comparative Analysis. Johannesburg: EISA.
Ewing, Keith. 2009. The Funding of Political Parties in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fawn, Rick. 2006. “Battle over the box: International election observation missions, political competition and retrenchment in the post-Soviet space.” International Affairs 82(6):1133–+.
Fell, Dafydd. 2005. Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004. London: Routledge.
Fife, Brian L. 2010. Reforming the Electoral Process in America. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Finnemore, Martha and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. “International norm dynamics and political change.” International Organization 52(3): 887–917.
Fisher, Jeff. 2002. Electoral Conflict and Violence. Washington, DC: IFES.
Fishkin, Joseph. 2011. “Equal citizenship and the individual right to vote.” Indiana Law Journal 86(4): 1289–1360.
Flores, Thomas Edward and Nooruddin, Irfan. 2012. “The effect of elections on post-conflict peace and reconstruction.” Journal of Politics 74(2): 558–70.
Forest, Benjamin. 2012. “Electoral redistricting and minority political representation in Canada and the United States.” Canadian Geographer 56(3): 318–38.
Foweraker, Joseph and Krznaric, R.. 2002. “The uneven performance of third wave democracies: Electoral politics and the imperfect rule of law in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 44(3): 29–60.
Franklin, Mark. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945New York: Cambridge University Press.
Franzese, R. J. 2002. “Electoral and partisan cycles in economic policies and outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 5: 369–421.
Frazer, Jendayi E. and Gyimah-Boadi, E. (Eds.). 2011. Preventing Electoral Violence in Africa. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University.
Fukumoto, Kentaro and Horiuchi, Yusaku. 2011. “Making outsiders’ votes count: Detecting electoral fraud through a natural experiment.” American Political Science Review 105(3): 586–603.
Fund, John H. 2004. Stealing Elections: How Voter Fraud Threatens Our Democracy. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books.
Fung, Archon. 2011. “Popular election monitoring.” In Race, Reform and Regulation of the Electoral Process: Recurring Puzzles in American Democracy. Eds. Gerken, Heather, Charles, Guy-Uriel E., and Kang, Michael S.. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gandhi, Jennifer and Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2009. “Elections under authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403–22.
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What do we know about democratization after twenty years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–44.
Geisler, G. 1993. “Fair – what has fairness got to do with it? Vagaries of election observations and democratic standards.” Journal of Modern African Studies 31(4): 613–37.
Gelman, Andrew and King, Gary. 1994. “Enhancing democracy through legislative redistricting.” American Political Science Review 88(3): 541–59.
Geys, Benny. 2006. “Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research.” Electoral Studies 25(4): 637–63.
Gilbert, Leah and Payam, Mohseni. 2011. “Beyond authoritarianism: The conceptualization of hybrid regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 46(3): 270–97.
Gingerich, D. W. 2009. “Ballot structure, political corruption, and the performance of proportional representation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 21(4): 509–41.
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. 2012. Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving the Integrity of Elections Worldwide. Sweden: IDEA.
Goodwin-Gill, Guy. S. 2006. Free and Fair Elections. 2nd ed. Geneva: Inter-parliamentary Union.
Gosnell, Herbert F. 1968. Machine Politics: Chicago Model. 2nd ed.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Greenberg, Ari and Mattes, Robert. 2013. “Does the quality of elections affect the consolidation of democracy?” In Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa. Ed. Bratton, Michael. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Greene, Kenneth F. 2007. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Grömping, Max. 2012. “Many Eyes of Any Kind? Comparing Traditional and Crowd-sourced Monitoring and their Contribution to Democracy.” Paper presented at the Second International Conference on International Relations and Development, July 2012 in Thailand.
Gronke, Paul. 2013. “Are we confident in voter confidence? Conceptual and methodological challenges in survey measures of electoral integrity.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Challenges of Electoral Integrity, Harvard University June 2–3, 2013.
Gronke, Paul and Toffey, Daniel Krantz. 2008. “The psychological and institutional determinants of early voting.” Journal of Social Issues. 64(3): 503–24.
Gronke, Paul, Galanes-Rosenbaum, Eva, and A. Miller, Peter. 2007. “Early Voting and Turnout.” PS: Political Science and Politics 40(4): 639–45.
Gronke, Paul, Galanes-Rosenbaum, Eva, Miller, Peter A., and Toffey, Daniel. 2008. “Convenience voting.” Annual Review of Political Science. 11:437–55.
Gunlicks, Arthur B. (Ed.). 1993. Campaign and Party Finance in North America and Western Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Gustafson, Marc. 2010. “Elections and the probability of violence in Sudan.” Harvard International Law Journal Online 51: 47–62.
Hadenius, Axel and Teorell, Jan. 2007. “Pathways from authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143–56.
Hafner Burton, Emilie M., Hyde, Susan D., and Jablonski, Ryan S.. 2014. “When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence?” British Journal of Political Science 44(1): 1–31.
Hale, Henry E. 2011. “Formal constitutions in informal politics: Institutions and democratization in post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics 63(4): 581–617.
Hall, Thad E. 2011. “Voter opinions about election reform: Do they support making voting more convenient?” Election Law Journal 10(2): 73–87.
Hall, Thad E., Monson, J. Quin, and Patterson, Kelly D.. 2009. “The human dimension of elections: How poll workers shape public confidence in elections.” Political Research Quarterly 62(3):507–22.
Hamm, Keith E. and Hogan, Robert E. 2008. “Campaign finance laws and decisions in state legislative candidacy elections.” Political Research Quarterly 61(3): 458–67.
Handley, Lisa and Grofman, Bernie. 2008. Redistricting in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hanham, H. J. 1959. Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone. London: Longmans.
Hanmer, Michael J. 2009. Discount Voting: Voter Registration Reforms and Their Effects. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hanmer, Michael J. and Traugott, Michael W.. 2004. “The impact of Vote-By-Mail on voter behavior.” American Politics Research 32:375–405.
Hasen, Richard L. 2012. The Voting Wars: From Florida 2000 to the Next Election Meltdown. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hasseling, Gerti and Abbink, Jon (Eds.). 2000. Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hausmann, Ricardo and Roberto, Rigobon. 2011. “In search of the black swan: Analysis of the statistical evidence of electoral fraud in Venezuela.” Statistical Science 26(4): 543–63.
Heidenheimer, Arnold J., Johnston, Michael, and Levine, V. T. (Eds.). 1990. Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Heinzelman, Jessica and Meier, Patrick. 2012. “Crowdsourcing for human rights monitoring: Challenges and opportunities for verification.” In Human Rights and Information Communication Technologies: Trends and Consequences of Use. Ed. Lannon, John. New York: IGI Global.
Hermet, Guy, Rose, Richard, and Rouquié, Alain (Eds.). 1978. Elections without Choice. London: Macmillan.
Herrnson, Paul S., Niemi, Richard G., and Hanmer, Michael J.. 2012. “The impact of ballot type on voter errors.” American Journal of Political Science 56: 716–30.
Herrnson, Paul S., Niemi, Richard G., Hanmer, Michael J., Bederson, Benjamin B., Conrad, Frederick G., and Traugott, Michael W.. 2008. Voting Technology: The Not-So-Simple Act of Casting a Ballot. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Herron, Erik S. “The effect of passive observation methods on Azerbaijan’s 2008 presidential election and 2009 referendum.” Electoral Studies 29(3): 417–24.
Herron, Erik S. 2009. Elections and Democracy after Communism?New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hershey, Marjorie Randon. 2009. “What we know about voter ID Laws, registration, and turnout.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 42:87–91.
Hillman, Ben. 2013. “Public administration reform in post-conflict societies: Lessons from Aceh, Indonesia.” Public Administration and Development 33(1): 1–14.
Hoglund, Kristine. 2009. “Electoral violence in conflict-ridden societies: Concepts, causes, and consequences.” Terrorism and Political Violence 21(3): 412–27.
Hoglund, Kristine and Jarstad, Anna K. 2011. “Toward electoral security: Experiences from KwaZulu-Natal.” Africa Spectrum 46(1): 33–59.
Howard, Marc Morjé and Roessler, Philip G.. 2006. “Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2):365–81.
Howell, Patrick and Justwan, Florian. 2013. “Nail-biters and no-contests: The effect of electoral margins on satisfaction with democracy in winners and losers.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 334–43.
Hubbard, Glenn and Kane, Tim. 2013. “In defense of Citizens United: Why campaign finance reform threatens American democracy.” Foreign Affairs 92(4): 126–33.
Hyde, Susan. D. 2007a. “Experimenting in democracy promotion: international observers and the 2004 presidential elections in Indonesia.” Perspectives on Politics 8(2): 511–27.
Hyde, Susan. D. 2007b. “The observer effect in international politics: Evidence from a natural experiment.” World Politics 60(1): 37–63.
Hyde, Susan. D. 2011. The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Hyde, Susan. D. and Marinov, Nikolay. 2012. “Which elections can be lost?” Political Analysis. 20(2): 191–210.
Ichino, Nahomi and Schuendeln, Matthias. 2012. “Deterring or displacing electoral irregularities? Spillover effects of observers in a randomized field experiment in Ghana.” Journal of Politics 74(1): 292–307.
International IDEA. 2002. International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for Reviewing the Legal Framework for Elections. Stockholm: International IDEA.
International IDEA 2004. Handbook on the Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns. Stockholm: International IDEA.
International IDEA 2006. Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: International IDEA.
Jacobs, Kristof and Leyenaar, Monique. 2011. “A conceptual framework for major, minor, and technical electoral reform.” West European Politics 34(3): 495–513.
James, Toby S. 2010a. “Electoral administration and voter turnout: Towards an international public policy continuum.” Representation 45(4): 369–89.
James, Toby S. 2010b. “Electoral modernisation or elite statecraft? Electoral administration in the U.K. 1997–2007.” British Politics, 5(2): 179–201.
James, Toby S. 2012. Elite Statecraft and Election Administration: Bending the Rules of the Game. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Jockers, Heinz, Kohnert, Dirk, and Nugent, Paul. 2010. “The successful Ghana election of 2008: A convenient myth?” Journal of Modern African Studies 48(1): 95–115.
Jones, Douglas W. and Simons, Barbara. 2012. Broken Ballots: Will your Vote Count?Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kairys, David. 2013. “The contradictory messages of Rehnquist-Roberts era speech law: Liberty and justice for some.” University of Illinois Law Review 1: 195–220.
Kalandadze, Katya and Orenstein, Mitchell A.. 2009. “Electoral protests and democratization beyond the color revolutions.” Comparative Political Studies 42(11): 1403–25.
Kang, M. S. 2005. “The hydraulics and politics of party regulation.” Iowa Law Review 91(1): 131–87.
Katz, Richard S. 2005. “Democratic principles and judging ‘free and fair.’” Representation 41(3):161–79.
Keefer, Philip and Vlaicu, R.. 2008. “Democracy, credibility, and clientelism.” Journal of Law Economics & Organization 24(2): 371–406.
Kelley, Judith. 2008. “Assessing the complex evolution of norms: The rise of international election monitoring.” International Organization 62(2): 221–55.
Kelley, Judith 2009a. “D-Minus Elections: The politics and norms of international election observation.” International Organization 63 (4): 765–87.
Kelley, Judith 2009b. “The more the merrier? The effects of having multiple international election monitoring organizations.” Perspectives on Politics 7: 59–64.
Kelley, Judith 2010a. “Election observers and their biases.” Journal of Democracy 21: 158–72.
Kelley, Judith 2010b. Quality of Elections Data Codebook.
Kelley, Judith 2011. “Do international election monitors increase or decrease opposition boycotts?” Comparative Political Studies 44(11): 1527–56.
Kelley, Judith 2012a. “The international influences on elections in transition states.” Annual Review of Political Science15: 203–20.
Kelley, Judith 2012b. Monitoring Democracy: When International Election Observation Works and Why It Often Fails. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kelley, Judith Project on International Election Monitoring
Kerr, Nicholas. 2014. “Public perceptions of election quality in Africa: A cross-national analysis.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard, and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keyssar, Alexander. 2009. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States, revised ed. New York: Basic Books.
Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven L. (Eds.). 2007. Patrons, Clients and Policies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Klein, A. “The puzzle of ineffective election campaigning in Japan.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 12: 57–74.
Koehler, Kevin. 2008. “Authoritarian elections in Egypt: Formal institutions and informal mechanisms of rule.” Democratization 15(5): 974–90.
Koss, Michael. 2008. “The convergence of party funding regimes in Western Europe: Towards an analytical framework.” Osterreichische Zeitschrift Fur Politikwissenschaft 37(1): 63+.
Koss, Michael 2011. The Politics of Party Funding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kumar, Krishna. 1998. Post-Conflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
Kuntz, Philipp and Thompson, Mark R. 2009. “More than just the final straw: Stolen elections as revolutionary triggers.” Comparative Politics 41(3): 253–263.
Landman, Todd and Carvalho, Edzia. 2010. Measuring Human Rights. London: Routledge.
Lanning, K. 2008. “Democracy, voting, and disenfranchisement in the United States: A social psychological perspective.” Journal of Social Issues 64(3): 431–46.
Lasthuizen, Karin, Huberts, Leo, and Heres, Leonie. 2011. “How to measure integrity violations.” Public Management Review 13(3): 383–408.
Laycock, Samantha, Renwick, Alan, Stevens, Daniel, and Vowles, Jack. 2013. “The UK’s electoral reform referendum of May 2011.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 211–14.
Lean, S. F. 2007. “Democracy assistance to domestic election monitoring organizations: Conditions for success.” Democratization, 14(2): 289–312.
Leduc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa (Eds.). 2010. Comparing Democracies 3: Elections and Voting in the 21st Century. London: Sage.
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 2002. “Can parties police themselves? Electoral governance and democratization.” International Political Science Review 23(1): 29–46.
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 2003. “Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences.” Annual Review of Political Science 6: 233–56.
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard and Jiménez, Iván Molina. 2002. Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud, Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lessig, Lawrence. 2011. Republic, Lost. New York: Twelve.
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2010a. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2010b. “Why democracy needs a level playing field.” Journal of Democracy 21(1): 57–68.
Leyenaar, Monique and Hazan, Reuven Y.. 2011. “Reconceptualising electoral reform.” West European Politics 34(3): 437–55.
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lindberg, Staffan. I. 2005. “Consequences of electoral systems in Africa: A preliminary inquiry.” Electoral Studies 24, (1): 41–64.
Lindberg, Staffan. I. 2006a. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lindberg, Staffan. I. 2006b. “The surprising significance of African elections.” Journal of Democracy 17 (1): 139–51.
Lindberg, Staffan. I. (Ed.). 2009. Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lindberg, Staffan I. 2013. “Confusing Categories, Shifting Targets.” Journal of Democracy 24(4): 161–67.
Little, Andrew T. 2012. “Elections, fraud, and election monitoring in the shadow of revolution.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7(3): 249–83.
Lo, B. B. 2003. “Russian elections: Uncivil state.” World Today 59 (11): 22–24.
López-Pintor, Rafael. 2000. Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
López-Pintor, Rafael 2010. Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies: A Basic Conceptual Framework. Washington, DC: The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES).
López-Pintor, Rafael and Fischer, Jeff. 2005. Getting to the CORE: On the Cost of Registration and Elections. New York: UNDP.
Lukinova, Evgeniya, Myagkov, Mikhail, and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 2011. “Ukraine 2010: Were Tymoshenko’s cries of fraud anything more than smoke?” Post-Soviet Affairs 27(1): 37–63.
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2000. “Legislative politics in the Arab world: The resurgence of democratic institutions.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32(3): 420–22.
Lust-Okar, Ellen 2004. “Divided they rule: The management and manipulation of political opposition.” Comparative Politics 36(2): 159–167.
Lust-Okar, Ellen and Jamal, Amaney. 2002. “Rulers and rules: Reassessing the influence of regime type on electoral law formation.” Comparative Political Studies 35(3): 337–66.
Lynch, Gabrielle and Crawford, Gordon. 2011. “Democratization in Africa 1990–2010: An assessment.” Democratization 18 (2): 275–310.
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Magaloni, Beatriz 2008. “Credible power-sharing and the longevity of authoritarian rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4–5): 715–41.
Magaloni, Beatriz 2010. “The game of electoral fraud and the ousting of authoritarian rule.” American Journal of Political Science 54(3): 751–65.
Makulilo, Alexander Boniface. 2011. “‘Watching the watcher’: An evaluation of local election observers in Tanzania.” Journal of Modern African Studies 49(2): 241–62.
Martinez i Coma, Ferran and Frank, Richard W.. 2014. “Expert judgments.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity, chapter 4. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.
Massicotte, Louis, Blais, Andre, and Yoshinaka, Antoine. 2004. Establishing the Rules of the Game. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
McAllister, Ian and White, Stephen. 2011. “Public perceptions of electoral fairness in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 63(4): 663–83.
McCann, J. A., and Dominguez, Jorge I.. 1998. “Mexicans react to electoral fraud and political corruption: An assessment of public opinion and voting behavior.” Electoral Studies 17(4): 483–503.
McDonald, Michael P. 2004. “A Comparative Analysis of Redistricting Institutions in the United States, 2001–02.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4: 371–95.
McDonald, Michael P. and Popkin, Samuel. 2001. “The myth of the vanishing voter.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 963–74.
McFaul, Michael and Petrov, N.. 2004. “What the elections tell us.” Journal of Democracy 15(3): 20–31.
McGrath, Amy. 1997. Corrupt Elections: Ballot Rigging in Australia. Sydney, NSW: H. S. Chapman Society.
Mebane, Walter R., Jr. 2012. “Comment on Benford’s Law and the detection of election fraud.” Political Analysis 19(3): 269–72.
Meyer, M. and Booker, J.. 1991. Eliciting and Analyzing Expert Judgment: A Practical Guide. London: Academic Press.
Mickiewicz, Ellen. 1997. Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia. New York:Oxford University Press.
Mickiewicz, Ellen 2008. Television, Power, and the Public in Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Minnite, Lorraine Carol. 2010. The Myth of Voter Fraud. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Moehler, D. C. 2009. “Critical citizens and submissive subjects: Elections losers and winners in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science 39(2): 345–66.
Moehler, D. C. and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2009. “Narrowing the legitimacy gap: Turnovers as a cause of democratic consolidation.” Journal of Politics 71(4): 1448–66.
Molina, I. and Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 1999. “Political competition and electoral fraud: A Latin American case study.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30(2): 199+.
Moller, Jorgen and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2010a. “Beyond the radial delusion: Conceptualizing and measuring democracy and non-democracy.” International Political Science Review 31(3): 261–83.
Moller, Jorgen and Svend-Erik, Skaaning" 2010b. “Post-communist regime types: Hierarchies across attributes and space.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 43(1): 51–71.
Montjoy, Robert S. 2008. “The public administration of elections.” Public Administration Review 68 (5): 788–99.
Montjoy, Robert S. 2010. “The changing nature … and costs … of election administration.” Public Administration Review 70(6): 867–75.
Morse, Yonatan L. 2012. “The era of electoral authoritarianism.” World Politics 64(1): 161–98.
Mozaffar, Shaheen and Schedler, Andreas. 2002. “The comparative study of electoral governance: Introduction.” International Political Science Review 23(1): 5–27.
Munck, Geraldo L. 2009. Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Munck, Geraldo L. and Verkuilen, Jay. 2002a. “Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34.
Munck, Geraldo L. and Verkuilen, Jay 2002b. “Generating better data: A response to discussants.” Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 52–57.
Myagkov, Mikhail and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 2005. “The trail of votes in Ukraine’s 1998, 1999, and 2002 elections.” Post-Soviet Affairs 21(1): 56–71.
Myagkov, Mikhail and Ordeshook, Peter C. 2008. “Ukraine’s 2007 parliamentary elections free and fair, or fraud once again?” Problems of Post-Communism 55(6): 33–41.
Myagkov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter C., and Shakin, Dimitri. 2005. “Fraud or fairytales: Russia and Ukraine’s electoral experience.” Post-Soviet Affairs 21(2): 91–131.
Myagkov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter C., and Shakin, Dimitri 2009. The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nagle, J. C. 2004. “How not to count votes.” Columbia Law Review 104(6): 1732–63.
Nassmacher, Karl-Heinz (Ed.). 2001. Foundations for Democracy: Approaches to Comparative Political Finance. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Nassmacher, Karl-Heinz. 2009. The Funding of Party Competition: Political Finance in 25 Democracies. Berlin: Nomos.
National Democratic Institute. 2005. Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 countries. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute.
Nazzarine, S. R. 2003. “A faceless name in the crowd: Freedom of association, equal protection, and discriminatory ballot access laws.” University of Cincinnati Law Review 72(1): 309–61.
Neiheisel, Jacob R. and Burden, Barry C., 2012. “The impact of election day registration on voter turnout and election outcomes.” American Politics Research 40(4): 636–64.
Newell, James. The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa. (Ed.). 1999. Critical Citizens. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Norris, Pippa 2003. Democratic Phoenix. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa 2004 Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa 2008. Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work?New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa (Ed.). 2010. Public Sentinel: News Media and the Governance Agenda. Washington, DC: The World Bank .
Norris, Pippa 2011a. “Cultural explanations of electoral reform: A policy cycle model.” West European Politics. 34(1): 531–50.
Norris, Pippa 2011b. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens RevisitedNew York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa 2012. Making Democratic Governance Work: How Regimes shape Prosperity, Welfare and Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa 2014a. “Does the world agree about standards of electoral integrity? Evidence for the diffusion of global norms.” Special issue of Electoral Studies 32(4): 576–588
Norris, Pippa 2014b. “Electoral integrity and political legitimacy.” In Comparing Democracies 4. Eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage.
Norris, Pippa 2014c. “The new research agenda studying electoral integrity.” Special issue of Electoral Studies 32(4): 563–575.
Norris, Pippa, Coma, Ferran Martinez I., and Frank, Richard W.. 2014. The Expert Survey of Perceptions of Electoral Integrity. Available at .
Norris, Pippa, Coma, Ferran Martinez I, and Frank, Richard W. 2014. “Assessing the quality of elections.” Journal of Democracy. 24(4): 124–35.
Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Coma, Ferran Martinez I (Eds.). 2014. Advancing Electoral Integrity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nou, J. 2009. “Privatizing democracy: Promoting election integrity through procurement contracts.” Yale Law Journal 118(4): 744–93.
Nunnally, Shayla C. 2011. “(Dis)counting on democracy to work: Perceptions of electoral fairness in the 2008 presidential election.” Journal of Black Studies 42(6): 923–42.
Nyblade, B. and Reed, S. R.. “Who cheats? Who loots? Political competition and corruption in Japan, 1947–1993.” American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 926–41.
Obi, Cyril. 2011. “Taking back our democracy? The trials and travails of Nigerian elections since 1999.” Democratization 18(2): 366–87.
Öhman, Magnus and Zainulbhai, Hani. 2011. Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Washington, DC: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Available at
O’Leary, Cornelius. 1962. The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1968–1911. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Omotola, J. S. “Elections and democratic transition in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic.” African Affairs 109 (437): 535–53.
Organization of American States/International IDEA. 2005. Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns in the Americas. Washington, DC: OAS/International IDEA.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. 2007. Handbook for Long-Term Election Observers: Beyond Election Day Observation. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. 2010. Election Observation Handbook, 6th ed. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
Ottaway, Marina. 2003. Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-AuthoritarianismWashington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Overton, Spencer. 2006. Stealing Democracy: The New Politics of Voter Suppression. New York: Norton.
Paris, Roland.2004. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pastor, Robert A. 1999. “The role of electoral administration in democratic transitions.” Democratization 6(4):1–27.
Pastor, Robert A., Santos, Robert, and Prevost, Alison. 2011. “Voting and ID requirements: A survey of registered voters in three states.” American Review of Public Administration 40(4): 461–81.
Paxton, Pamela, Bollen, Kenneth A., Lee, Deborah M., and Kim, HyoJuong. 2003. “A half-century of suffrage: New data and a comparative analysis.” Studies in Comparative International Development 38:93–122.
Persily, N. 2001. “Candidates v. parties: The constitutional constraints on primary ballot access laws.” Georgetown Law Journal 89(7): 2181–2225.
Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. 2005. “Financing politics: A global view.” Journal of Democracy 13(4): 69–86.
Popova, Marina. 2006. “Watchdogs or attack dogs? The role of the Russian Courts and the Central Election Commission in the resolution of electoral disputes.” Europe-Asia Studies 58(3): 391–414.
Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Powell, G. Bingham. 2004a. “The chain of responsiveness.” Journal of Democracy 15(4): 91–105.
Powell, G. Bingham. 2014b. “Why elections matter.” In Comparing Democracies 4. Eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage.
Power, Timothy J. and Taylor, Matthew MacLeod. Corruption and Democracy in Brazil: The Struggle for Accountability, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Quimpo, N. G. 2009. “The Philippines: Predatory regime, growing authoritarian features.” Pacific Review 22(3): 335–53.
Qvortup, M. 2005. “First past the postman: Voting by mail in comparative perspective.” Political Quarterly 76(3):414–19.
Rahat, Gideon and Hazan, Reuven Y.. 2011. “The barriers to electoral system reform: A synthesis of alternative approaches.” West European Politics 34(3): 478–94.
Rallings, Colin, Thrasher, Michael, and Borisyuk, Galina. 2010. “Much ado about not very much: The electoral consequences of postal voting at the 2005 British General Election.” British Journal of Politics & International Relations 12(2): 223–38.
Regan, P. M., Frank, R. W., and Clark, D. H.. 2009. “Political institutions and elections: New datasets.” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 26(3):320–37.
Reilly, Benjamin. 2002. “Post-conflict elections: Constraints and dangers.” International Peacekeeping 9(2): 118.
Reilly, Benjamin. 2004. “Elections in Post-conflict Societies.” In The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality. Eds. Newman, Edward and Rich, Roland. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Renwick, Alan. 2011. The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Reynolds, Andrew. 2011. Designing Democracy in a Dangerous World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reynolds, Andrew and Steenbergen, M.. 2006. “How the world votes: The political consequences of ballot design, innovation and manipulation.” Electoral Studies 25(3): 570–98.
Romanelli, Raffaele (Ed.). 1998. How Did They Become Voters? The History of Franchise in Modern European Representation. The Hague: Kluwer Law.
Rosas, Guillermo. 2010. “Trust in elections and the institutional design of electoral authorities: Evidence from Latin America.” Electoral Studies 29(1): 74–90.
Rose, Richard and Mishler, William. 2009. “How do electors respond to an ‘unfair’ election? The experience of Russians.” Post-Soviet Affairs 25(2): 118–36.
Rose, Richard, Mishler, William, and Monroe, Neil. 2011. Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rothstein, Bo. 2009. “Creating political legitimacy: Electoral democracy versus quality of government.” American Behavioral Scientist 53(3): 311–30.
Samples, John Curtis. 2006. The Fallacy of Campaign Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Santa-Cruz, Arturo. 2005. “Constitutional structures, sovereignty, and the emergence of norms: The case of international election monitoring.” International Organization 59(03): 663–93.
Santiso, C. and Loada, A.. 2003. “Explaining the unexpected: Electoral reform and democratic governance in Burkina Faso.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41(3): 395–419.
Scarrow, Susan. 2004. “Explaining political finance reforms: Competition and context.” Party Politics 10: 653–75.
Scarrow, Susan 2007. “Political finance in comparative perspective.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 193–210.
Schaffer, Fredric Charles. 2002. “Might cleaning up elections keep people away from the polls? Historical and comparative perspectives.” International Political Science Review 23(1):69–84.
Schaffer, Fredric Charles (Ed.). 2007. Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schaffer, Fredric Charles (Ed.). 2008. The Hidden Costs of Clean Election Reform. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Schaffer, Frederic Charles and Wang, Tova Andrea. 2009. “Is everyone else doing it? Indiana’s voter identification law in international perspective.” Harvard Law & Policy Review, 3:397–413.
Schedler, Andreas. 1999. “Civil society and political elections: A culture of distrust?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 565: 126–41.
Schedler, Andreas 2002. “The menu of manipulation.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 36–50.
Schedler, Andreas (Ed.). 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schedler, Andreas 2010. “Authoritarianism’s last line of defense.” Journal of Democracy 21(1): 69–80.
Schedler, Andreas 2012a. “Judgment and measurement in political science.” Perspectives on Politics 10(1): 21–36.
Schedler, Andreas 2012b. The Politics of Uncertainty Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. Mexico City:CIDE.
Scher, Richard K. 2010. The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why Is It So Hard to Vote in America?New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Schmeets, Hans (Ed.). 2010. International Election Observation and Assessment of Elections. The Hague: Statistics Netherlands.
Schuler, Ian. 2008. “SMS as a tool in election observation.” Innovations 3(2): 143–57.
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Sekhon, Jasjeet S. and Titiunik, Rocio. 2012. “When natural experiments are neither natural nor experiments.” American Political Science Review 106(1): 35–57.
Seymour, Charles. 1970. Electoral Reform in England and Wales: The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise 1832–1885. London: David and Charles reprint.
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. Political Consequences of Crony Capitalism inside Russia. Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press.
Shock, David R. 2008. “Securing a line on the ballot: Measuring and explaining the restrictiveness of ballot access laws for non-major party candidates in the United States.” Social Science Journal 45(1): 48–60.
Simmons, Beth A. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Simpser, Alberto. 2012. “Does electoral manipulation discourage voter turnout? Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Politics 74(3): 782–95.
Simpser, Alberto 2013. Why Parties and Governments Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice and Implications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sisk, Timothy and Reynolds, Andrew (Eds.). 1998. Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Sjoberg, Fredrik. 2012. “Making voters count: Evidence from field experiments about the efficacy of domestic election observation.” New York: Harriman Institute Working Paper 1.
Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smets, Kaat and Ham, Carolien van. 2013. “The embarrassment of riches? A meta-analysis of individual-level research on voter turnout.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 344–59.
Smith, Lahra. 2009. “Explaining violence after recent elections in Ethiopia and Kenya.” Democratization 16(5): 867–97.
Snyder, Jack. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.
Steenbergen, Marco R. and Marks, Gary. 2007. “Evaluating expert judgments.” European Journal of Political Research 46: 347–66.
Stewart, J. 2006. “A banana republic? The investigation into electoral fraud by the Birmingham Election Court.” Parliamentary Affairs 59(4): 654–67.
Stockemer, Daniel, LaMontagne, Bernadette, and Scruggs, Lyle. 2013. “Bribes and ballots: The impact of corruption on voter turnout in democracies.” International Political Science Review 34(1): 74–90.
Stokes, Susan, Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Straus, Scott. 2011. “‘It’s sheer horror here’: Patterns of violence during the first four months of Cote d’Ivoire’s post-electoral crisis.” African Affairs 110(440): 481–89.
Straus, Scott 2012. “Wars do end! Changing patterns of political violence in sub-Saharan Africa.” African Affairs 111(443): 179–201.
Straus, Scott and Taylor, Charlie. 2012. “Democratization and electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2008.” In Voting in Fear. Ed. Bekoe, Dorina A.. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Stroh, Alexander. 2010. “Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: Undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 4(1): 1–19.
Struwig, Jare, Roberts, Benjamin J., and Vivier, Elme. 2011. “A vote of confidence: Election management and public perceptions.” Journal of Public Administration, 46(3):1122–38.
Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tan, Nettina. 2013. “Electoral engineering and hegemonic party resilience in Singapore.” Electoral Studies 32(4): 632–643.
Tancangco, Luzviminda G. 1992. The Anatomy of Electoral Fraud: Concrete Bases for Electoral Reforms. Manila: MJAGM Distributor Matrix.
Taylor, Charles, Pevehouse, Jon, and Straus, Scott. 2013. “Perils of Pluralism: Electoral Violence and Competitive Authoritarianism in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Simons Papers in Security and Development 23, School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
Taylor, Steven L. 2009. Voting amid Violence: Electoral Democracy in Colombia. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Thompson, Mark R. and Kuntz, Philipp. 2004. “Stolen elections: The case of the Serbian October.” Journal of Democracy 15(4): 159–72.
Thompson, Mark R. and Philipp, Kuntz 2009. “More than just the final straw: Stolen elections as revolutionary triggers.” Comparative Politics 41(3):253–72.
Trenschel, Alexander and Mendez, Fernando (Eds.). 2005. The European Union and E-voting. London: Routledge.
Tucker, Joshua. 2007. “Enough! Electoral fraud, collective action problems, and post-communist colored revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5(3): 535–51.
Tyler, Tom R. 1984. “The role of perceived injustice in defendants’ evaluations of their courtroom experience.” Law & Society Review 18(1): 51–74.
Tyler, Tom R. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Tyler, Tom R. 1994. “Governing amid diversity: The effect of fair decision-making procedures on the legitimacy of government.” Law & Society Review 28(4): 809–31.
Tyler, Tom R., Casper, Jonathan D., and Fisher, Bonnie. 1989. “Maintaining allegiance toward political authorities: The role of prior attitudes and the use of fair procedures.” American Journal of Political Science 33(3): 629–52.
Tyler, Tom R., Rasinski, Kenneth A., and McGraw, Kathleen M.. 1985. “The influence of perceived injustice on the endorsement of political leaders.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 15(8): 700–25.
Ugues, Jr, Antonio. 2010. “Citizens’ views on electoral governance in Mexico.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 20(4): 495–527.
Ugues, Jr, Antonio 2014. “Electoral management in Central America.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.
UNDP. 2011. Understanding Electoral Violence in Asia. Bangkok: UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Center.
UNDP 2012. Evaluation of UNDP Contribution to Strengthening Electoral Systems and Processes. New York: UNDP.
United Nations. 2005. Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Elections Observers. New York: United Nations.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 63/163. April 12, 2012. Strengthening the Role of the United Nations in Enhancing Periodic and Genuine Elections and the Promotion of Democratization. New York: United Nations.
van der Walle, Nicholas. 2003. “Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa’s emerging party systems.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41(02):297–321 DOI:
van Ham, Carolien. 2012. Beyond Electoralism? Electoral Fraud in Third Wave Regimes 1974–2009. PhD Thesis. Florence: European University Institute.
van Ham, Carolien 2013. “Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity.” Paper presented at the 2013 Annual Workshop on Concepts and Indicators of Electoral Integrity, Harvard University, June 3–4, 2013.
van Ham, Carolien 2014. “Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity.” Democratization. (Forthcoming)
Verba, Sidney and Nie, Norman. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.
Verba, Sidney, Nie, Norman, and Kim, Jae-on. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay, and Brady, Henry E.. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vickery, Chad and Shein, Erica. 2012. Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies. Washington, DC: IFES.
Volkov, Denis. 2012. “The protesters and the public.” Journal of Democracy 23(3): 55–62.
Wahmn, Michael, Teorell, Jan, and Hadenius, Axel. 2013. “Authoritarian regime types revisited: Updated data in comparative perspective.” Contemporary Politics 19(1):19–34.
Wall, Alan, Andrew Ellis, Ayman Ayoub, Carl W. Dundas, Joram Rukambe and Sara Staino. 2006. Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: International IDEA.
Wand, Jonathan, King, Gary, and Lau, Olivia. 2011. “Anchors: Software for Anchoring Vignettes Data.” Journal of Statistical Software 42(3): 1–25.
Wand, J. N., Shotts, K. W., Sekhon, J. S., Mebane, Walter, Herron, M. C., and Brady, Henry E.. 2001. “The butterfly did it: The aberrant vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 793–810.
Wang, Tova Andrea. 2012. The Politics of Voter Suppression: Defending and Expanding Americans’ Right to Vote. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Weghorst, Keith R. and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2011. ‘Effective opposition strategies: Collective goods or clientelism?’Democratization 18(5): 1193–1214.
Weidmann, Nils B. and Callen, Michael. 2011. Violence and Election Fraud: Evidence from Afghanistan
White, Stephen. 1985. “Non-competitive elections and national politics: The USSR Supreme Soviet elections of 1984.” Electoral Studies 4(3): 215–29.
White, Stephen 2011. “Elections Russian-Style.” Europe-Asia Studies 63(4): 531–56.
Wigell, M. 2008. “Mapping ‘hybrid regimes’: Regime types and concepts in comparative politics.” Democratization 15(2): 230–50.
Wilking, Jennifer R. 2011. “The portability of electoral procedural fairness: Evidence from experimental studies in China and the United States.” Political Behavior 33(1): 139–59.
Wilkinson, Steven. 2006. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India: New York: Cambridge University Press.
Willis, Justin and Battahani, Atta el. 2010. “‘We changed the laws’: Electoral practice and malpractice in Sudan since 1953.” African Affairs 109(435): 191–212.
Wilson, Kenneth. 2012. “How Russians view electoral fairness: A qualitative analysis.” Europe-Asia Studies 64(1): 145–68.
Wlezien, Christopher and Soroka, Stuart. 2012. “Political institutions and the opinion–policy link.” West European Politics 35(6): 1407–1432.
Wong, Chin-Huat, James, Chin, and Norani, Othman. 2010. “Malaysia: Towards a topology of an electoral one-party state.” Democratization 17(5): 920–49.
Young, John Hardin. 2009. International Election Principles: Democracy and the Rule of Law. Chicago: American Bar Association.
Ziblatt, Daniel. 2009. “Shaping democratic practice and the causes of electoral fraud: The case of nineteenth-century Germany.” American Political Science Review 103(1): 1–21.
Loading metrics...
