Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. A World of Babies
  • Cited by 15
      • 2nd edition
      Show more authors
      • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      03 November 2016
      20 October 2016
      ISBN:
      9781316480625
      9781107137295
      9781316502570
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316480625
      Dimensions:
      (234 x 156 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.78kg, 387 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (234 x 156 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.66kg, 390 Pages
      • Subjects:
      Social and Cultural Anthropology, Developmental Psychology, Anthropology, Psychology
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org
    Subjects:
    Social and Cultural Anthropology, Developmental Psychology, Anthropology, Psychology
    Information

    Book description

    Should babies sleep alone in cribs, or in bed with parents? Is talking to babies useful, or a waste of time? A World of Babies provides different answers to these and countless other childrearing questions, precisely because diverse communities around the world hold drastically different beliefs about parenting. While celebrating that diversity, the book also explores the challenges that poverty, globalization and violence pose for parents. Fully updated for the twenty-first century, this edition features a new introduction and eight new or revised case studies that directly address contemporary parenting challenges, from China and Peru to Israel and the West Bank. Written as imagined advice manuals to parents, the creative format of this book brings alive a rich body of knowledge that highlights many models of baby-rearing - each shaped by deeply held values and widely varying cultural contexts. Parenthood may never again seem a matter of 'common sense'.

    Reviews

    'Gottlieb and DeLoache’s first edition of A World of Babies earned the right to be called a classic of anthropology. Although one might expect the second volume … to be a simple update of the same studies, Gottlieb and DeLoache have instead done the unexpected - they present an entirely new volume with seven new studies of parenting practices. Taken together, these books set the example of how anthropology, when done well, can open minds to the possibility that there is more than one way to do just about anything, including parenting. I can think of no better way to become a more thoughtful, insightful, and therefore better parent than reading both editions of A World of Babies.'

    Meredith F. Small - Cornell University, and author of Our Babies, Ourselves

    'I cannot effuse enough about the second, fully revised edition of A World of Babies! The first edition has been a mainstay in my classroom for over a decade, and I have frequently given it as a gift to new parents. The creative, innovative, quasi-fictional design of both editions - ’imagined childcare guides’ authored by ethnographers studying in a broad range of cultures, writing as if they are imparting knowledge to new parents as a childcare expert, such as a grandmother, midwife, or diviner - makes A World of Babies an enjoyable and impactful read for students and new parents alike. At a time when it may seem like there is no ‘right’ way to raise a child … it is refreshing to read a book which concludes that, in fact, there are many ‘right’ ways to raise children.'

    Christa Craven - College of Wooster, and author of Pushing for Midwives: Homebirth Mothers and the Reproductive Rights Movement

    'This is a fantastic book! I am going to use it right away with both my large undergraduate class and advanced graduate seminar … It [has] an impressive array of authors, each with deep knowledge of the culture for which they are preparing their ‘advice'.'

    Patricia Greenfield - University of California, Los Angeles, and author of Mind and Media: The Effects of Television, Video Games, and Computers

    'A World of Babies provides terrific and vivid personal examples reminding us of the importance of family, culture, history and context in children’s lives in today’s globalizing world.'

    Thomas S. Weisner - University of California, Los Angeles, and co-author of Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children

    'This very accessible yet soundly scholarly book reads like a novel describing the same event from different perspectives, thereby shedding light on the socio-culturally constructed nature of what we might think of as ‘objective’ and self-evident ‘truths’ about early child development. A ‘must-read’ for students and researchers in the area of developmental psychology as well as a great read for anyone interested in the world of babies.'

    Alexandra M. Freund - University of Zurich, and co-editor of The Handbook of Life-Span Development: Social and Emotional Development

    'Starting with a most captivating and comprehensive overview of the worldwide challenges facing twenty-first-century parenting, alongside their seven, fictitious, ‘composite person’ community authors, who could (if real persons) appropriately dispense ‘how to’ infant care advice, yet again, Professors Gottlieb and DeLoache manage to spin their baby-care magic for both students and professionals alike … the seven new (and one updated) chapters provide, as did the first edition, a sparkling set of ‘manuals’ but with an even greater degree of wit, clarity, and intimate cultural knowledge, spreading cross-cultural insights that at times shock, amuse, and entertain, but always shed further light on the diverse … ways both biology and culture find expression in how we care for our babies.'

    James J. McKenna - University of Notre Dame, and author of Sleeping with Your Baby

    '[A] clever, refreshing, indeed witty way to engage readers … not only in the study of children, childhoods and socialization, but also in the conduct of ethnographic field research and the ways in which we present our work.'

    Myra Bluebond-Langner - University College London, and author of The Private Worlds of Dying Children

    'The editors, in the second edition of A World of Babies, have made a great book out of a very good one. The work is unique in combining perspectives not normally found in a single case study … we learn much about the enormous diversity in cultural practices vis-à-vis babies and about the contemporary forces that provoke change and resistance to change.'

    David F. Lancy - Utah State University, and author of The Anthropology of Childhood

    'This lively, well-written book is authoritative, but not in the usual way. It's not going to tell you how to give birth or raise your child. Instead, it will tell you many ways to do it, each blending a deep cultural tradition with the modern world. It's the perfect antidote to the worst parenting myth: 'there is one right way, and if I don't find it my child will suffer'. Treat yourself instead to A World of Babies, and encounter a wide world of ways.'

    Melvin Konner - Emory University, and author of The Evolution of Childhood

    'They had me at page 1: encountering a few of the differences in beliefs held around the world about raising babies made me eagerly read for more. Students of child development at all levels of education need this book to help them gain perspective on their own culture’s child-rearing practices. Practices that appear ‘natural’ and unquestionable are in fact deeply rooted in physical, cultural and economic realities … The book is brilliant. I can see this book generating extensive discussion and provoking endless consideration of the role of nature and nurture in child development.'

    Roberta Michnick Golinkoff - University of Delaware, and author of How Babies Talk

    'This thoughtful and engaging book should be read not only by anthropologists and psychologists but by all expectant mothers. It makes American child-rearing seem distinctly exotic. At the same time, it shows how much all mothers share. The effect is both liberating and moving.'

    Tanya Luhrmann - Stanford University, and author of When God Talks Back

    Review of previous edition:'If you ever find yourself assuming that there's just one right way - your way - to bring up babies, read this book. It's highly enjoyable and such a good idea that I only wish I'd thought of it myself.'

    Penelope Leach - author of Your Baby and Child, From Birth to Age Five

    Review of previous edition:'Every American parent should reflect on these cultural essays.'

    Jerome Kagan - Harvard University, and author of The Nature of the Child

    Review of previous edition:'Having a baby is a life-enhancing and mind-extending trip into new lands, much like the marvelous anthropology of child-rearing in this book. Take its expedition and it may help clarify the values and contexts of your own parenting, and bring the world's children into the clearer focus of our knowledge and concern.'

    Catherine Lutz - Brown University, and author of Schooled: Ordinary, Extraordinary Teaching in an Age of Change

    Review of previous edition:'Read these pages. This is a very moving book, and a revealing one.'

    Jerome Bruner - New York University, and author of Child's Talk

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    Cancel
    ×

    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Citations and Sources Cited

    1

    1 Raising a World of Babies

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following for this chapter.

    Page

    3

    skyrocketing US interest in “other” childrearing strategies – 86; TED talk – 16; China-inspired parenting book – 17; France-inspired parenting book – 22, 89, 95; willingness to “parent in public” – 74; books about comparative parenting styles – 31, 46

    4

    what people accept as “common sense” in one society is often considered odd, exotic, or even barbaric in another – 25; on Benjamin Spock as “the world’s most famous baby doctor” – 48; Dr. Spock’s book has sold over 50 million copies – 85; similar childrearing challenges for all parents – 52

    5

    infant mortality rates by country – 90; effects of European colonialism on populations of the global south – 27

    6

    3.1 million children die from hunger each year – 101; the world’s farmers produce enough food to feed the world’s population – 65

    7

    wet nurses in the ancient world, and elite families in western Europe from the eleventh to the eighteenth century – 23; wet nursing: in Paris of 1780 – 42, in Europe until World War I – 23; “milk kin” – 19, 43; cow’s milk and death in Iceland – 33; recommended length of breastfeeding: by the American Academy of Pediatrics – 3, by the World Health Organization – 98

    8

    rates of breastfeeding: in US – 13; globally – 98; population lacking access to safe water – 100; diluting infant formula from poverty – 75

    9

    lawsuits against employers and restaurants in the US to support public breastfeeding – 38, 54, 102; call for a return of “wet nurses” to help working mothers – 68

    11

    older children take care of babies: effective in “traditional” societies – 93

    11–12

    impossible in contexts of extreme poverty – 20; dangerous in the favelas of northeastern Brazil – 75

    12

    adoption on Ifaluk – 49; international adoptions within communities spanning national borders – 18; interracial and international adoptions: increasingly popular – 76, sometimes becoming human trafficking schemes – 15

    13

    emotional ties of young children: with older siblings – 93, with daycare teachers – 37; infants’ ties to ancestors: via reincarnation – 27, among Baganda 44, among Warlpiri – 66; Portuguese concept of saudade – 29; recent comparative work by developmental psychologists: on children’s lives – 77, on “attachment theory” – 64, 72

    14

    young children learn as apprentices: weaving – 70, washing laundry, cooking, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting – 97, doing errands – 61

    16

    co-sleeping: throughout human history – 36, 79

    17

    co-sleeping: in modern societies – 78; co-sleeping: in Mayan families – 60, in Japanese families – 1, 12; babies sleep solo: rare cross-culturally – 79, recommended by American pediatricians – 53, recommended by public health campaigns in Milwaukee – 58, recommended by public health campaigns in New York City – 63, 92; co-sleeping among Asian versus White parents in the US – 62; “attachment theory” mischaracterized in popular discussions – 91; co-sleeping stigmatized and under-reported in the US – 55; co-sleeping: claimed to increase the risk of SIDS – 4, claimed to reduce the risk of SIDS – 55

    19

    infants sleeping solo seen as shocking mistreatment by Mayan mothers – 60, and by others elsewhere – 78; “cultural intimacy” – 35

    20

    effects of long-term political strife and poverty on parents and children – 21

    21

    relatives no longer available to advise many new mothers in US – 96; pediatricians and books as common sources of information about parenting in Western nations – 32

    22

    “Parenting Industrial Complex” – 69; eager readership of parenting books – 39; parenting books appeal to what readers already know – 57

    23

    Penelope Leach’s advice on gender – 50, 51

    24

    article spoofing Spock – 26

    25

    societies with a long tradition of literacy having earlier parenting manuals – 5; contemporary Chinese mothers seek parenting advice online – 14

    26

    changing American ideas about blue and pink – 56

    27

    experimental writing among scholars – 2, 8, 11, 24, 28, 59, 67, 71, 82, 83, 84, 87; parenting manuals: in Renaissance Italy – 9, in China – 5, 79, in contemporary Western societies – 30, 94

    28

    dramatic changes in children’s lives globally: positive health indicators – 99, recruitment of child soldiers – 80

    30

    work by developmental psychologists acknowledging cultural differences – 10, 40; WEIRD research subjects – 34, 41; new cross-cultural studies of childhood by psychologists – 47; new interest in children by anthropologists – 6, 7, 73

    Sources Cited – Chapter 1
    (1)Abelmann, Nancy (1999). Personal communication.
    (2)Allen, Catherine J. and Garner, Nathan (1997). Condor Qatay: Anthropology in performance. Longview Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
    (3)American Academy of Pediatrics (2012). AAP reaffirms breastfeeding guidelines. February 27. www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Reaffirms-Breastfeeding-Guidelines.aspx.
    (4)American Academy of Pediatrics (2014). Bed sharing remains greatest risk factor for sleep related infant deaths. American Academy of Pediatrics, July 14. www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Bed-Sharing-Remains-Greatest-Risk-Factor-for-Sleep-Related-Infant-Deaths.aspx#sthash.Hflb2QEC.dpuf.
    (5)Anagnost, Ann (1997). The child and national transcendence in modern China. In Lieberthal, Kenneth, Lin, Shuen-fu, and Young, Ernest (eds.), Constructing China: The interaction of culture and economics. Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies 78. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, pp. 195–222.
    (6)AnthropoChildren (n.d.). University of Liège (Belgium). http://popups.ulg.ac.be/2034-8517/index.php?page=presentation.
    (7)Anthropology of Childhood and Youth Interest Group (n.d.). American Anthropological Association. www.aaanet.org/sections/acyig/.
    (8)Balakian, Sophia (n.d.). Mapping a lost friend. www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?ie=UTF&msa=0&mid=zKCba1oFPteg.kJvHABRwjL44.
    (9)Bell, R. (1999). How to do it: Guides to good living for Renaissance Italians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (10)Brofenbrenner, Urie, Kessel, Frank, Kessen, William, and White, Sheldon (1986). Toward a critical social history of developmental psychology: A propaedeutic discussion. American Psychologist 41 (11), 1218–30.
    (11)Burde, Mark (2014). Social-science fiction: The genesis and legacy of Horace Miner’s “Body ritual among the Nacirema.” American Anthropologist 116, 549–61.
    (12)Caudill, William and Plath, David W. (1966). Who sleeps by whom? Parent–child involvement in urban Japanese families. Psychiatry 29, 344–66.
    (13)Centers for Disease Control (2013). Breastfeeding report card – United States 2013. www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2013breastfeedingreportcard.pdf.
    (14)Chen, Huiyi (2014). Personal communication, November 20.
    (15)Cheney, Kristen E. and Rotabi, Karen Smith (2015). “Addicted to orphans”: How the global orphan industrial complex jeopardizes local child protection systems. In Harker, C., Horschelmann, K., and Skelton, Tracey (eds.), Conflict, violence, and peace. Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–19.
    (16)Choi, Amy (2014). How cultures around the world think about parenting. July 15. TED Talk. http://ideas.ted.com/how-cultures-around-the-world-think-about-parenting/.
    (17)Chua, Amy (2011). Battle hymn of the tiger mom. New York: Penguin.
    (18)Coe, Cati (2012). Transnational parenting: Child fostering in Ghanaian immigrant families. In Capps, Randy and Fix, Michael (eds.), Young children of black immigrants in America: Changing flows, changing faces. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, pp. 265–96.
    (19)Delaney, Carol (1991). The seed and the soil: Gender and cosmology in Turkish village society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (20)Dornan, Paul and Pells, Kirrily (2015). Building strong foundations for later livelihoods by addressing child poverty: Evidence from young lives. Enterprise Development and Microfinance 26 (2), 90–103, early online publication, DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.2015.009.
    (21)Dornan, Paul and Woodhead, Martin (2015). How inequalities develop through childhood: Life-course evidence from young lives. Office of Research Discussion Paper No. 2015-01. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research.
    (22)Druckerman, Pamela (2012). Bringing up bébé: One American mother discovers the wisdom of French parenting. New York: Penguin.
    (23)Fildes, V. A. (1995). Breasts, bottles, and babies: A history of infant feeding. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    (24)Galman, Sally Campbell (2007). Shane, the lone ethnographer: A beginner’s guide to ethnography. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press/Rowman & Littlefield.
    (25)Geertz, Clifford (1983). Common sense as a cultural system. In Local knowledge. New York: Basic Books, pp. 73–93.
    (26)Gottlieb, Alma (1995). Of cowries and crying: A Beng guide to managing colic. Anthropology and Humanism 20 (1), 20–28.
    (27)Gottlieb, Alma (2004). The afterlife is where we come from: The culture of infancy in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (28)Gottlieb, Alma (2005). Dancing a jig with genre. Anthropology News (American Anthropological Association), April 2005, 27–28.
    (29)Graham, Philip (2009). The moon, come to earth: Dispatches from Lisbon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (30)Grant, Julia (1998). Raising baby by the book: The education of American mothers. New Haven: Yale University Press.
    (31)Gross-Loh, Christine (2013). Parenting without borders: Surprising lessons parents around the world can teach us. New York: Penguin.
    (32)Harkness, Sara, Super, Charles, Keefer, Constance H., Raghavan, Chemba S., and Campbell, Elizabeth Kipp (1996). Ask the doctor: The negotiation of cultural models in American parent–pediatrician discourse. In Harkness, Sarah and Super, Charles M. (eds.), Parents’ cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences. New York: Guilford, pp. 289–310.
    (33)Hastrup, Kirsten (1992). A question of reason: Breast-feeding patterns in 17th and 18th century Iceland. In Maher, Vanessa (ed.), The anthropology of breast-feeding. Oxford: Berg, pp. 91–108.
    (34)Henrich, Joseph, Heine, Steven J., and Norenzayan, Ara (2010). The weirdest people in the world: How representative are experimental findings from American university students? What do we really know about human psychology? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2–3), 61–83.
    (35)Herzfeld, Michael (2004 [1997]). Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state. Second edition. New York: Routledge.
    (36)Hewlett, Barry S. and Roulette, Jennifer W. (2014). Cosleeping beyond infancy: Culture, ecology, and evolutionary biology of bedsharing among Aka foragers and Ngandu farmers of Central Africa. In Narvaez, D., Valentino, K., Fuentes, A., McKenna, J., and Gray, P. (eds.), Ancestral landscapes in human evolution: Culture, childrearing and social wellbeing. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 129–63.
    (37)Howes, C. and Hamilton, C. E. (1993). The changing experience of child care: Changes to teachers and in teacher–child relationships and children’s social competence with peers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 8, 15–32.
    (38)Huffington, Post (2012). Dawn Holland, breastfeeding mom, asked to nurse in Applebee’s bathroom. Huffington Post, September 18. www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/18/dawn-holland-breastfeeding_n_1893681.html.
    (39)Hulbert, Ann (2003). Raising America: Experts, parents, and a century of advice about children. New York: Knopf.
    (40)Jensen, Lene Arnette (2012). Bridging cultural and developmental psychology: New syntheses for theory, research and policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    (41)Karasik, Lana B., Adolph, Karen E., Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S., and Bornstein, Marc H. (2010). WEIRD walking: Cross-cultural research on motor development. Behavior and Brain Sciences 33 (2–3), 95–6. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3175590/.
    (42)Kessen, Frank (1965). The child. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    (43)Khatib-Chahidi, J. (1992). Milk kinship in Shi’ite Islamic Iran. In Maher, Vanessa (ed.), The anthropology of breast-feeding: Natural law or social construct. Oxford: Berg, pp. 109–32.
    (44)Kilbride, Philip L. and Kilbride, Janet E. (1990). Changing family life in East Africa: Women and children at risk. State College: Pennsylvania State University Press.
    (45)Lancy, David (2012). Why anthropology of childhood? A brief history of an emerging discipline. AnthropoChildren 1. http://popups.ulg.ac.be/AnthropoChildren/document.php?id=918.
    (46)Lancy, David (2015 [2008]). The anthropology of childhood: Cherubs, chattel, changelings. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (47)Lansford, Jennifer E. and Bornstein, Marc H. (2011). Parenting attributions and attitudes in diverse cultural contexts. Parenting: Science and Practice 11, 87–101.
    (48)Lapidus, Faith and Ember, Steve (1998). Dr. Spock, 1903–1998: The world’s most famous baby doctor. Voice of America, Oct. 20, 2015. http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/dr-spock-1903-1998-the-worlds-most-famous-baby-doctor-131321239/115370.html.
    (49)Le, Mimi (2000). Never leave your little one alone: Raising an Ifaluk child. In DeLoache, Judy S. and Gottlieb, Alma (eds.), A world of babies: Imagined childcare guides for seven societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 199–220.
    (50)Leach, Penelope (1977). Your baby and child: From birth to age five. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
    (51)Leach, Penelope (1983 [1976]). Babyhood: Stage by stage, from birth to age two: How your baby develops physically, emotionally, mentally. Second edition. New York: Knopf.
    (52)LeVine, Robert (1988). Child psychology and anthropology: An environmental view. In Panter-Brick, Catherine (ed.), Biosocial perspectives on children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 102–30.
    (53)Lozoff, Betsy, Wolf, A., and Davis, N. S. (1984). Cosleeping in urban families with young children in the United States. Pediatrics, 74, 171–82.
    (54)McCardle, Elaine (2015). N.H. woman sues to breastfeed at work. UU world: Liberal religion and life. February 2. www.uuworld.org/articles/woman-sues-breastfeed-work.
    (55)McKenna, James (2015). Mother–baby behavioral sleep laboratory. University of Notre Dame. http://cosleeping.nd.edu.
    (56)Maglaty, Jeanne (2011). When did girls start wearing pink? Smithsonian.com, April 8. www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/When-Did-Girls-Start-Wearing-Pink.html?c=y&page=1.
    (57)Maier, T. (1998). Dr. Spock: An American life. New York: Harcourt Brace.
    (58)Milwaukee Health Department (n.d.). Safe sleep campaign. http://city.milwaukee.gov/health/Safe-Sleep-Campaign#.VeGohbSTSzA.
    (59)Miner, Horace (1956). Body ritual among the Nacirema. American Anthropologist 58, 503–07.
    (60)Morelli, G., Rogoff, B., Oppenheim, D., and Goldsmith, D. (1992). Cultural variation in infants’ sleeping arrangements: Questions of independence. Developmental Psychology, 28, 604–13.
    (61)Morton, H. (1996). Becoming Tongan: An ethnography of childhood. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
    (62)National Sleep Foundation (2010). Sleep differences among ethnic groups revealed in new poll. ScienceDaily, March 27. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100308081740.htm.
    (63)New York (2015). Mayor de Blasio announces “safe sleep” campaign to reduce infant fatalities caused by unsafe sleep. New York City Administration for Children’s Services. www.nyc.gov/html/acs/html/about/baby_safe_sleep_campaign.shtml.
    (64)Otto, Hiltrud and Keller, Heidi (eds.) (2014). The different faces of attachment: Cultural variations on a universal human need. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (65)Oxfam (2015). There is enough food to feed the world. www.oxfam.ca/there-enough-food-feed-world.
    (66)Pierroutsakos, Sophia (2000). Infants of the dreaming: A Warlpiri guide to child care. In DeLoache, Judy S. and Gottlieb, Alma (eds.), A world of babies: Imagined childcare guides for seven societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145–70.
    (67)Price, Richard and Price, Sally (1995). Enigma variations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    (68)Robb, Alice (2014). Parenting: Bring back the wet nurse! A solution for working mothers that has been around for centuries. The New Republic, July 22. www.newrepublic.com/article/118786/breastfeeding-wet-nurses-mommy-wars.
    (69)Roberts, David (2015). Most parenting advice is worthless. So here’s some parenting advice. Vox – Science & Health, August 12. www.vox.com/2015/8/11/9127769/parenting-advice-worthless.
    (70)Rogoff, Barbara (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York: Oxford University Press.
    (71)Rosaldo, Renato (2003). “Invisibility,” “Wild men,” “The force in women.” In Prayer to Spider Woman. Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico: Gobierno del Estado de Coahuila/Instituto Coahuilense de Cultura, pp. 12, 30, 98.
    (72)Rothbaum, Fred, Weisz, John, Pott, Martha, Miyake, Kazuo, and Morelli, Gilda (2000). Attachment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan. American Psychologist 55 (10), 1093–1104.
    (73)Rutgers University (n.d.). Department of Childhood Studies. http://childhood.camden.rutgers.edu.
    (74)Sandberg, Sheryl (2011). The 2011 TIME 100: Amy Chua – Tough-love mother. Time Magazine, April 21.
    (75)Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1993). Death without weeping: The violence of everyday life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (76)Seligmann, Linda (2013). Broken links, enduring ties: American adoption across race, class, and nation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (77)Serpell, Robert and Bame Nsamenang, A. (2015). The challenge of local relevance: Using the wealth of African cultures in ECCE programme development. In Marope, P. T. M. and Kaga, Y. (eds.), Investing against evidence: The global state of early childhood care and education – Education on the move. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 231–48.
    (78)Shweder, R., Jensen, L., and Goldstein, W. (1995). Who sleeps by whom revisited: A method for extracting the moral goods implicit in practice. New Directions for Child Development: Cultural Practices as Contexts for Development, 67, 21–39.
    (79)Small, Meredith (1998). Our babies, ourselves. New York: Anchor Books.
    (80)SOS Children’s Villages UK (n.d.). Children in conflict: Child soldiers. www.child-soldier.org.
    (81)Spock, Benjamin and Parker, S. (1998 [1946]). Dr. Spock’s Baby and Child Care. Seventh edition. New York: Pocket Books/Simon & Schuster.
    (82)Stern, Daniel (1990). Diary of a baby: What your child sees, feels, and experiences. New York: Basic Books.
    (83)Stern, Larry (2013). Psychological hijinks: Hailed as a “scientific Playboy,” for 20 years the Worm Runner’s Digest poked fun at the pomposity of science, with spoofs by B. F. Skinner, James V. McConnell and other psychology luminaries. APA Monitor 44 (1), 22.
    (84)Stoller, Paul (1999). Jaguar: A story of Africans in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (85)Talbot, M. (1999). The lives they lived: Benjamin Spock, M.D.; A Spock-marked generation. New York Times Magazine, January 3, 3.
    (86)Taylor, Elizabeth (2011). Power of a “tiger.” Books. Chicago Tribune, February 11.
    (87)Taylor, Julie (1998). Paper tangos. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    (88)Tomlinson, Mark and Swartz, Leslie (2003). Representing infancy across the world: Does Osama Bin Laden love his children? Culture & Psychology 9 (4), 487–97.
    (89)Tree, Oliver (2012). Bringing up bébé: Why French children don’t throw food – Author says American’s [sic] need to learn French parenting skills. International Business Times, February 8. www.ibtimes.com/bringing-bebe-why-french-children-dont-throw-food-author-says-americans-need-learn-french-parenting.
    (90)United States Central Intelligence Agency (2014). The World Factbook, 2015. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
    (91)Vicedo, Marga (2013). The nature and nurture of love: From imprinting to attachment in Cold War America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (92)Wartik, Nancy (2015). Stay close, sleep apart? Motherlode: Living the family dynamic. New York Times, June 29. http://parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/29/stay-close-sleep-close-or-stay-close-sleep-apart/?_r=0.
    (93)Weisner, Tom S. and Gallimore, R. (1977). My brother’s keeper: Child and sibling caretaking. Current Anthropology 18, 169–89.
    (94)Weiss, N. (1978). The mother–child dyad revisited: Perceptions of mothers and children in twentieth century child-rearing manuals. Journal of Social Issues 34 (2), 29–45.
    (95)West Hawaii Today (2012). This week’s best-sellers from Publishers Weekly. West Hawaii Today, March 25. http://westhawaiitoday.com/sections/news/wire-features/week’s-best-sellers-publishers-weekly.html.
    (96)Whiting, Beatrice (1974). Folk wisdom and child rearing. Merrill Palmer Quarterly 20, 9–19.
    (97)Whiting, Beatrice and Edwards, C. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    (98)World Health Organization (2015). 10 facts on breastfeeding. World Health Organization, July. www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/.
    (99)World Health Organization (2015). Statistics 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization.
    (100)World Health Organization and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2014). Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2014/jmp-report/en/.
    (101)World Hunger Education Service (2015). World child hunger facts. www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/child_hunger_facts.htm.
    (102)Yarrow, Allison (2014). Pumped up: Breastfeeding mothers fight for rights at work. NBC News, January 10. http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/10/22257760-pumped-up-breastfeeding-mothers-fight-for-rights-at-work?lite.
    2

    2 Never Forget Where You’re From

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the immediately following Sources Cited section for this chapter.

    Page

    33

    religious profile of Guinea-Bissau – 23, 26; population of Fula in Guinea-Bissau – 26

    34

    “if the cattle die . . .” – 15, p. 25; population of Mandinga in Guinea-Bissau – 26; description of Muslim versus indigenous societies in Guinea-Bissau – 5

    35

    migration from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal – 1, 6, 24; Guinean Muslims migrated from rural areas in Guinea-Bissau – 25

    36

    population of Muslims in Europe and in Portugal – 30; number of Guinean Muslims outnumber Indian Muslims from Mozambique – 31

    37

    Guineans in Lisbon are becoming critical of polygyny – 2

    40

    infant and maternal mortality rates in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal – 7; Allah fixes the time and place of death at birth – 20

    41

    how a belly is made, and contributions of male and female sexual fluids – 18

    43

    obtaining Portuguese citizenship for your baby – 14

    44

    hospital births rising in Guinea-Bissau – 16; a laboring woman may have a birthing companion in Portugal – 27

    45

    excision prepares a woman for childbirth pain – 17; true sweetness must entail suffering – 17; African women’s labors are easier, due to absence of chemicals in food, and to farm work – 21

    46

    bodily substances should be buried in the ground – 20, 32

    50

    rely on mobile phone to “visit” – 22

    52

    spirits move easily between Guinea-Bissau and Portugal – 29

    54

    magical practices for protecting White Portuguese babies from witches – 11; child fostering in Africa – 13

    55

    many Portuguese babies are weaned by 3–6 months – 10; children acquire personality traits and habits through breastfeeding – 28; breastmilk is a “kinship glue” – 32, p. 47; children of one mother are close and trusting, while children of one father are distant and competitive – 3; “milk kin” – 4, p. 100; 9, p. 136

    56

    avoiding pork is difficult in Portugal – 12; colostrum “thin and weak” and not fed to Mandinga babies – 32, p. 51

    57

    avoid sex until baby begins walking – 32; breastmilk during pregnancy belongs to fetus – 32; “Let go of the breast!” and threaten to put hot pepper on your nipples – 32, p. 56

    58

    the importance of three rituals (name-giving ritual, circumcision, writing-on-the-hand ritual) for Mandinga identity – 18

    62–65

    writing-on-the-hand ritual – 18

    64

    parents must keep channels of communication open between children and angels – 18; waking sleeping children disrupts communication with angels – 18; female nudity and keeping dogs in apartment scare away angels – 18

    65

    writing-on-the-hand ritual as magical safeguard against alcoholism – 18; “big initiation” and “little initiation” are changing – 17, 19

    66

    Kankuran protects initiates from witches – 8

    67

    today girls are circumcised earlier – 17, 19; when a girl’s clitoris is cut, God can hear her prayers – 17, 19; many Guinean Muslim men in Lisbon now oppose female circumcision – 19

    68

    female circumcision tames a girl’s sex drive – 17, 19; danger of circumcising a sexually active girl – 19

    70

    news travels fast by mobile phone in Guinean immigrant community in Lisbon – 19, 22

    Sources Cited – Chapter 2
    (1)Abranches, Maria (2007). Muslim women in Portugal: Strategies of identity (re)construction. Lusotopie 14 (1), 239–54.
    (2)Abranches, Maria (2014). Remitting wealth, reciprocating health? The “travel” of the land from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal. American Ethnologist 41 (2), 261–75.
    (3)Bird, Charles S. and Kendall, Martha B. (1980). The Mande hero: Text and context. In Karp, Ivan and Bird, Charles S. (eds.), Exploration in African systems of thought. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 13–26.
    (4)Boddy, Janice (1989). Wombs and alien spirits: Women, men, and the Zar cult in northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
    (5)Brooks, George (1993). Historical perspectives on the Guinea-Bissau region, fifteenth to nineteenth centuries. In Lopes, Carlos (ed.), Mansas, escravos, grumetes e gentio: Cacheu na encruzilhada de civilizações. Bissau: Institutio Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa, pp. 27–54.
    (6)Carvalho, Clara (2012). Guinean migrant traditional healers in the global market. In Dilger, Hanjörg, Kane, Abdoulaye, and Langwick, Stacey A. (eds.), Medicine, mobility, and power in global Africa: Transnational health and healing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 316–36.
    (7)Central Intelligence Agency (2014). The World Factbook, 2015. New York: Skyhorse.
    (8)de Jong, Ferdinand (2007). Masquerades of modernity: Power and secrecy in Casamance, Senegal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    (9)Delaney, Carole (2000). Making babies in a Turkish village. In DeLoache, Judy S. and Gottlieb, Alma (eds.), A world of babies: Imagined childcare guides for seven societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–44.
    (10)Figueiredo, Bárbara, Dias, Claudia C., Brandão, Sónia, Canário, Catarina, and Nunes-Costa, Rui (2013). Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: State of the art review. Jornal de Pediatra 89 (4), 332–38.
    (11)Gallop, Rodney (1961). Portugal: A book of folk-ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (12)Graham, Philip (2009). 365 days of pork surprise. In The Moon, come to Earth: Dispatches from Lisbon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 12–16.
    (13)Grosz-Ngaté, Maria (2014). Social relations: Family, kinship, and community. In Grosz-Ngaté, Maria, Hanson, John H., and O’Meara, Patrick (eds.), Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 56–82.
    (14)Healy, Claire (2011). Portuguese citizenship: The new nationality law of 2006 (summary and English translation by the author). Lisbon: ACIDI.
    (15)Hopen, C. E. (1958). The pastoral Fulbe family in Gwandu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    (16)Integrated Regional Information Networks (2014). Guinea-Bissau: Hospital births on rise. Humanitarian News and Analysis, July 21.
    (17)Johnson, Michelle C. (2000). Becoming a Muslim, becoming a person: Female “circumcision,” religious identity, and personhood in Guinea-Bissau. In Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Hernlund, Ylva (eds.), Female “circumcision” in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
    (18)Johnson, Michelle C. (2006). The proof is on my palm: Debating Islam and ritual in a new African diaspora. Journal of Religion in Africa 36 (1), 50–77.
    (19)Johnson, Michelle C. (2007). Making Mandinga or making Muslims? Debating female circumcision, ethnicity, and Islam in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal. In Hernlund, Ylva and Shell-Duncan, Bettina (eds.), Transcultural bodies: Female genital cutting in global context. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 202–23.
    (20)Johnson, Michelle C. (2009). Death and the left hand: Islam, gender, and “proper” Mandinga funerary custom in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal. African Studies Review 52 (2), 93–117.
    (21)Johnson, Michelle C. (2013). “Children of Muslims eat rice”: Food, identity, and Islamic piety among Guinean Muslims in Lisbon. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Chicago, November 20–24.
    (22)Johnson, Michelle C. (2013). Culture’s calling: Mobile phones, gender, and the making of an African migrant village in Portugal. Anthropological Quarterly 86 (1), 163–90.
    (23)Johnson, Michelle C. (2014). Guinea-Bissau. In Worldmark encyclopedia of religious practices. Second edition, ed. Riggs, Thomas, vol. 3: Countries, Greece to Philippines. Detroit: Gale, pp. 40–49.
    (24)Machado, Fernando Luís (1994). Luso-Africanos em Portugal: Nas margens de etnicidade. Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas 16, 111–34.
    (25)Machado, Fernando Luís (1998). Da Guiné-Bissau a Portugal: Luso-Guineenses e imigrantes. Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas 26, 9–56.
    (26)Mendy, Peter Karibe and Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (2013). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
    (27)Portugal (1985). Lei 14/85, de 6 de Julho. Acompanhamento da mulher gravida durante o trabalho. Diario da Republica, 1a Serie, no. 153.
    (28)Riesman, Paul (1992). First find your child a good mother: The construction of self in two African communities, ed. Szanton, David L., Abu-Lughod, Lila, Hutchinson, Sharon, Stoller, Paul, and Trosset, Carol. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
    (29)Saraiva, Clara (2008). Transnational migrants and transnational spirits: An African religion in Lisbon. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34 (2), 253–69.
    (30)Tiesler, Nina Clara (2008). No bad news from the European margin: The new Islamic presence in Portugal. In Rippin, Andrew (ed.), World Islam: Critical concepts in Islamic studies, vol. 4. London: Routledge, pp. 189–216.
    (31)Tiesler, Nina Clara (2011). Happy at home and going international: Young Portuguese Muslims. Checks and Balances 7 (4), 30–35.
    (32)Whittemore, Robert D. and Beverly, Elizabeth A. (1998). Mandinka mothers and nurslings: Power and reproduction. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 10 (1), 45–62.
    3

    3 From Cultural Revolution to Childcare Revolution

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following for this chapter.

    Page

    71

    description of Chinese society – 9; studies of lineage – 10

    72

    collectivization – 29; women’s roles and experience during Communism – 21; women in Communism and family violence during Communism – 21, 29

    73

    One Child Policy and modernity – 5; modernity and birth planning – 16, 17, 18; only children and family’s hope – 13

    74

    household registration system, legality, and social stratification – 26; family separation – 14, 15, 41, 42, 43; migration and Spring Festival – 8; government and “high quality” citizens – 1, 2, 3, 11, 16, 20, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 46

    74–5

    immorality of Chinese society – 38, 39, 40

    75

    fosterage and adoption of abandoned, female, and disabled children – 7, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 34, 37

    75–6

    reinterpretation of filial piety – 4, 6, 44, 45

    76

    intergenerational relationships – 14, 15, 30; argumentative communication – 47

    77–8

    prevailing importance of intergenerational relations – 4, 6; children as parents’ hope for security – 13

    81–2

    local marriages under Communism – 29

    83–5

    intergenerational tension over prenatal vitamins – 47

    84

    Chinese personhood – 28

    86

    the changing value of girls in modern China – 12

    86–7

    increasing number of babies born with birth defects – 19

    87

    disability in China – 23, 24, 25, 30

    89–90

    traditional Chinese childrearing – 29, 35, 36

    90

    work as an idiom for love – 29

    90–1

    modern psychology of childrearing – 28

    Sources Cited – Chapter 3
    (1)Anagnost, A. (1997). Neo-Malthusian fantasy and national transcendence. In National past-times: Narrative, representation, and power in modern China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 117–37.
    (2)Anagnost, A. (2004). The corporeal politics of quality (suzhi). Public Culture, Spring (2), 189–208.
    (3)Bakken, B. (2000). The exemplary society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    (4)Chen, F., Lu, G.. and Mair, C. A. (2011). Intergenerational ties in context: Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China. Social Forces 90 (2), 571–94.
    (5)Chen, Junjie (2011). Globalizing, reproducing, and civilizing rural subjects: Population control policy and constructions of rural identity in China. In Browner, Carole and Sargent, Carolyn (eds.), Reproduction, globalization and the state: New theoretical and ethnographical perspectives. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 38–52.
    (6)Croll, E. (2010). The intergenerational contract in the changing Asian family. Oxford Development Studies 34 (4), 473–91.
    (7)Dorow, S. (2006). Transnational adoption: A cultural economy of race, gender, and kinship. New York: New York University Press.
    (8)Fan, L. (2010). The last train home. Canada: EyeSteelFilm.
    (9)Fei, X. T. (1992 [1947]). From the soil: The foundations of Chinese society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (10)Freedman, M. (1966). Chinese lineage and society: Fukien and Kwangtung. London: Athlone.
    (11)Friedman, S. (2006). Intimate politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
    (12)Fong, V. (2002). China’s one-child policy and the empowerment of urban daughters. American Anthropologist, 104 (4), 1098–1109.
    (13)Fong, V. (2004). Only hope: Coming of age under China’s one child policy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (14)Goh, E. C. L. (2009). Grandparents as childcare providers: An in-depth analysis of the case of Xiamen, China. Journal of Aging Studies 23, 60–68.
    (15)Goh, E. C. L. (2011). China’s one-child policy and multiple caregiving: Raising little suns in Xiamen. New York: Routledge.
    (16)Greenhalgh, S. (2003). Planned births, unplanned persons: “Population” in the making of Chinese modernity. American Anthropologist, 30 (2), 196–215.
    (17)Greenhalgh, S. (2010). Governing Chinese life: From sovereignty to biopolitical governance. In Zhang, E. Y., Kleinman, A., and Tu, W. (eds.), Governance of life in Chinese moral experience: The quest for an adequate life. New York: Routledge, pp. 146–62.
    (18)Greenhalgh, S. and Winckler, E. A. (2005). Governing China’s population. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (19)Hu, Y. (2007). Baby born with birth defects every 30 seconds. China Daily (October 30), 3.
    (20)Jacka, T. (2009). Cultivating citizens: Suzhi discourse (quality) in the PRC. Positions: East Asia Culture Critique 17 (3), 523–35.
    (21)Johnson, K. A. (1985). Women, the family, and peasant revolution in China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (22)Johnson, K. A. (2004). Wanting a daughter, needing a son. St. Paul, MN: Yeong & Yeong Book Co.
    (23)Keyser, C. (2009). The role of the state and NGOs in caring for at-risk children: The case of orphan care. In Schwartz, J. and Hsieh, S. (eds.), State and society responses to welfare needs in China: Serving the people. New York: Routledge, pp. 45–65.
    (24)Kohrman, M. (1999). Grooming “Que Zi”: Marriage exclusion and identity formation among disabled men in contemporary China. American Ethnologist 26 (4), 890–909.
    (25)Kohrman, M. (2005). Bodies of difference. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (26)Liang, Z. P. (2011). The death of a detainee: The predicament of status politics in contemporary China and the way out. In Zhang, E. Y., Kleinman, A., and Tu, W. (eds.), Governance of life in Chinese moral experience: The quest for an adequate life. New York: Routledge, pp. 83–102.
    (27)Murphy, R. (2004). Turning peasants into modern Chinese citizens: “Population quality” discourse, demographic transition, and primary education. China Quarterly, 177, 1–20.
    (28)Naftali, O. (2014). Children, rights, and modernity in China. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    (29)Potter, J. and Potter, S. H. (1990). China’s peasants: The anthropology of a revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (30)Raffety, E. (2015). Morality on the margins: Fostering disabled children in contemporary China. Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University.
    (31)Shang, X. Y. (2011). Zhongguo ertong fuli qianyan wenti [The frontlines of Chinese children’s welfare]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
    (32)Sigley, G. (2009). Suzhi, the body, and the fortunes of technoscientific reasoning in contemporary China. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique (17) 3, 537–66.
    (33)Solinger, D. (1999). Contesting citizenship in urban China: Peasant migrants, the state, and the logic of the market. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (34)Wang, L. (2010). Importing Western childhoods into a Chinese state-run orphanage. Qualitative Sociology 33, 137–59.
    (35)Wolf, M. (1970). Child training and the Chinese family. In Freedman, Maurice (ed.), Family and kinship in Chinese society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 37–62.
    (36)Wolf, M. (1972). Uterine families and the women’s community. In Women and the family in rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 32–41.
    (37)Wu, Y. P., Han, X. Y., and Gao, Q. (2005). Jiating Jiyang: Dongji yu Jixiao [Family fostering: Motivation and effect]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
    (38)Yan, Y. X. (2003). Private life under socialism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (39)Yan, Y. X. (2011). The individualization of the family in rural China. Boundary 2: An International Journal of Literature and Culture 38 (1), 203–29.
    (40)Yan, Y. X. (2011). The changing moral landscape. In Kleinman, A. et al. (eds.), Deep China: The moral life of the person – what anthropology and psychiatry tell us about China today. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 36–77.
    (41)Ye, J. Z. (2011). Left-behind children: The social price of China’s economic boom. Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (3), 613–50.
    (42)Ye, J. Z. and Lu, P. (2011). Differentiated childhoods: Impacts of rural labor migration on left-behind children in China. Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2), 355–77.
    (43)Ye, J. Z., Murray, J., and Wang, Y. (2005). Left-behind children in rural China: Impact study of rural labor migration on left-behind children in mid-west China. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press.
    (44)Zhang, H. (2004). “Living alone” and the rural elderly: Strategy and agency in post-Mao rural China. In Ikels, C. (ed.), Filial piety: Practice and discourse in contemporary East Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 63–87.
    (45)Zhang, H. (2005). Bracing for an uncertain future: A case study of new coping strategies of rural parents under China’s birth control policy. China Journal 54, 53–76.
    (46)Zhang, L. (2001). Strangers in the city: Reconfigurations of space, power, and social networks within China’s floating population. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (47)Zhu, J. F. (2010). Mothering expectant mothers: Consumption, production, and two motherhoods in contemporary China. Ethos 38 (4), 406–21.
    4

    4 A Baby to Tie You to Place

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered referencing in the following Sources Cited section of this chapter.

    Page

    94

    expelled from their homes – 47, 59; al-Nakba, meaning “the catastrophe” – 24; longest military occupation – 34; increasingly criticized – 13; the second intifada – 56; illegal by the United Nations General Assembly – 68

    95

    Israelis and Palestinian injured or dead – 23, 41; separation wall – 22, 69; checkpoints – 70; the permit system – 3, 66; demolition of Palestinian homes – 6; violation of international humanitarian law – 27; Fourth Geneva Convention – 43; decrease in public support for “settlements” – 62; others who are more distantly related – 44; strong ties with the hamula – 35; members numbering in the thousands – 15

    95–6

    daily interaction and socialization – 31

    96

    relatives beyond those in the ‘a’ila – 44; strengthened family ties – 65; socialize within the confines of the hamula – 42; levels and structures of mobility – 36, 37; central to Arab culture and practice – 73; Israel citing security risks – 16, 63

    97

    since the 1948 Nakba – 2; internal deficiencies within the Palestinian Authority – 60

    98

    money to support the hamula – 2; weakening the economic situation in the West Bank and East Jerusalem – 67; pools its resources for family needs – 42; 161 Palestinian dead and another 700 injured – 53; Palestinian killed by other Palestinians – 21; targeted each other’s activists, leaders, and supporters – 18, 19, 53; accused of being “collaborators” – 20; death for being a “collaborator” – 14; human rights organizations have documented instances – 14; collaboration has been broadly defined – 20

    99

    collaboration includes acts that are deemed immoral – 20; marriage is often central to a family’s survival – 2; members of ‘a’ila consulted in decision-making process – 15; women tend to join their husband’s families – 15; Palestinian society is young – 25; responsibility often falls upon the oldest son – 42; “honor” is reflected in the “virtuous” behaviors of its women – 42; “honor” has expanded to include other elements – 42

    100

    maintenance of traditional values and customs – 42; women are considered to be some of the most educated women – 58

    104

    marriage governed by customary orthodox Sunni Islamic law – 30; legally seek divorce – 30; 4.5 percent of families in the West Bank practiced polygamy – 71; psychological and economic distress – 52; stressful for children – 9, 10

    105

    dayat – 46; discouraged home delivery births – 17; 3.2 percent of births in the West Bank – 54

    106

    eating dates during the last month of pregnancy – 11

    107

    “checkpoint” – 70; pregnant women stuck at checkpoints – 49; pregnant and laboring women were refused passage – 12; exposed to tear gas – 40

    111

    depression because of the political situation – 4, 7; breastfeed up to two years – 51

    112

    symbol of Palestinian resistance – 64

    114

    maternity leave – 55

    116

    food allergies – 33

    117

    Qabr Yūsuf – 57, 72; considered a holy place – 25, 56; site of intense conflict for centuries – 48, 57, 61; Israeli army prohibits Palestinian Muslims – 1, 28, 29, 38, 39

    118

    in the company of older siblings or cousins – 50; protect them from violence – 5, 7

    119

    resist the Israeli occupation and its violence – 8

    Sources Cited – Chapter 4
    (1)Abu El Haj, N. (2001). Facts on the ground: Archaeological practice and territorial self-fashioning in Israeli society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (2)Abu Nahleh, L. (2006). Six families: Survival and mobility in times of crisis. In Taraki, L. (ed.), Living Palestine: Family survival, resistance and mobility under occupation. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, pp. 103–84.
    (3)Abu-Zahra, N. (2008). Identity cards and coercion in Palestine. In Pain, R. and Smith, S. J. (eds.), Fear: Critical geographies and everyday life. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, pp. 175–91.
    (4)Akesson, B. (2008). Addressing the psychosocial needs of pregnant women affected by war. Refuge 25 (1), 55–59.
    (5)Akesson, B. (2014). Castle and cage: Meanings of home for Palestinian children and families. Global Social Welfare 1 (2):81–95.
    (6)Akesson, B. (2014). “We may go, but this is my home”: Experiences of domicide and resistance for Palestinian children and families. Journal of Internal Displacement 4 (2):8–22.
    (7)Akesson, B. (2015). Holding everything together: Experiences of Palestinian mothers under occupation. In Takseva, T. and Sgoutas, A. (eds.), Mothers under fire: Mothering in conflict areas. Bradford, Ontario: Demeter Press, pp. 40–56.
    (8)Akesson, B. (2015). School as a place of violence and hope: Tensions of education in post-intifada Palestine. International Journal of Educational Development 41, 192–99.
    (9)Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., and Slonim-Nevo, V. (2002). Mental health aspects of Arab-Israeli adolescents from polygamous/monogamous families. Journal of Social Psychology 142, 446–60.
    (10)Al-Krenawi, A. and Slonim-Nevo, V. (2008). Psychosocial and familial functioning of children from polygamous and monogamous families. Journal of Social Psychology 148, 745–64.
    (11)Al-Kuran, O., Al-Mehaisen, L., Bawadi, H., Beitawi, S., and Amarin, Z. (2011). The effect of late pregnancy consumption of date fruit on labour and delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 31 (1), 29–31.
    (12)Allen, L. (2008). Getting by the occupation: How violence became normal during the second Palestinian intifada. Cultural Anthropology 23 (3), 453–87.
    (13)Allen, L. (2013). The rise and fall of human rights: Cynicism and politics in occupied Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (14)Al-Mughrabi, N. (2013). Hamas looks to root out Israel’s spy networks. Reuters, May 8. www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/08/us-palestinians-hamas-spies-idUSBRE9470LF20130508.
    (15)Alternative Tourism Group (ATG (2008). Palestine and Palestinians. Beit Sahour, Palestine: Alternative Tourism Group.
    (16)Ashkar, A. (2006). Perpetual limbo: Israel’s freeze on unification of Palestinian families in the Occupied Territories (Joint report with Hamoked – Center for the Defence of the Individual). Jerusalem: B’Tselem.
    (17)Barnea, T., and Husseini, R. (eds.) (2002). Separate and cooperate, cooperate and separate: The disengagement of the Palestine health care system from Israel and its emergence as an independent system. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
    (18)Bronner, E. (2008). 9 dead in Hamas raid on pro-Fatah clan in Gaza. The New York Times, August 3.
    (19)Bronner, E. (2009). 6 die as Palestinian Authority forces clash with Hamas. The New York Times, June 1.
    (20)B’Tselem (2011). Harm to Palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel. Jerusalem: B’Tselem.
    (21)B’Tselem (2011). Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes. Jerusalem: B’Tselem.
    (22)B’Tselem (2011). The separation barrier – statistics. Jerusalem: B’Tselem.
    (23)B’Tselem (2013). Statistics: Fatalities. Jerusalem: B’Tselem.
    (24)Caplan, N. (2010). The Israel–Palestine conflict: Contested histories. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
    (25)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014, June 20). West Bank. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html
    (26)Condor, C. R. (1889). Tent work in Palestine: A record of discovery and adventure. London: Alexander P. Watt.
    (27)Defence for Children International (DCI) (2010). Under attack: Settler violence against Palestinian children in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Jerusalem: DCI.
    (28)Dor, D. (2004). Intifada hits the headlines: How the Israeli press misreported the outbreak of the second Palestinian uprising. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    (29)Dumper, M. and Stanley, B. E. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
    (30)El Alami, D. and Hinchcliffe, D. (1996). Islamic marriage and divorce laws of the Arab world. New York: Springer.
    (31)Ghabra, S. (1988). Palestinians in Kuwait: The family and the politics of survival. Journal of Palestine Studies 17 (2), 62–83.
    (32)Giacaman, R., Abu-Rmeileh, N., and Wick, L. (2007). The limitations on choice: Palestinian women’s childbirth location, dissatisfaction with the place of birth and determinants. European Journal of Public Health 17 (1), 86–91.
    (33)Graif, Y., German, L., Livne, I., and Shohat, T. (2012). Association of food allergy with asthma severity and atopic diseases in Jewish and Arab adolescents. Acta Paediatrica 101 (10), 1083–88.
    (34)Hajjar, L. (2005). Courting conflict: The Israeli military court system in the West Bank and Gaza. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (35)Harker, C. (2009). Spacing Palestine through the home. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (3), 320–32.
    (36)Harker, C. (2010). On (not) forgetting families: Family spaces and spacings in Birzeit, Palestine. Environment and Planning A 42 (11), 2624–39.
    (37)Harker, C. (2011). Geopolitics and family in Palestine. Geoforum 42 (3), 306–15.
    (38)Hassner, R. E. (2009). War on sacred grounds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    (39)Hayden, R. M. (2002). Intolerant sovereignties and “multi-multi” protectorates: Competition of religious sites and (in)tolerance in the Balkans. In Hann, C. M. (ed.), Postsocialism: Ideals, ideologies, and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge, pp. 159–79.
    (40)Infant Risk Center (2010, June 3). Tear gas and pregnancy. www.infantrisk.com/content/tear-gas-and-pregnancy.
    (41)Institute for Counter-Terrorism (n.d.). An engineered tragedy: Statistical analysis of fatalities (Statistical Report Summary). Israel: Institute for Counter-Terrorism.
    (42)Institute for Middle East Understanding (IMEU) (n.d.). Social customs and traditions. http://imeu.org/article/social-customs-and-traditions.
    (43)International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (1949). Geneva Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. ICRC, August 12. www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36d2.html.
    (44)Johnson, P. (2006). Living together in a nation in fragments: Dynamics of kin, place, and nation. In Taraki, L. (ed.), Living Palestine: Family survival, resistance and mobility under occupation. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. 51–102.
    (45)Jones, R. (2012). Border walls: Security and the war on terror in the United States, India, and Israel. London: Zed Books.
    (46)Katvan, E. and Bartal, N. (2011). A midwife’s tale. Haaretz, September 26. www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/a-midwife-s-tale-1.386740.
    (47)Khalidi, R. (1997). Palestinian identity: The construction of modern national consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press.
    (48)Kohen, E. (2007). History of the Byzantine Jews: A microcosmos in the thousand year empire. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
    (49)Long, J. C. (2006). Border anxiety in Palestine-Israel. Antipode 38(1), 107–27.
    (50)Matthews, M. (1992). Making sense of place: Children’s understanding of large-scale environments. Hemel Hempstead and Lanham, MD: Harvester Wheatsheaf/Barnes & Noble.
    (51)Musmar, S. G. and Qanadeelu, S. (2012). Breastfeeding patterns among Palestinian infants in the first 6 months in Nablus refugee camps: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Human Lactation 28 (2), 196–202.
    (52)Naser-Najjab, N. (2013). Polygamy, family law, and the crisis of governance in Palestine. Journal of Family Issues 36 (8), 1087–1111.
    (53)O’Callaghan, S., Jaspars, S. and Pavanello, S. (2009). Losing ground: Protection and livelihoods in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Humanitarian Policy Group Working Paper). London: Overseas Development Institute.
    (54)Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2005). Demographic and health survey 2004. Ramallah: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
    (55)Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2013). Labor law. Ramallah: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
    (56)Pearlman, W. (2011). The organizational mediation theory of protest. In Violence, nonviolence, and the Palestinian national movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–26.
    (57)Pummer, R. (1993). Joseph’s Tomb. In Crown, A. D., Pummer, R. and Tal, A. (eds.), A companion to Samaritan studies. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
    (58)Royal Academy of Science International Trust (2009). Women and education in Palestine: Is education improving the status of women? www.rasit.org/files/women_in_palestine_education.pdf.
    (59)Sa’di, A. H. and Abu-Lughod, L. (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory. New York: Columbia University Press.
    (60)Safadi, N. S. and Easton, S. D. (2014). The evolution of the social welfare system in Palestine: Perspectives of policymakers in the West Bank. International Journal of Social Welfare 23, 52–60.
    (61)Sivan, H. (2008). Palestine in late antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    (62)Skop, Y. (2014). Support for West Bank settlements dropping among Israeli public, poll indicates – Diplomacy and defense. Haaretz, June 16. www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.599003.
    (63)Stein, Y. (2004). Forbidden families: Family unification and child registration in East Jerusalem (Joint report with Hamoked – Center for the Defence of the Individual). Jerusalem: B’Tselem.
    (64)Swedenburg, T. (2003). Memories of revolt: The 1936–1939 rebellion and the Palestinian national past. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
    (65)Taraki, L. (2006). Introduction. In Living Palestine: Family survival, resistance and mobility under occupation. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. xi–xxx.
    (66)Tawil-Souri, H. (2010). Orange, green, and blue: Color-coded paperwork for Palestinian population control. In Surveillance and control in Israel/Palestine. New York: Routledge, pp. 219–38.
    (67)United Nations (UN) (2010). United Nations seminar on assistance to Palestinian people analyses current state, future of economy (General Assembly Meetings Coverage No. GA/PAL/1157). New York: United Nations.
    (68)United Nations General Assembly (2012). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the Report of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee] (No. A/RES/66/78). New York: United Nations.
    (69)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) (2009). Five years after the International Court of Justice advisory opinion: A summary of the humanitarian impact of the barrier. East Jerusalem: UNOCHA.
    (70)Weizman, E. (2007). Hollow land: Israel’s architecture of occupation. London: Verso.
    (71)Welchman, L. (2004). Legal context: Shari’a courts and Muslim family law in the transitional period. In Welchman, L. (ed.), Women’s rights and Islamic family law: Perspectives on reform. London: Zed Books, pp. 99–101.
    (72)Zangenberg, J. (2006). Between Jerusalem and the Galilee: Samaria in the time of Jesus. In Charlesworth, J. H. (ed.), Jesus and archeology. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, pp. 392–431.
    (73)Zureik, E. (2001). Constructing Palestine through surveillance practices. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28 (2), 205–27.
    5

    5 Childrearing in the New Country

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

    Page

    123

    construction of shared peoplehood in contemporary Israel – 11

    124

    Zionist ideology – 5, pp. 3–13; factors facilitating the spread of Hebrew as lingua franca among Jewish settlers in Palestine – 41

    125

    Palestinian population of Israel – 1, 25; occupied territories and Jordan Palestinian population of – 6, p. 5; creation of Palestinian refugee problem – 40

    126

    complex relations between the Jewish majority and the Palestinian minority – 3, 46, 51, 54, 56; Israel a “deeply divided society” – 52

    127–8

    surveys of religiosity – 4

    128

    evolving meanings of terms, Sephardi and Mizrahi – 18; increase of Mizrahi Jews to 40 percent – 47; construction of overarching “Mizrahi” identity that disregards internal diversity – 19

    129

    development towns – 51, pp. 80–1; rise of Mizrahi middle-class in Israel – 10, 38; Israeli “melting pot” as success or failure – 61; Ethiopian immigration statistics – 47, p. 4

    130

    recent education and employment trends among Ethiopian Israelis – 58; newcomer groups in Israeli society including Russians, Ethiopians, and labor migrants – 31, pp. 130–72; 51, pp. 308–34; implications for educational policy of lack of recognizing diversity among Russian-speakers – 8; what is “Russian” about diverse population of Russian-speakers in Israel? – 34

    130–1

    comparison between Mizrahi immigrants of the 1950s and Russian immigrants of the 1990s – 53

    131

    occupational fates of various professional groups among immigrants from former Soviet Union 14, 35, 42, pp. 73–93, 53, 55; Russian immigrants’ social enclave and political mobilization – 42, pp. 138–42; adolescents’ adaptation – 12; Mizrahi Jews’ attitudes toward Russian immigrants – 42, pp. 153–6

    132

    familism – 16, p. vii; changes in family patterns over the past five decades and across socio-ethnic groups – 32; continuing centrality of familism in Israeli society – 15; family policy and public attitudes – 36; womanhood and motherhood in Israeli society at the interface of religion and nationalism – 7, 15, 31, pp. 175–9; ethnographic studies of Israeli-Jewish motherhood via assisted conception – 26, 27, 59; pregnancy – 26; among Palestinian Israeli women – 28; poverty indicators – 56

    133

    women in Israel are relatively well educated – 24

    133–4

    education in Israel – 51, pp. 294–6, 60

    134

    Israeli education system – 60; school matriculation statistics – 56; more optimistic account – 2; structural and demographic accounts of early education in Israel preceding recent changes – 30, 57

    134–5

    attitudes toward early education among newcomers from the former Soviet Union – 43, 45; preservation of the Russian language as factor in parents’ choice of early education settings – 39, 48; immigrants establish own education system – 23, 49

    135

    history of early education in Israel – 37, 44

    137

    negative stereotypes attached to newcomer women – 20, 33

    138

    continuity and change among women of Moroccan descent in Israel – 17, 38

    140–1

    experience of pregnancy among Israeli women: and sense of threat – 26; and elaborate system of prenatal testing – 26, pp. 37–76; and quest for medical information among pregnant women – 26, pp. 204–16

    141

    pregnancy and birth rituals among Israeli women of various ethnic backgrounds – 50

    147

    teaching traumatic historical events to young children – 9, 62; differences in political talk between Jewish and Palestinian early education teachers – 22; school trips to Poland as pilgrimage – 13

    148

    tendency to depoliticize political issues through use of psychological discourse in early education – 21

    150

    education as means for upward mobility among Moroccan-Israeli women – 38

    151

    importance of peer group and key symbol of “crystallization” (gibush) – 29

    Sources Cited – Chapter 5
    (1)Aderet, O. (2014). Israel by numbers, in 5774: Getting older, staying single, heading for the hills. Haaretz, September 23.
    (2)Adler, C. (2008). Israel’s system of education. In Stavans, A. and Kupferberg, I. (eds.), Studies in language and language education: Essays in honor of Elite Olshtain. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, pp. 337–52.
    (3)Al-Haj, M. (2002). Multiculturalism in deeply divided societies: The Israeli case. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 26, 169–83.
    (4)Arian, A. and Keissar-Sugarmen, A. (2011). A portrait of Israeli Jews: Beliefs, observances, and values of Israeli Jews 2009. Jerusalem: The Israeli Democracy Institute.
    (5)Avineri, S. (1981). The making of modern Zionism: The intellectual origins of the Jewish state. New York: Basic Books.
    (6)Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict: A primer. Middle East Research and Information Project. www.merip.org.
    (7)Berkovitch, N. (1997). Motherhood as a national mission: The construction of womanhood in the legal discourse of Israel. Women’s Studies International Forum 20, 605–19.
    (8)Bram, C. (2008). The Catch 22 of categorization: Soviet Jews, Caucasus Jews, and dilemmas of multiculturalism in Israel. In Beckerman, Z. and Kopelowitz, E. (eds.), Cultural education – Cultural sustainability: Minority, diaspora, indigenous and ethnoreligious groups in multicultural societies. New York and London: Routledge, pp. 31–50.
    (9)Brody, D. (2007). Israeli kindergarten teachers cope with terror and war: Two implicit modes of resilience. Curriculum Inquiry 37 (1), 9–31.
    (10)Cohen, U. and Leon, N. (2008). The new Mizrahi middle class: Ethnic mobility and class integration in Israel. Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture 27 (1), 51–64.
    (11)Dominguez, V. R. (1989). People as subject, people as object: Selfhood and peoplehood in contemporary Israel. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
    (12)Eisikovitz, R. (2000). Gender differences in cross-cultural adaptation styles of immigrant youths from the former USSR in Israel. Youth and Society 31 (3), 310–31.
    (13)Feldman, J. (2002). Marking the boundaries of the enclave: Defining the Israeli collective through the Poland “experience.” Israel Studies 7 (2), 84–114.
    (14)Flug, K., Kasir, N. and Ofer, G. (1997). The absorption of Soviet immigrants into the labour market: Aspects of occupational substitution and retention. In Lewin-Epstein, N., Ro’i, Y., and Ritterband, P. (eds.), Russian Jews in three continents: Migration and resettlement. London: Frank Cass, pp. 433–70.
    (15)Fogiel-Bijaoui, S. (2002). Familism, postmodernity and the state: The case of Israel. Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture 21 (1–2), 38–62.
    (16)Fogiel-Bijaoui, S. and Rutlinger-Reiner, R. (2013). Rethinking the family in Israel. Israel Studies Review 28 (2), vii–xii.
    (17)Glassman, I. and Eisikovits, R. A. (2006). Intergenerational transmission of motherhood patterns: Three generations of immigrant mothers of Moroccan descent in Israel. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 37 (3), 461–77.
    (18)Goldberg, H. E. (2008). From Sephardi to Mizrahi and back again: Changing meanings of “Sephardi” in its social environments. Jewish Social Studies 15 (1), 165–88.
    (19)Goldberg, H. and Bram, C. (2007). Reflections on critical sociology and the study of Middle Eastern Jewry within the context of Israeli society. Studies in Contemporary Jewry 22, 227–56.
    (20)Golden, D. (2003). A national cautionary tale: Russian women newcomers to Israel portrayed. Nations and Nationalism 9 (1), 83–104.
    (21)Golden, D. (2005). Childhood as protected space? Vulnerable bodies in an Israeli kindergarten. Ethos 70 (1), 1–22.
    (22)Golden, D. (2009). Fear, politics and children: Israeli Jewish and Israeli Palestinian preschool teachers talk about political violence. Etnofoor 21 (2), 77–95.
    (23)Horowitz, T., Shmuel, S., and Zinaida, I. (2008). The Russian immigrant community vs. the Israeli educational establishment: From extra-curricular activities to systemic change. In Stavans, A. and Kupferberg, I. (eds.), Studies in language and language education: Essays in honor of Elite Olshtain. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, pp. 379–94.
    (24)Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (2010). Women in Israel and in the world 2007/2008, Statistilite 103. Jerusalem: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
    (25)Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (2011). Israel in figures, 2011. Jerusalem: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
    (26)Ivry, T. (2010). Embodying culture: Pregnancy in Japan and Israel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
    (27)Kahn, S. M. (2000). Reproducing Jews: A cultural account of assisted conception in Israel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    (28)Kanaaneh, R. A. (2001). Birthing the nation: Strategies of Palestinian women in Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (29)Katriel, T. (1991). Gibush: The crystallization metaphor in Israeli cultural semantics. In Communal webs: Communication and culture in contemporary Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 11–34.
    (30)Kimhi, A. (2012). Pre-primary education in Israel: Organizational and demographic perspectives. Policy paper No. 2012.01. Report submitted to the Bernard van Leer Foundation. Jerusalem: Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel.
    (31)Kimmerling, B. (2001). The invention and decline of Israeliness: State, society, and the military. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (32)Lavee, Y. and Katz, R. (2003). The family in Israel. Marriage and Family Review 35 (1–2), 193–217.
    (33)Lemish, D. (2000). The whore and the other: Israeli images of female immigrants from former USSR. Gender & Society 14 (2), 333–49.
    (34)Lerner, J. (2011). “Russians” in Israel as a post-Soviet subject: Implementing the civilizational repertoire. Israel Affairs 17(1), 21–37.
    (35)Leshem, E. (2008). Being an Israeli: Immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, fifteen years later. Journal of Israeli History 27 (1), 29–49.
    (36)Lewin-Epstein, N., Stier, H., Braun, M., and Langfeldt, B. (2000). Family policy and public attitudes in Germany and Israel. European Sociological Review 16 (4), 385–401.
    (37)Michelovitz, R. (1999). Hinuch kedam yesodi beYisrael [Pre-school education in Israel]. In Peled, E. (ed.), Yovel lamaarechet hahinuch beYisrael [Fifty years of education in Israel]. Jerusalem: State of Israel Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport, pp. 859–79.
    (38)Mizrachi, B. (2013). Paths to middle-class mobility among second generation Moroccan immigrant women in Israel. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
    (39)Moin, V., Schwartz, M., and Breitkopf, A. (2011). Balancing between heritage and host languages in bilingual kindergarten: Viewpoints of Russian-speaking immigrant parents in Germany and in Israel. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal 19 (4), 515–33.
    (40)Morris, B. (1987). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (41)Nahir, M. (1988). Language planning and language acquisition: The “Great Leap” in the Hebrew revival. In Bratt Paulson, C. (ed.), International handbook of bilingualism and bilingual education. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 275–95.
    (42)Remennick, L. (2007). Russian Jews on three continents: Identity, integration, and conflict. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
    (43)Roer-Strier, D. and Rivlis, M. (1997). Israeli and Russian immigrant parents: Timetable of psychological and behavioral autonomy expectations. International Journal of Psychology 33, 123–35.
    (44)Rosenthal, M. K. (2006). Early childhood care and education in Israel. In Melhuish, E. & Petrogiannis, K. (eds.), Early childhood care and education: International perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 115–32.
    (45)Rosenthal, M. K. and Roer-Strier, D. (2001). Cultural differences in mothers’ developmental goals and ethno theories. International Journal of Psychology 36 (1), 20–31.
    (46)Saban, I. (2004). Minority rights in deeply divided societies: A framework for analysis and the case of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 36, 885–1003.
    (47)Schafferman, K. T. (2008). Israel: A society of immigrants. Jerusalem: The Israeli Democracy Institute.
    (48)Schwartz, M., Moin, V., Leikin, M., and Breitkopf, A. (2010). Immigrant parents’ choice of a bilingual versus monolingual kindergarten for second-generation children: Motives, attitudes, and factors. International Multilingual Research Journal 4, 107–24.
    (49)Segal-Levit, K. (2003). Transforming the culture of scientific education in Israel. In Anderson-Levitt, K. (ed.), Local meanings, global schooling. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 219–38.
    (50)Sered, S. S. (1993). Religious rituals and secular rituals: Interpenetrating models of childbirth in a modern, Israeli context. Sociology of Religion 54 (1), 101–14.
    (51)Shafir, G. and Peled, Y. (2002). Being Israeli: The dynamics of multiple citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (52)Smooha, S. (1978). Israel: Pluralism and conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (53)Smooha, S. (2008). The mass immigrations to Israel: A comparison of the failure of the Mizrahi immigrants of the 1950s with the success of the Russian immigrants of the 1990s. Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture 27 (1), 1–27.
    (54)Smooha, S. (2010). Arab–Jewish relations in Israel: Alienation and rapprochement. Peace Works No. 67. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.
    (55)Stier, H. and Levanon, V. (2003). Finding an adequate job: Employment and income of recent immigrants to Israel. International Migration 41 (2), 81–105.
    (56)Swirski, S. (2011). Israel in a nutshell: A different introduction to present day Israeli society and economy. Tel Aviv: Adva Center, Information on Equality and Social Justice in Israel.
    (57)Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel (2012). The state of public preschool education in Israel. Jerusalem: Taub Center Staff Bulletin Articles, August 21.
    (58)Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel (2015). Education and employment trends among Ethiopian Jews. Jerusalem: Taub Center Staff Bulletin Articles, October 15.
    (59)Teman, E. (2010). Birthing a mother: The surrogate body and the pregnant self. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (60)Wolff, L. and Breit, E. (2012). Education in Israel: The challenges ahead. University of Maryland, Institute for Israel Studies Research Paper. http://israelstudies.umd.edu/pdf/Larry%20Wolff%20Research%20Paper%20-%20May%202012%20-%20Updated.pdf accessed 06/07/2015.
    (61)Ya’ar, E. (2005). Continuity and change in Israeli society: The test of the melting pot. Israel Studies 10 (2), 91–128.
    (62)Ziv, Y., Golden, D., and Goldberg, T. (2015). Teaching traumatic history to young children: The case of Holocaust studies in Israeli preschools. Early Education and Development 26, 520–33.
    6

    6 Luring Your Child into this Life of Troubled Times

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

    Page

    153–4

    early Beng history – 10, 15

    154

    Ivorian groups who actively resisted colonization – 34; French colonial history of West Africa – 24; on Houphouët-Boigny’s reign – 18, 24; early warning signs of economic and political trouble – 6, 16

    155

    vigilante justice – 17; civil war – 23; early structural causes of the civil war – 22

    156

    on increasing poverty under colonial domination in Africa – 28; fragility of post-conflict rebuilding of infrastructure and democracy – 4, 31; toxic waste dumping in Abidjan by multinational corporations – 2; problematic youth behavior – 26; religious and ethnic xenophobia – 1, 3, 25; religious extremism – 19; human rights abuses – 33; negative implications of the declining economy and weak infrastructure for children’s lives – 29, 30

    157

    Beng regional and political structure – 8

    158

    extended families, clan structure, and arranged marriage rules – 10; rebellion against arranged marriage – 13, 14; indigenous Beng religion – 10, 13

    159

    newborns emerge from afterlife – 11, 12

    160

    religious and mundane not easily distinguished – 10

    165

    two worlds of people and animals remain connected – 10

    170

    slow process to leave the afterlife – 11, 12

    Sources Cited – Chapter 6
    (1)Akindès, Francis (2004). The roots of the military-political crises in Côte d’Ivoire. Research Report No. 128. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
    (2)Amnesty International (2015). UK giving green light for corporate crime. July 23. www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/UK-giving-green-light-for-corporate-crime/.
    (3)Bah, Abu Bakarr (2010). Democracy and civil war: Citizenship and peacemaking in Côte d’Ivoire. African Affairs 109 (437), 597–615.
    (4)Banegas, Richard (2011). Post-election crisis in Côte d’Ivoire: The gbonhi war. African Affairs 110 (440), 457–68.
    (5)Bassett, Thomas J. (2011). Briefing: Winning coalition, sore loser: Côte d’Ivoire’s 2010 presidential elections. African Affairs 110 (440), 469–79.
    (6)Chamley, Christopher (1991). Côte d’Ivoire: The failure of structural adjustment programs. In Thomas, V., Chhibber, A., Dailami, M., and deMelo, J. (eds.), Restructuring economies in distress: Policy reform and the World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank/Oxford University Press, pp. 287–308.
    (7)Cohen, Herman (2015). Moments in US diplomatic history: The Ivory Coast’s Félix Houphouët-Boigny – “A master manipulator and destabilizer.” Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. http://adst.org/2015/04/the-ivory-coasts-felix-houphouet-boigny-a-master-manipulator-and-destabilizer/.
    (8)Gottlieb, Alma (1989). Witches, kings, and the sacrifice of identity; or, The Power of paradox and the paradox of power among the Beng of Ivory Coast. In Arens, W. A. and Karp, I. (eds.), Creativity of power: Cosmology and action in African societies. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 245–71.
    (9)Gottlieb, Alma (1995). Of cowries and crying: A Beng guide to managing colic. Anthropology and Humanism 20 (1), 20–8.
    (10)Gottlieb, Alma (1996 [1992]). Under the kapok tree: Identity and difference in Beng thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (11)Gottlieb, Alma (1998). Do infants have religion? The spiritual lives of Beng babies. American Anthropologist 100 (1), 122–35.
    (12)Gottlieb, Alma (2004). The afterlife is where we come from: The culture of infancy in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (13)Gottlieb, Alma and Graham, Philip (1994 [1993]). Parallel worlds: An anthropologist and a writer encounter Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (14)Gottlieb, Alma and Graham, Philip (2012). Braided worlds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (15)Gottlieb, Alma and Lynne Murphy, M. (1995). Beng–English dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    (16)Hecht, Robert M. (1983). The Ivory Coast economic “miracle”: What benefits for peasant farmers? Journal of Modern African Studies 12 (1), 25–53.
    (17)Hellweg, Joseph (2011). Hunting the ethical state: The Benkadi movement of Côte d’Ivoire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (18)Hellweg, Joseph (2012). Fieldsights – hot spots. A history of crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. Cultural Anthropology Online, June 25. www.culanth.org/fieldsights/187-a-history-of-crisis-in-cote-d-ivoire.
    (19)Institute of Security Studies (2015). West Africa Report: Is Côte d’Ivoire facing religious radicalism? Institute for Security Studies 13. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WestAfricaReport13.pdf.
    (20)International Labor Rights Fund (2004). The World Bank and IMF policies in Cote d’Ivoire: Impact on child labor in the cocoa industry. Washington, DC: International Labor Rights Fund. www.laborrights.org/publications/world-bank-and-imf-policies-cote-d’ivoire-impact-child-labor-cocoa-industry.
    (21)Kopytoff, Igor (1971). Ancestors as elders in Africa. Africa 41 (2), 128–42.
    (22)Kouadio, Bertin K. (2009). From stability to insurgency: The root and proximate causes of the September 2002 civil war in Côte d’Ivoire. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of International Relations, Florida International University.
    (23)McGovern, Mike (2011). Making war in Côte d’Ivoire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (24)Manning, Patrick (1999). Francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1985. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    (25)Marshall-Fratani, Ruth (2006). The war of “who is who”: Autochthony, nationalism, and citizenship in the Ivoirian crisis. African Studies Review 49 (2), 9–43.
    (26)Newell, Sasha (2012). The modernity bluff: Crime, consumption, and citizenship in Côte d’Ivoire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    (27)Rice, Xan (2008). The president, his church and the crocodiles: Côte d’Ivoire’s Félix Houphouët-Boigny ruled for 33 years, dying with a dream to turn his home villa. New Statesman, October 23.
    (28)Rodney, Walter (1975). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
    (29)Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Sargent, Carolyn (eds.) (1998). Small wars: The cultural politics of childhood. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    (30)Stephen, Sharon (ed.) (1995). Children and the politics of culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    (31)Straus, Scott (2011). “It’s sheer horror here”: Patterns of violence during the first four months of Côte d’Ivoire’s post-electoral crisis. African Affairs 110 (440), 481–89.
    (32)Thonneau, Patrick, Matsudai, Tomohiro, Alihonou, Eusèbe, De souza, José, Faye, O., Moreau, J., Djanhan, Y., Welffens-Ekra, C., and Goyaux, N. (2004). Distribution of causes of maternal mortality during delivery and post-partum: Results of an African multicentre hospital-based study. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 114 (2), 150–4.
    (33)US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2014). Country reports on human rights practices for 2014: Cote d’Ivoire. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=236350#wrapper.
    (34)Weiskel, Timothy C. (1980). French colonial rule and the Baule people: Resistance and collaboration, 1889–1911. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    7

    7 From Mogadishu to Minneapolis

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

    Page

    191

    urban literacy campaign – 9; rural literacy campaign – 9

    192

    primary school – 9; girls in education – 9; women in teaching profession – 9; refugee statistics – 32

    193

    Dadaab refugee camp – 33; encampment policy – 19; Somali refugee-cum-suspects – 5

    194

    Lewiston letter – 13; Manchester – 16; Springfield – 23

    195

    Islamophobia in Minnesota – 7; Halloween costume – 14; reasons for Minnesota as destination for Somali diaspora – 15; Somali businesses – 15, 29

    196

    dugsi – 28

    197

    communal – 22; social interconnectedness – 20; child obedience – 12

    198

    closing of coastal refugee camp – 8

    202

    vitamins to fatten children – 18; vitamins as medicine – 34

    203

    infibulation – 21; complications of infibulation – 21; shame over gudniin – 34

    204

    Somali women misunderstood – 34

    205

    increased C-sections – 21

    206

    future fertility – 18; deinfibulation – 18; afartan-beh – 1

    207

    special foods – 25

    208

    wanqal – 1

    209

    abtiris – 1; the travels of Igal Shidad – 11; Qayb Libaax – 2

    210

    pumping breastmilk – 18; nursing in Islam – 31; challenges to exclusive breastfeeding – 27

    211

    overweight women and breastfeeding – 4; colostrum – 6

    212

    toothstick – 3; “food deserts” – 24

    215

    statistics on autism in Somali community – 17

    216

    vaccinations – 35

    220

    spanking – 26; Black youth – 10

    221

    North Carolina murders – 30

    222

    the Prophet and men’s house work – 3

    Sources Cited – Chapter 7
    (1)Abdullahi, M. D. (2001). Culture and customs of Somalia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
    (2)Ahmed, S. (2007). Qayb libaax [The lion’s share]. Minneapolis: Minnesota Humanities Commission.
    (3)Al-Bukhari, Muhamad ibn Ismail (1997). The translation of the meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic and English. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications.
    (4)Baker, J. L., Michaelsen, K. F., Rasmussen, K. M., and Sorensen, T. (2004). Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (6), 1579–88.
    (5)Balakian, S. (2016). “Money is your government”: Refugees, mobility and unstable documents in Kenya’s Operation Usalama Watch. African Studies Review 59(2), 87–111.
    (6)Barstow, M. (2012). Working towards pragmatic and sustainable exclusive breastfeeding practices among Somali mothers in Lewiston, Maine. Unpublished B.A. honors thesis, Bates College.
    (7)Bigelow, M. (2010). Mogadishu on the Mississippi: Language, racialized identity, and education in a new land. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    (8)Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999). Somalia: The “Benadir” refugee camp including location and ethnic backgrounds of camp dwellers. December 31. www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad7b64.html.
    (9)Cassanelli, L. and Abdikadir, F. S. (2008). Somalia: Education in transition. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 7 (7), 91–125.
    (10)Coates, T. (2015, July 4). Letter to my son. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/tanehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me/397619/.
    (11)Dupre, K. (2008). Safarada Cigaal Shidaad [The travels of Igal Shidad]. Hershey, PA: IGI Distributors.
    (12)Dybdahl, R. and Hundeide, K. (1999). Childhood in the Somali context: Mothers’ and children’s ideas about childhood and parenthood. Psychology and Developing Societies 10 (2), 131–45.
    (13)Ellison, J. (2009, January 16). Lewiston, Maine, revived by Somali immigrants. Newsweek. www.newsweek.com/lewiston-maine-revived-somali-immigrants-78475.
    (14)Gilbert, C. (2013). St. Paul Police Department probe hijab costume photo. Minnesota Public Radio News, February 5. www.mprnews.org/story/2013/02/04/police/photo-somali-halloween-costume.
    (15)Golden, S., Boyle, E., and Jama, Y. (2010). Achieving success in business: A comparison of Somali and American-born entrepreneurs in Minneapolis. CURA Reporter 40 (1–2), 43–51.
    (16)Goodnough, A. (2011, November 25). After taking refugees for years, a New Hampshire city asks for a pause. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/us/manchester-new-hampshire-seeks-halt-in-refugee-resettlement.html.
    (17)Hewitt, A., Hall-Lande, Jennifer, Hamre, Kristin, Esler, Amy N., Punyko, Judy, Reichle, Joe, and Gulaid, Anab A. (2013). Minneapolis Somali autism spectrum disorder prevalence project: Community Report 2013. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN.
    (18)Hill, N., Hunt, E., and Hyrkas, K. (2011). Somali immigrant women’s health care experiences and beliefs regarding pregnancy and birth in the United States. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 23 (1), 72–81.
    (19)Human Rights Watch (2013, January 21). Kenya: Don’t force 55,000 refugees into camps. www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/21/kenya-don-t-force-55000-refugees-camps.
    (20)Hurley, E., Boykin, A., and Allen, B. (2005). Communal versus individual learning of a math-estimation task: African American children and the culture of learning contexts. Journal of Psychology 139 (6), 513–27.
    (21)Johnson, E., Reed, S., Hitti, J., and Batra, M. (2005). Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome among Somali immigrants in Washington State. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193 (2), 475–82.
    (22)Kapteijns, L. and Arman, A. (2008). Educating immigrant youth in the United States: An exploration of the Somali case. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 4, 8–43.
    (23)Larson, J. (2014, June 24). Massachusetts Mayor doesn’t want more Somali refugees in his town. Vice News. https://news.vice.com/article/massachusetts-mayor-doesnt-want-more-somali-refugees-in-his-town.
    (24)Lewis, L., Galloway-Gilliam, L., Flynn, G., Nomachi, J., Keener, L., and Sloane, D. (2011). Transforming the urban food desert from the grassroots up: A model for community change. Family and Community Health 34 (1S), 92–101.
    (25)Lewis, Toby, Mooney, Jessica, and Shepodd, Gillian (2009 [1996]))Somali cultural profile. Ethnomed. https://ethnomed.org/culture/somali/somali-cultural-profile.
    (26)Meyers, T. (2014, September 22). Spanking isn’t culture. It’s a cycle of abuse. The New York Times. http://parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/spanking-isnt-culture-its-a-cycle-of-abuse/.
    (27)Minnesota International Health Volunteers (2005). Somali women’s breastfeeding practices and preferences: Somali health care initiative focus group findings. http://wellshareinternational.org/.
    (28)Moore, L. (2011). Research directions: Moving through languages, literacies and schooling traditions. Language Arts 88 (4), 288–97.
    (29)Samatar, H. (2008). Experiences of Somali entrepreneurs in the Twin Cities. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 4 (9), 78–81.
    (30)Talbot, M. (2015, June 22). The story of a hate crime. The New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/22/the-story-of-a-hate-crime.
    (31)The Noble Qur’an (1999). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications.
    (32)United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2015). UNHCR Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015. http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/country/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html.
    (33)United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2016). Refugees in the Horn of Africa: Somali Displacement Crisis – Kenya. http://data.unhcr.org/horn-of-africa/country.php?id=110.
    (34)Wojnar, D. (2014). Perinatal experiences of Somali couples in the United States. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 44 (3), 358–69.
    (35)Wolff, E. and Madlon-Kay, D. (2014). Childhood vaccine beliefs reported by Somali and non-Somali parents. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 27 (4), 458–64.
    8

    8 Quechua or Spanish? Farm or School?

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

    Page

    226

    pre-colonial history and Spanish conquest of the Incan empire – 27, 42; Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala – 27, 42, 43, 47

    227

    José María Arguedas – 5, 6, 7, 42; Peru’s colonial history – 27, 42; history of Peru’s independence and early nationhood – 19, 20, 42; Peru’s first constitution – 11

    228

    numbers of dead and disappeared – 36; Andean communities’ attitudes toward/experiences with schooling – 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 26, 28; history of Shining Path – 23, 36, 42, 44, 45

    230

    meaning of “respect” for Quechua speakers in the Andes – 12, 13, 18, 22, 26, 32, 40

    231

    importance of “respect” in Andean childrearing and social norms – 12, 13, 21, 22, 26, 32

    233

    Andean Spanish – 37; life in the puna – 25

    238

    Amaru legend – 8, 43, 46, 47

    239

    coca leaves in Andean cosmology – 1, 24, 29

    240

    Andean practices of “reciprocity” – 1, 12, 14, 26, 29, 33, 37, 43, 47; sacred nature of water, mountains, all forms of life and landscape in Andean cosmology – 1, 10, 12, 29

    241

    reciprocity and postwar reconciliation – 45

    242

    Quechua greeting – 41; childbirth – 13, 17, 31

    245

    external womb – 12, 13, 31

    246

    personhood of babies and young children – 13, 34, 38

    247

    protective water – 13; synchronization of Catholicism with Andean cosmology – 1, 12, 13, 29; first haircut – 12, 13, 31

    250

    disciplining children – 13, 14, 22, 26, 39; children’s household labor – 13, 15, 26, 30

    251

    learning by watching and helping – 14, 21, 26, 28, 35

    253

    communal work sessions – 1, 13, 26, 29

    254

    preschool in Andean communities – 2, 3

    256

    Andean children’s aptitude for math – 13

    259

    raising children to be better than their parents – 26, 30

    Sources Cited – Chapter 8

    (1)Allen, C. (1988). The hold life has: Coca and cultural identity in an Andean community. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
    (2)Ames, P., Rojas, V., and Portugal, T. (2009). Starting school: Who is prepared? Young Lives’ research on children’s transition to first grade in Peru. Working Paper No. 47. Oxford: Young Lives.
    (3)Ames, P., Rojas, V., and Portugal, T. (2010). Continuity and respect for diversity: Strengthening early transitions in Peru. Working Paper No. 56, Studies in Early Childhood Transitions. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.
    (4)Ansión, J. (1988). La escuela en la comunidad campesina. Proyecto escuela, ecología y comunidad campesina. Lima: Ministerio de Agricultura, Ministerio de Educación, FAO/ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentación, COTESU/ Cooperación Técnica del Gobierno de Suiza.
    (5)Arguedas, J. M. (1978). Deep rivers. Trans. Barraclough, F. H.. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (6)Arguedas, J. M. (1985). Yawar fiesta. Trans. Barraclough, F. H.. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (7)Arguedas, J. M. (2000). The fox from up above and the fox from down below. Trans. Barraclough, F. H.. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
    (8)Arguedas, J. M. and Izquierdo Ríos, F. (eds.) (1947). Mitos, leyendas y cuentos Peruanos. Lima: Ministerio de Educación Pública.
    (9)Arnold, D. and Yapita, J. D. (2006). The metamorphosis of heads: Textual struggles, education, and land in the Andes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
    (10)Bauer, B. and Stanish, C.. (2001). Ritual and pilgrimage in the ancient Andes: The islands of the sun and the moon. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (11)Bernardo de Tagle, J. (1823). Constitución política de la República Peruana. Sancionada por el Primer Congreso Constituyente el 12 de Noviembre de 1823. Lima.
    (12)Bolin, I. (1998). Rituals of respect: The secret of survival in the high Peruvian Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (13)Bolin, I. (2006). Growing up in a culture of respect: Childrearing in highland Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (14)Bolton, C. and Bolton, R. (1974). Techniques of socialization among the Qolla. Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti. Rome: International Congress of Americanists, pp. 531–39.
    (15)Bolton, C. and Bolton, R. (2010 [1982]). El trabajo de niños en la sociedad Andina. In Bolton, R., La vida familiar en comunidades Andinas: Estudios antropológicos en la sierra sur del Perú. Lima: Editorial Horizonte, pp. 243–60.
    (16)Bolton, R. and Mayer, E. (eds.) (1977). Andean kinship and marriage. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
    (17)Bradby, B. (2002). Local knowledge in health: The case of Andean midwifery. In Stobart, Henry and Howard, Rosaleen (eds.), Knowledge and learning in the Andes. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 166–93.
    (18)Cordero, L. (1992). Diccionario Quichua–Castellano y Castellano–Quichua. Quito: Proyecto Educación Bilingüe Intercultural and Corporación Editora Nacional.
    (19)de la Cadena, M. (2003). Indigenous mestizos: The politics of race and culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919–1991. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    (20)García, M. E. (2005). Making indigenous citizens: Identities, education, and multicultural development in Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    (21)García Rivera, F. A. (2005). Yachay: Concepciones sobre enseñanza y aprendizaje en una comunidad Quechua. La Paz, Bolivia: PINSEIB, PROEIB Andes, and Plural Editores.
    (22)García Rivera, F. A. (2007). Runa hina kay: La educación familiar y comunitaria orientada al respeto en una comunidad Quechua. Doctoral dissertation. Mexico City: Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados, Departamento de Investigaciones Educativas.
    (23)Gorriti, G. (1999). The Shining Path: A history of the Millenarian War in Peru. Trans. Kirk, Robin. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
    (24)Gose, P. (1994). Deathly waters and hungry mountains: Agrarian ritual and class formation in an Andean town. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    (25)Grim-Feinberg, K. (2012). Una aventura por las punas del Perú, parts I, II, and III. La Voz: Cultura y Noticias del Valle del Hudson 5 (8), 6 (9), 7 (9) (June, July, and August). http://lavoz.bard.edu/archivo/index.php?year=2012.
    (26)Grim-Feinberg, K. (2013). Cultural models of respectful subjectivity among primary school children in post-conflict Ayacucho, Peru: An embodied learning analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
    (27)Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. (2009). The First New Chronicle and good government: On the history of the world and the Incas up to 1615. Trans. Hamilton, Roland. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (28)Howard, R. (2002). Yachay: The Tragedia del Fin de Atahuallpa as evidence of the colonisation of knowledge in the Andes. In Stobart, Henry and Howard, Rosaleen (eds.), Knowledge and learning in the Andes. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 17–39.
    (29)Isbell, B. J. (1985). To defend ourselves: Ecology and ritual in an Andean village. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
    (30)Leinaweaver, J. (2008). The circulation of children: Kinship, adoption, and morality in Andean Peru. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    (31)Lestage, F. (1999). Naissance et petite enfance dans les Andes péruviennes: Pratiques, rites, représentations. Paris: L’Harmattan.
    (32)Lyons, B. J. (2001). Religion, authority, and identity: Intergenerational politics, ethnic resurgence, and respect in Chimborazo, Ecuador. Latin American Research Review 36 (1), 7–48.
    (33)Meyer, E. (2002). The articulated peasant: Household economies in the Andes. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
    (34)Morgan, L. M. (1998). Ambiguities lost: Fashioning the fetus into a child in Ecuador and the United States. In Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Sargent, Carolyn (eds.), Small wars: The cultural politics of childhood. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 58–74.
    (35)Paradise, R. and Rogoff, B. (2009). Side by side: Learning by observing and pitching in. Ethos, 37 (1), 102–38.
    (36)Peru. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2014). Hatun Willakuy: Abbreviated version of the Final Report of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Lima: Transfer Commission of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru. www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ_Book_Peru_CVR_2014.pdf.
    (37)Platt, T. (1986). Mirrors and maize: The concept of Yanantin among the Macha of Bolivia. In Murra, John V., Revel, Jacques, and Wachtel, Nathan (eds.), Anthropological history of Andean polities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 228–59.
    (38)Silver, S. and Miller, W. R. (1997). American Indian languages: Cultural and social contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
    (39)Smith, B. (2012). Language and the frontiers of the human: Aymara animal-oriented interjections and the mediation of mind. American Ethnologist 39 (2), 313–24.
    (40)Soto Ruíz, C. (2012). Quechua–Spanish–English functional dictionary. Ayacucho–Chanka, vol. 1. Lima: Lluvia Editores.
    (41)Soto Ruíz, C. (n.d.). Quechua online. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. www.clacs.illinois.edu/quechua/exercises.aspx.
    (42)Starn, O., Degregori, C. I., and Kirk, R. (eds.) (2005). The Peru reader: History, culture, politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    (43)Steele, P. R. with Allen, C. J. (2004). Handbook of Inca mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
    (44)Stern, S. (ed.) (1998). Shining and other Paths: War and society in Peru, 1980–1995. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    (45)Theidon, K. (2013). Intimate enemies: Violence and reconciliation in Peru. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    (46)Urton, G. (1981). At the crossroads of the earth and the sky: An Andean cosmology. Latin American Monographs Series 55. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    (47)Urton, G. (1999). Inca myths. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    9

    9 Equal Children Play Best

    Citations

    The numbers in the citations below refer to numbered references in the Sources Cited section that follows these citations.

    Page

    261

    geography – 13; population distribution – 13

    261–2

    relationship to Denmark –13; relationship to the European Union –16; closeness of family, valuing tradition – 13

    262–3

    traditional and modern subsistence, historical struggles – 13

    262–4

    importance of independence and family – 15, 16; changes with World War II – 49; technology and lifestyle in remote villages in the late twentieth century – 24; modern technological access, social services, economy; the continuing whale hunt – 20; practices in the whale hunt – 4, 11, 13, 48; sheep population – 6, 13; importance of wool – 13

    264–5

    religion in the Faroe Islands – 15, 20; diversity in religious devotion – 15, 34; religion in Denmark – 10, 50; religion and LGBT rights – 29; children born to single parents – 37

    265

    xenophobic attitudes in Denmark – 25, 35, 44

    265–6

    anti-immigrant political parties in Europe – 3, 7; mass shooting in Norway – 9, 36, 39; homogeneity in the Faroe Islands – 15; growing immigrant population 20; dropping birthrate – 20; Faroese women leaving, and the “imported bride” phenomenon – 45; international responses to immigrants – 27; Faroese attitudes on immigration – 38

    266–7

    closeness with neighbors, and visiting practices – 49; close family relationships – 17; the idealized concept of the Faroese childhood – 17

    268

    the existence and role of the maternity nurse in Denmark – 31

    268–9

    maternity nurses’ responsibilities – 31

    269

    Faroese and American infant mortality rates – 43

    270–1

    increasing numbers of foreign brides – 45; Faroese women leaving, and the “imported bride” phenomenon – 2; marriage migration practices – 5; quality of immigrant marriages – 21; immigrant rights and resources – 28

    271

    LGBT marriage in Denmark – 1

    272–3

    recommendations regarding drinking and smoking during pregnancy – 41; Faroese drinking habits – 13, 24

    273

    sources of water pollution – 30, 45; the importance of avoiding whale and certain fish while pregnant – 18, 19

    274

    immigrant education and employment – 21

    275

    naming laws in other societies – 22, 23; popular Faroese names – 20

    276

    the “hidden people” and naming practices – 8, 13, 47

    277

    women working part-time – 20

    278

    breastfeeding recommendations – 41; maternity nurse assistance with breastfeeding – 31

    279–80

    sleep recommendations – 40

    280–1

    benefits of and beliefs about babies sleeping outdoors – 26, 42; closeness among villagers and awareness of strangers – 13

    281

    arrest of Danish woman in New York – 32

    281–2

    reliance on and closeness with extended family – 13, 16, 17

    284–5

    children’s freedom to play independently, and the concept of the idyllic Faroese childhood – 16, 17

    285

    birds of the Faroe Islands – 33

    286

    disciplining children – 17

    287

    the rukka practice – 12, 13

    287–8

    families’ decisions to attend church, Christian practices in schools – 13

    289

    early school attendance – 14

    289–90

    educational practices, controversies, and rates of graduation – 14, 16

    290

    Danish attitudes about the Faroese – 49

    290–1

    Faroese language – 15; learning traditions in school – 14; the chain dance – 13

    291

    the “hidden people” – 8, 13, 24, 47

    292

    concept of the Faroe Islands as a “children’s paradise” – 17

    Sources Cited – Chapter 9

    (1)Badgett, M. L. (2009). When gay people get married: What happens when societies legalize same-sex marriage. New York: NYU Press.
    (2)BBC News (2013). Faroe Islands: Men “must import brides.” News from Elsewhere, October 23.
    (3)Blee, K. M. (2007). Ethnographies of the far right. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36 (2), 119–28.
    (4)Boyd, R., Gigerenzer, G., Richerson, P. J., Robson, A., Stevens, J. R., and Hammerstein, P. (2008). Individual decision making and the evolutionary roots of institutions. In Engel, E. and Singer, W. (eds.), Better than conscious? Decision making, the human mind, and implications for institutions. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 325–42.
    (5)Del Rosario, T. C. (2005). Bridal diaspora migration and marriage among Filipino women. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12 (2–3), 253–73.
    (6)Dýrmundsson, Ó. R. (2006). Sustainability of sheep and goat production in North European countries – From the Arctic to the Alps. Small Ruminant Research 62 (3), 151–57.
    (7)Ellinas, A. A. (2013). The rise of Golden Dawn: The new face of the far right in Greece. South European Society and Politics 18 (4), 543–65.
    (8)Enni, J., Heinesen, J. P., Henriksen, J., Niclasen, S., and Naes, J. A. (1978). Eg sat maer I heyyi. Lesibók til 8. Skúlaár. Tórshavn: Føroya Skulabokagrunnur, pp. 230–31.
    (9)Erlanger, S. and Shane, S. (2011). Oslo suspect wrote of fear of Islam and plan for war. The New York Times, July 23.
    (10)European Commission (2010). Biotechnology report. Special Eurobarometer 341, Wave 73.1. Brussels: European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf.
    (11)Faroe Islands Parliament (2013). Executive order on the pilot whale drive, No. 100. July 12.
    (12)Gaffin, D. (1995). The production of emotion and social control: Taunting, anger, and the Rukka in the Faeroe Islands. Ethos 23 (2), 149–72.
    (13)Gaffin, D. (1996). In place: Spatial and social order in a Faeroe Islands community. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
    (14)Gaini, F. (2009). Family and primary school in the Faroe Islands. Conference Paper: International Conference on Primary Education. Hong Kong.
    (15)Gaini, F. (2011). Preface. In Gaini, F. (ed.), Among the islanders of the north: An anthropology of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press, pp. 7–10.
    (16)Gaini, F. (2011). Cultural rhapsody in shift. In Gaini, F. (ed.), Among the islanders of the north: An anthropology of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press, pp. 132–62.
    (17)Gaini, F. (2013). Lessons of islands: Place and identity in the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press.
    (18)Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Jørgensen, P. J., Clarkson, T., Cernichiari, E., and Viderø, T. (1992). Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 47 (3), 185–95.
    (19)Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., and Debes, F. (1998). Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to “safe” levels of methylmercury. Environmental Research 77 (2), 165–72.
    (20)Hagstova, Føroya (2014). Statbank and Faroe Islands in figures. www.hagstova.fo/en.
    (21)Hayfield, E. A. and Schug, M. G. (paper in preparation). Building new lives in a remote Nordic society: Immigrant experiences in the Faroe Islands.
    (22)Henley, J. (2014). Icelandic girls can’t be called Harriet, government tells family. The Guardian, June 26.
    (23)Israel, D. K. (2010). Oh no, you can’t name your baby THAT! CNN, July 3.
    (24)Kaysen, S. (1990). Far afield. New York: Vintage Books.
    (25)Kingsley, P. (2012). Something puzzling in the state of Denmark, The Guardian, December 21.
    (26)Lee, H. (2013). The babies who nap in sub-zero temperatures. BBC News Magazine, February 22.
    (27)Martin, P. L. (1985). Migrant labor in agriculture: An international comparison. International Migration Review 19 (1), 135–43.
    (28)Ministry of Social Affairs (2014). Welcome: Feel free! [brochure concerning rights and resources for immigrants to the Faroe Island] Tórshavn: Faroe Islands.
    (29)Mohr, B. (2014). Uppskotið um at loyva borgarligt hjúnaband fall. Kringvarp Føroya [The Faroese Broadcasting Company], March 13. http://kvf.fo/greinar/2014/03/13/uppskotid-um-loyva-borgarligt-hjunaband-fall#.Va1QJ0uppuZ.
    (30)Monteiro, L. R. and Furness, R. W. (1997). Accelerated increase in mercury contamination in North Atlantic mesopelagic food chains as indicated by time series of seabird feathers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (12), 2489–93.
    (31)Newcomb, C. (2009). Breastfeeding and mothering in Denmark. New Beginnings 29 (5–6), 56–59.
    (32)Ojito, M. (1997). Danish mother is reunited with her baby. The New York Times, May 15.
    (33)Olofson, Silas (2014). Birds of the Faroe Islands. Visit Faroe Islands. http://issuu.com/visitfaroeislands/docs/birds_of_the_faroe_islands_-_englis
    (34)Pons, C. (2011). The anthropology of Christianity in the Faroe Islands. In Gaini, F. (ed.), Among the islanders of the north: An anthropology of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press, pp. 132–62.
    (35)Roemer, J. E. and Van der Straeten, K. (2006). The political economy of xenophobia and distribution: The case of Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 108 (2), 251–77.
    (36)Sanchez, R. (2011). Norway’s royal family lead moment of silence for terror victims. The Telegraph, July 25.
    (37)Schug, M. G. (2012). Nordic perspectives: Attitudes about and impacts of gay marriage in Nordic societies. Public lecture for the exhibit Diversity of the North. Öström Exhibit Hall, Tórshavn.
    (38)Schug, M. G. and Hayfield, E. A. (paper in preparation). The psychology of diversity: Attitudes on immigration to the Faroe Islands.
    (39)Schwirtz, M. (2011). For young campers, island turned into fatal trap. The New York Times, July 23.
    (40)Sundhedsstyrelsen (2011). Prevent cot death – and avoid plagiocephaly or flat head syndrome. Copenhagen: Danish Health and Medicines Authority.
    (41)Sundhedsstyrelsen (2015). Healthy habits before, during, and after pregnancy. Copenhagen: Danish Health and Medicines Authority.
    (42)Tourula, M., Isola, A., and Hassi, J. (2007). Children sleeping outdoors in winter: Parents’ experiences of a culturally bound childcare practice. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 67 (2–3), 269–78.
    (43)United States Central Intelligence Agency (2014). The World Factbook, 2015. New York: Skyhorse.
    (44)Vinocur, J. (1997). A xenophobic weed is growing in Denmark’s tidy little garden, The New York Times, November 17.
    (45)Weaver, R. (2013). Women disappearing from the Faroe Islands. The Copenhagen Post, October 23.

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.