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Phrenology – a now dismissed and discredited science – was a popular but contested knowledge system in the nineteenth century. Its promoters touted its benefits, claiming that measuring and analyzing protrusions on the skull could solve life's most vexing personal questions: Who am I? Who should I marry? How should I raise my children? How do I treat my illness? How do I comprehend death? Delving into a rich archive of written and material sources, Carla Bittel uncovers the letters, diaries, marginalia, personal artifacts, and mapped heads which show phrenology was not merely directive but also interactive. Bittel argues that everyday users perpetuated phrenology as they adopted, adapted, and resisted it in their pursuit of self-knowledge. She examines how users tried to naturalize individual traits and generalize about the mental and physical qualities attributed to sex and race, revealing disconcerting implications for our modern fixation with knowing and improving ourselves.
Building on its critical and optimistic approach, the fully revised second edition of this textbook utilizes international relations theory and coverage of key historical events to give students a comprehensive, unbiased understanding of international politics backed by up-to-date research. Broad in scope, the book covers topics ranging from leadership and warfare to terrorism and global environmental threats. New to this edition is in-depth coverage of the Russo-Ukraine War and the Israel, Palestine, and Middle East Wars, and up-to-date context is added throughout with the inclusion of issues such as the Covid-19 pandemic and Brexit. The text is enhanced by box features and 'Close Up' sections providing further information, and 'Critical Case Studies' highlighting complex historical and current affairs. Through the evaluation of past and contemporary real-world issues and institutions, this textbook provides students of political science and international relations with the tools they need to think critically about global politics.
How and why did military history emerge, expand and diversify in Britain between 1815 and 1914? Through an exploration of army educational material, university syllabuses and popular history for the reading public, Adam Dighton provides the first comprehensive account of military history's appearance as a historical genre in Britain. By considering the subject's development as it was understood by contemporary readers, historians and publishers, he challenges existing descriptions of the nature, scope and theoretical complexity of nineteenth-century historical writing. He shows how military history came to play a crucial role in officer education and examines the extent to which the writing of prominent military thinkers, such as Jomini and Clausewitz, influenced how the subject was studied. He also explores the ways military history portrayed warfare, the British Army and empire to the reading public, as well as how it was employed to further the ends of imperial rule.
What is the moral foundation of human rights, justice, and the rule of law? In a time of deep cultural and political division, this volume charts the rich history of one of the most enduring ideas in Western thought: that moral and legal norms are rooted in human nature and accessible to reason. Spanning ancient, medieval, early modern, and contemporary traditions-including Islamic and African-American perspectives-the volume shows how Natural Law has evolved and how it continues to shape debates in ethics, politics, and jurisprudence. With chapters on Aristotle, Aquinas, Grotius, Locke, and the American Founders, as well as modern voices like Jacques Maritain and Martin Luther King, it offers both historical depth and philosophical clarity. Essential reading for students and scholars in philosophy, law, theology, and political theory, it invites readers to rediscover a tradition that speaks urgently to the moral challenges of our time.
During the nineteenth century, a plethora of literary authors began imagining that humanity could affect the global climate. Paradoxically, they did this not through the scientific paradigm of global warming, but its perverse inverse: climate control. Rigorously contextualized by the climate events, science, and technology of the nineteenth century, this study compares how canonical figures such as Mark Twain and neglected authors such as Rokeya Hossain represented global climate control as an apocalyptic, utopian, and literary invention. It argues that these authors expressed a shift to an Anthropocene awareness not through prophetic representations of catastrophic change but rather through Promethean fantasies of control. Revelatory for scholars working in both nineteenth-century studies and the environmental humanities, this is the story of the progressive inscription of atmospheric control into ensuing Western modernism and modernity long before the advent of 'global warming'.
Ninety years ago an international war against fascism was fought, and lost, in Spain. Defeat triggered a World War that drove back the Nazi empire and its collaborators, but the progressive dream of more equal societies which antifascists had fought for in Spain was afterwards paralysed by a conservative Cold War order everywhere. Helen Graham vividly tells this history through the interconnected lives of five diverse activists and creatives who defended democracy in Spain and were afterwards scattered across continents by continuing war, political repression and the Holocaust. With courageous imagination they transformed their losses into new ways of living and resisting. As the stakes rise again today, the urgency of reconnecting with these lives redoubles: in the face of 'post-truth' advances, this book testifies to forensic history as a form of resistance, and to the lasting importance of Spain's faraway war that remains forever near.
In the years leading up to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, women's organizations recognized colleges and universities as potential protest spaces and students as essential recruits in engaging young people's support for gender equality. How these movements continued to organize on campuses in the following decades is told for the first time in this important book. While youth activism in the 1960s and 1970s has been examined in detail, Kelly Marino fills a gap in the scholarship by focusing on the understudied 'interwave' years. She analyzes the legacy of the suffrage movement in modern America and shows why greater fragmentation emerged among women's rights activists later in the century. For scholars and students of women's history, education history, modern American history, gender studies, and political science, Marino offers a fuller understanding of women's suffrage and its impact on higher education, society, government, and culture.
During the Second World War, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other experts confronted unprecedented numbers of patients, including distressed servicemen, bombed civilians, unaccompanied children, returning veterans, displaced persons, and Holocaust survivors. In the first comprehensive analysis of treatment during and after the war, Elizabeth Roberts-Pedersen examines how British and American experts interpreted and responded to these diverse patient populations. Looking at both combatants and civilians together, she demonstrates that wartime psychiatry was less concerned with individual suffering than with managing mental distress at scale, revealing profound tensions in psychiatric thought over the causes of wartime mental disorder and its treatment. Perhaps most significantly, Human Salvage shows how the Second World War brought mass violence into the clinical realm, transforming psychiatric theory and practice for decades to come.
The United States has fought wars throughout its history. But how has it attempted to shape a peaceful world in the wake of these conflicts? This volume explores the long US history of post-conflict diplomacy – from the early republic, through the aftermath of World War II, to recent global engagements. Through richly detailed essays, it examines how power, race, and individual agency shaped US efforts to rebuild relationships after war. Moving beyond simplistic narratives, the book reveals the complexity of forging peace and its unintended consequences. It highlights pivotal moments when alliances were born, rivalries transformed, and non-governmental actors influenced outcomes as much as statesmen. Essential for scholars, policymakers, and readers seeking insight into how past strategies inform present decisions, this work reframes America's diplomatic legacy and offers lessons for future interventions. Bold, comparative, and deeply researched, it illuminates the challenges – and possibilities – of building peace after conflict.
This book explores relations between medicine and empire in the Roman world. It charts Rome's accumulation of medical resources in the Republic, bound up with the acquisition of territory and power, and then reveals the redistribution of those resources as part of the larger project of imperial consolidation after Augustus. It demonstrates the ways in which medicine – ideas and practices around health, disease and healing – supported the Roman imperial enterprise. From the medical care of large enslaved workforces and Roman armies to the hierarchies of medical practitioners in communities across the empire and the ordering of health and bodies. Rome was the medical and political capital of the Mediterranean. It was also the disease capital, and the integration of imperial territory by the second century CE not only established a unified (but not uniform) medical culture but also helped the spread of disease, culminating in the Antonine Plague.
Covering the earliest known Anglophone literature for children from its medieval forms, its evolution in the early modern period and towards its emergence in the world of print culture, this volume explores the very foundations of the field through to its establishment as a popular genre for nineteenth-century consumers. In-depth discussion of specific sub-periods is provided in the opening chapters, while the remainder trace both major and more subtle changes in genre and style over time, charting an age of experimentation in form including both successful innovations and frequent failed attempts. The geographical range primarily focuses on the British Isles, but chapters also investigate early developments in children's books from North America and the wider impacts of colonialism and slavery. The shifting currents of didacticism and reading for pleasure across a variety of genres, bolstered by Enlightenment educational ideals, intersect here with new thinking about politics, sex, science, and faith.
By offering a comparative analysis of Salafi movements in Tunisia, Théo Blanc advances a systematic theory explaining variation in Salafi pathways of political engagement, built around the concepts of subjective and processual opportunities. The book first explores how Salafism developed in the country and crystallised into distinct currents – scholastic, political, and Jihadi – and then examines their respective adaptations to the 2010–11 revolution and evolutions during the democratisation decade (2011–21). This evolution culminated in what Blanc calls a shift towards post-Salafism, defined as a re-hierarchisation of actors' priorities in action. Blanc draws on rich fieldwork material, including interviews with the founding figures of Salafism in Tunisia, leading Salafi clerics and ideologues, and Salafi and Islamist party leaders, alongside original documentary sources. In doing so, Salafism in Tunisia makes a significant contribution to key debates in political science and Islamic studies, including inclusion-moderation, post-Islamism, political opportunity structure, politicisation, and the conceptualisation of both Salafism and Islamism.
Highlighting the vibrancy and courage of women's contributions to the Romantic era's cultural politics, this History explores – from the perspective of women – the period's British incarnations to demonstrate how female accomplishment challenged secondary social status and initiated an early form of feminist protest and gender study. Separate chapters examine the media that women used – including (but not limited to) song, music, needlework, drawing, and empirical experimentation – and the range of venues and locales where they performed their gender identities and cultural assessments. While making space for writers, writing, and textual literacy, the History resists prevalent bias toward these media as agents of social transformation, prioritizing instead collective, improvisatorial, and embodied modes of creativity and protest. Recognizing the contested nature of both 'British Romanticism' and 'women' in today's critical discourse, this major work puts these two constructed entities into dialogue to explore the history and evolution of their creative critical interactions.
This innovative collected work offers a new way of understanding history, society, and climate change by placing water at the center of human life. Focusing on monsoon Asia-home to nearly half the world's population-it explores how oceans, rivers, monsoons, and even humidity have shaped cultures, economies, politics, and everyday survival for centuries. Bringing together historians, anthropologists, geographers, and environmental scholars, the volume connects local waterscapes to global Earth systems, showing how human actions now reshape the hydrological cycle with planetary consequences. Through vivid case studies ranging from river basins and coastal cities to bodies, beliefs, and technologies, the book reveals water as both a life-giving force and a source of risk, power, and conflict. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.