This chapter begins with a motivation to use computational models in scientific and technical applications. An overview of the advantages and drawbacks of numerical simulations with respect to laboratory experiments is given and advancements in various fields are discussed.

After this general introduction, a historical overview of the subject is presented and the present state of the art is discussed. In particular, it is shown that immersed boundary methods are being used in all fields of computational science and the number of scientific publications per year has been increasing with a constant acceleration over the past two decades: This has resulted in an exploding research field in which a reference textbook is still missing.

Finally, the objective of the book and the plan of the various chapters is given.

This chapter introduces the principles and mechanisms behind wireless power transfer (WPT), focusing on inductive power transfer systems. It begins with the historical development of WPT and then delves into the fundamental aspects of inductive power transfer, including general configurations. The chapter provides a detailed examination of theoretical models, such as the loosely coupled transformer model, T-model, and M-model, and compares their effectiveness. It further explores compensation networks, including series and parallel types, and discusses transmission performance metrics such as output power, transfer efficiency, and their interrelationships. This comprehensive overview establishes the foundational knowledge necessary for understanding advanced WPT systems.

An introduction to the broad subject with a graphical outline of the fundamental equations to be encountered is presented. The reader is informed of any necessary mathematical prerequisites and the structure of the notation to be used is explained.

Topology optimization is a powerful tool that, when employed at the preliminary stage of the design process, can determine potential structural configurations that best satisfy specified performance objectives. This chapter explores both the different classifications of topology optimization methodologies and their implementation within the design process, specifically highlighting potential areas where such techniques may fall short. This motivates a discussion on the relevance of a bioinspired approach to topology optimization known as EvoDevo, where topologies developed by interpreting instructions from a Lindenmayer system (L-system) encoding are evolved using a genetic algorithm. Such an approach can lend itself well to multiobjective design problems with a vast design space and for which users have little/no experience or intuition.

This chapter provides an introduction to ship structures and includes descriptions of structural arrangements of the most important types of merchant ships and the properties of the materials used. This is followed by a discussion of the need to consider ship structures at different levels of analysis (top-down approach). The role of structural modelling, and in particular modelling applicable to global strength, is described. In the second part of the chapter an overview of current practice in ship structural design is presented, in which similarities between merchant and warship structural design are highlighted. The role of classification societies is described as well as that of the IMO Goal-Based-Standards. A comparison of classification society rules follows. The role of computer-based techniques is discussed. In the last section recommendations for good practice in ship structural design are provided.

Accurate predictions with quantifiable uncertainty are essential to many practical turbulent flows in engineering, geophysics, and astrophysics typically comprising extreme geometrical complexity and broad ranges of length and timescales. Dominating effects of the flow instabilities can be captured with coarse-graining (CG) modeling based on the primary conservation equations and effectively codesigned physics and algorithms. The collaborative computational and laboratory experiments unavoidably involve inherently intrusive coarse-grained observations – intimately linked to their subgrid scale and supergrid (initial and boundary conditions) specifics. We discuss turbulence fundamentals and predictability aspects and introduce the CG modified equation analysis. Modeling and predictability issues for underresolved flow and mixing driven by underresolved velocity fields and underresolved initial and boundary conditions are revisited in this context. CG simulations modeling prototypical shock-tube experiments are used to exemplify relevant actual issues, challenges, and strategies.

This, then, was the final culmination of a succession of dreams that had emerged progressively in 11 steps or stages that had begun in antiquity. In logical order, the several steps were from: (1) the birth of ancient Greek and other myths of flight, to (2) proposals for machines that would make flight possible by mimicking the flapping wings of birds, to (3) actual attempts at human flight, to (4) successful human flight through the air by means of balloons, to (5) powered, controlled, sustained human flight through the atmosphere by winged vehicles, to (6) fictional accounts of flying to the Moon, to (7) the invention of rockets leading to an understanding of the principles of space flight, to (8) the Apollo Project Moon landings, to (9) fictional accounts of traveling to Mars, to (10) actual landings on Mars by rockets and robotic rovers, to (11) the idea of leaving Earth and colonizing the universe.

Thermal radiation is a ubiquitous aspect of nature, and this subject has developed for several centuries. In order to build a framework of macroscale thermal radiation, this chapter will give brief introductions of some fundamental theories and definitions of basic concepts of thermal radiation, such as blackbody radiation, radiative interactions at a surface, and radiative exchange between two or more surfaces. Besides, gas radiation as an important direction of thermal radiation will be introduced, including the molecular radiation theory, some gas spectral models, and some useful results in engineering applications.

Chapter 1 provides background and motivation for flow control that is used to achieve a positive outcome, such as drag reduction, enhanced mixing, reduced acoustic levels, or other performance metrics. It emphasizes exploiting fluid instabilities as a means of amplifying small flow actuator inputs in both passive and active approaches. Examples are introduced for a variety of flow fields. These are later detailed in subsequent chapters.

Gives a short description of the topics covered in the following chapters. The principles for limit states in wind the design of offshore structures are introduced. Further, the main working principles for horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind turbines are discussed.

This Chapter first presents a minimal set of basic concepts about “dislocations.” After giving a brief overview of the dislocation theory, specific notions such as “Lomer-Cottrell sessile junction” and “stacking fault energy” are detailed, which are exceptionally important for a comprehensive understanding of many of the characteristics, particularly, dislocation-dislocation interactions and their strengths. The second part provides a simple introduction to metallurgy, especially regarding crystallographic structures, placing a special emphasis on the substantial distinction between face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) structures, which is expected to greatly facilitate further understanding of the associated contrasting features between the two.

This chapter explains the background behind the book concept, e.g., the meaning of sustainability within the electric power generation context, energy transition, and decarbonization. Technologies that are covered in the book are described in brief. The concept of operability and how it pertains to the main theme of the book is addressed.

This chapter identifies systems where dispersed multiphase flow is important as well as the key fluid physics via important engineered and natural systems. This includes energy systems and propulsion systems, manufacturing, processing and transport systems, as well as environmental and biological systems. In addition, this chapter sets forth key terminology and assumptions for dispersed multiphase flow, the key velocity reference frames used for multiphase flow, and the assumption of continuum conditions.

This chapter first defines the scope for flexible aircraft dynamics. It reviews the historical evolution of airframe designs and of the analysis methods used to support them. It also reviews some basic concepts in dynamics, linear systems, and system identification that are of relevance to the book.

This chapter surveys some of the principal developments of computational aerodynamics, with a focus on aeronautical applications. It is written with the perspective that computational mathematics is a natural extension of classical methods of applied mathematics, which has enabled the treatment of more complex, in particular nonlinear, mathematical models, and also the calculation of solutions in very complex geometric domains, not amenable to classical techniques such as the separation of variables.

The electrical systems in turboelectric and hybrid-electric aircraft provide unmatched flexibility, coupling the power turbines to the fan propulsors and facilitating tight propulsion system-airframe integration. Reduced noise, emissions, and fuel burn result. However, the associated weight and efficiency penalties offset these benefits. Luckily, studies have shown significant aerodynamic improvements from electrically sourcing a small fraction of propulsive power. Partially turboelectric and hybrid-electric propulsion systems provide an intermediate step between conventional turbofan and fully turboelectric or all-electric architectures. This chapter details the benefits of electrified propulsion for large aircraft, using numerous trade studies and analyses of concept vehicles. It presents a first-order breakeven analysis that reveals key electrical power system requirements, providing a framework for comparing electric drive system performance factors, such as electrical efficiency, in the context of electrified and traditional propulsion systems. This can guide electrical system component research and provide aircraft designers with rational component expectations.

Hypotheses and principles of Newtonian mechanics governing the dynamics of particles. Mach’s "empirical propositions” are presented as an alternative to Newton's laws, and the equivalences between both approaches is analyzed. The fundamental law governing particle dynamics (Newton’s second law) is presented both in Galilean and non-Galilean reference frames. A discussion of the frames which appear to behave as Galilean ones (according to the scope of the problem under study) is also included. The most usual interactions between particles are described. Formulation of forces associated with gravitation, springs, dampers, and friction phenomena are provided. Constraint forces on particles are introduced and characterized.