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Teaching fundamental design concepts and the challenges of emerging technology, this textbook prepares students for a career designing the computer systems of the future. Self-contained yet concise, the material can be taught in a single semester, making it perfect for use in senior undergraduate and graduate computer architecture courses. This edition has a more streamlined structure, with the reliability and other technology background sections now included in the appendix. New material includes a chapter on GPUs, providing a comprehensive overview of their microarchitectures; sections focusing on new memory technologies and memory interfaces, which are key to unlocking the potential of parallel computing systems; deeper coverage of memory hierarchies including DRAM architectures, compression in memory hierarchies and an up-to-date coverage of prefetching. Practical examples demonstrate concrete applications of definitions, while the simple models and codes used throughout ensure the material is accessible to a broad range of computer engineering/science students.
Important concepts from the diverse fields of physics, mathematics, engineering and computer science coalesce in this foundational text on the cutting-edge field of quantum information. Designed for undergraduate and graduate students with any STEM background, and written by a highly experienced author team, this textbook draws on quantum mechanics, number theory, computer science technologies, and more, to delve deeply into learning about qubits, the building blocks of quantum information, and how they are used in quantum computing and quantum algorithms. The pedagogical structure of the chapters features exercises after each section as well as focus boxes, giving students the benefit of additional background and applications without losing sight of the big picture. Recommended further reading and answers to select exercises further support learning. Written in approachable and conversational prose, this text offers a comprehensive treatment of the exciting field of quantum information while remaining accessible to students and researchers within all STEM disciplines.
Providing in-depth coverage, this book covers the fundamentals of computation and programming in C language. Essential concepts including operators and expressions, input and output statements, loop statements, arrays, pointers, functions, strings and preprocessors are described in a lucid manner. A unique approach - 'Learn by quiz' - features questions based on confidence-based learning methodology. It helps the reader to identify the right answer with adequate explanation and reasoning as to why the other options are incorrect. Computer programs and review questions are interspersed throughout the text. The book is appropriate for undergraduate students of engineering, computer science and information technology. It can be used for self-study and assists in the understanding of theoretical concepts and their applications.
We introduce the reader to the physics underlying four key qubit technologies: photons, spins, ions, and superconducting circuits, and their pros and cons are discussed.
The key issue of two-qubit gates is discussed in this chapter: there are two basic approaches: direct interaction (which is easy but short-ranged) and using a quantum data bus, which is the key ingredient of the Cirac-Zoller gate.
Using linear algebra, the mathematical techniques needed for describing and manipulating qubits are laid out in detail, including quantum circuits. Moreover, the chapter also explains the state evolution of an isolated quantum system, as is predicted by the Schrödinger equation, as well as non-unitary irreversible operations such as measurement. More details of classical and quantum randomness and their mathematical representation is discussed, leading to the density matrix. representation of a quantum state.
This is the chapter that gets down to applying concepts from the previous chapters about qubits to construct a quantum computer. It teaches how numbers can be stored in quantum computers and how their functions can be evaluated. It also demonstrates the computational speed-up that quantum computers offer over their classical counterparts through the study of Deutsch, Deutsch-Jozsa, and Bernstein-Vazirani algorithms. Finally, it gives a practical demonstration of speed-up in search algorithms provided by Grover’s search algorithm.
Quantum entanglement requires a minimum of two quantum systems to exist, and each quantum system has to have a minimum of two levels. This is exactly what a two-qubit system is, which in this chapter is explored on various levels: state description, entanglement measures, useful theorems, quantum gates, hidden variable theory, quantum teleportation.
Deducing the quantum state of your device is essential for diagnosing and perfecting it, and the methods needed for this are introduced in this chapter. We also extend the discussion to methods used to validate noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers when they grow too large for tomography to be used.
The generic properties of physical qubits are discussed in detail: in particular the need for an energy gap to ensure cooling and its implications for the size of devices. The basic notions of controlling qubits by external forces shows us how single-qubit gates are implemented.