Element contents
First Cities
Planning Lessons for the 21st Century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 April 2024
Summary
This Element describes and synthesizes archaeological knowledge of humankind's first cities for the purpose of strengthening a comparative understanding of urbanism across space and time. Case studies are drawn from ancient Mesopotamia, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They cover over 9000 years of city building. Cases exemplify the 'deep history' of urbanism in the classic heartlands of civilization, as well as lesser-known urban phenomena in other areas and time periods. The Element discusses the relevance of this knowledge to a number of contemporary urban challenges around food security, service provision, housing, ethnic co-existence, governance, and sustainability. This study seeks to enrich scholarly debates about the urban condition, and inspire new ideas for urban policy, planning, and placemaking in the twenty first century.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009338769Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 04 April 2024
References
Agyeman, J. (2013). Just Sustainabilities: Policy, Planning, and Practice. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Akbar, N., Abubakar, I., Shah, A., and Al-Madani, W. (2021). Ecological embeddedness in the Maya built environment: Inspiration for contemporary cities. Land, 10(12), 1360–1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algaze, G. (2018). Entropic cities: The paradox of urbanism in ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology, 59(1), 23–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alt, S. (2006). The power of diversity: The roles of migration and hybridity in culture change. In Butler, B. and Welch, P., eds., Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society. Carbondale, IL: Center for Archaeological Investigations, pp. 289–308.Google Scholar
Alt, S. and Pauketat, T., eds. (2020). New Materialisms Ancient Urbanisms. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Amin, A. (2008). Collective culture and urban public space. City, 12(1), 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, E. (2011). The Cosmopolitan Canopy: Race and Civility in Everyday Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Arreola, D. (1988). Mexican American housescapes. Geographical Review, 78(3), 299–315.Google Scholar
Asomani-Boateng, R. (2011). Borrowing from the past to sustain the present and the future: Indigenous African urban forms, architecture, and sustainable urban development in contemporary Africa. Journal of Urbanism, 4(3), 239–262.Google Scholar
Badger, E. (2019). What a Nobel laureate discovers at Burning Man. The New York Times, September 8: B1.Google Scholar
Baires, S. (2022). Cahokia and the North American Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, H. (2023). The later phases of Southern Mesopotamian urbanism: Babylonia in the second and first millennia BC. Journal of Archaeological Research, 31(2), 147–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-022-09174-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, K. (2008). Royal cities and cult centers, administrative towns, and workmen’s settlements in ancient Egypt. In Marcus, J. and Sabloff, J., eds., The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New Worlds. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press, pp. 165–182.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. and Sheppard, E. (2010). “Nothing includes everything”: Towards engaged pluralism in anglophone economic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 34(2), 193–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthel, S. and Isendahl, C. (2013). Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Ecological Economics, 86, 224–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batty, M. (2022). Review of L. Bettencourt, Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems. Papers in Regional Science, 101(2), 505–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumanova, M. (2020). Urban Public Space in Colonial Transformations. Cham: Springer Nature.Google Scholar
Baumanova, M. (2022). Transitory courtyards as a feature of sustainable urbanism on the East African coast. Sustainability, 14(3), 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumanova, M. and Vis, B. (2020). Comparative urbanism in archaeology. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3478-1.Google Scholar
Beauregard, R. (2018). Cities in the Urban Age: A Dissent. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, N. (2011). Burning Man and the metropolis. Places Journal, January [online]. https://placesjournal.org/article/burning-man-and-the-metropolis/?cn-reloaded=1.Google Scholar
Bettencourt, L. (2021). Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettencourt, L. and West, G. (2010). A unified theory of urban living. Nature, 467(7318), 912–913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bissell, W. (2018). The modern life of Swahili stonetowns. In Wynne-Jones, S. and LaViolette, A., eds., The Swahili World. London: Routledge, pp. 589–601.Google Scholar
Blanton, R. and Fargher, L. (2008). Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-modern States. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, J. (2022). Engaged pluralism: The importance of commitment. Perspectives on Politics, 20(1), 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, N. (2019). New Urban Spaces: Urban Theory and the Scale Question. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, X. de S. (2004). Civilization in Color: The Multicultural City in Three Millennia. City & Community, 3(4), 311–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camrass, K. (2023). Regenerative urbanism: A causal layered analysis. Foresight, 25(4), 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-11-2021-0227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canuto, M. and Estrada-Belli, F. (2022). Patterns of early urbanism in the Southern Maya Lowlands. In Love, M. and Guernsey, J., eds., Early Mesoamerican Cities: Urbanism and Urbanization in the Formative Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–98.Google Scholar
Carballo, D. (2020). Power, politics, and governance at Teotihuacan. In Hirth, K., Carballo, D., and Arroyo, B., eds., Teotihuacan: The World beyond the City. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 57–96.Google Scholar
Carballo, D. (2022). Governance strategies in precolonial central Mexico. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 797331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carballo, D. and Feinman, G. (2016). Cooperation, collective action, and the archaeology of large-scale societies. Evolutionary Anthropology, 25(6), 288–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carballo, D., Feinman, G., and López Corral, A. (2022). Mesoamerican urbanism: Indigenous institutions, infrastructure, and resilience. Urban Studies. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00420980221105418.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. (2017). The standard model, the maximalists, and the minimalists: New interpretations of Trypillia mega-sites. Journal of World Prehistory, 30(3), 221–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, J., Gaydarska, B., and Nebbia, M. (2019). The origins of Trypillian megasites. Frontiers in Digital Humanities 6(10). https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2019.00010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, A. S. Z. (2016a). Beyond elite control: Residential reservoirs at Caracol, Belize. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 3(6), 885–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, A. S. Z. (2016b). Districting and urban services at Caracol, Belize: Intra-site boundaries in an evolving Mayan culture. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 13, 15–28.Google Scholar
Chase, A. S. Z. (2017). Residential inequality among the ancient Maya: Operationalizing household architectural volume at Caracol, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 14, 31–39.Google Scholar
Chase, A. S. Z. (2019). Water management among the ancient Maya: Degrees of latitude. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 16, 101–109.Google Scholar
Chase, A. S. Z. (2023). Urban planning at Caracol, Belize: Governance, residential autonomy, and heterarchical management through time. In Marken, D. and Arnauld, M., eds., Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism: Planning and Flexibility in the American Tropics. Denver: University Press of Colorado, pp. 349–376.Google Scholar
Chase, A. S. Z. and Cesaretti, R. (2019). Diversity in ancient Maya water management strategies at Caracol, Belize and Tikal, Guatemala. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 6e1332.Google Scholar
Chase, A. and Chase, D. (1998). Scale and intensity in Classic Period Maya agriculture: Terracing and settlement at the “Garden City” of Caracol, Belize. Culture & Agriculture, 20(2–3), 60–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, A. and Chase, D. (2007). Ancient Maya urban development: Insights from the archaeology of Caracol, Belize. Belizean Studies, 29(2), 60–72.Google Scholar
Chase, A. and Chase, D. (2009). Symbolic egalitarianism and homogenized distributions in the archaeological record at Caracol, Belize: Method, theory, and complexity. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 6, 15–24.Google Scholar
Chase, A. and Chase, D. (2016). The ancient Maya city: Anthropological landscapes, settlement archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 13, 3–14.Google Scholar
Chase, A., Chase, D., Awe, J. et al. (2014). The use of LiDAR in understanding the Ancient Maya landscape: Caracol and Western Belize. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 2(3), 208–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, A., Chase, D., and Chase, A. S. Z. (2020). The Maya city of Caracol, Belize: The integration of an anthropogenic landscape. In Hutson, S. and Arden, T., eds., The Maya World. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 344–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, A., Chase, D., and Chase, A. S. Z. (2022). Caracol, Belize, and Tikal, Guatemala: Ancient Maya human–nature relationships and their sociopolitical context. In Larmon, J., Lucero, L., and Jr, F. Valdez., eds., Sustainability and Water Management in the Maya World and Beyond. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 143–170.Google Scholar
Chase, A., Chase, D., Horlacher, T., and Chase, A. S. Z. (2015). Markets among the ancient Maya: The case of Caracol, Belize. In King, E., ed., The Ancient Maya Marketplace: The Archaeology of Transient Space. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 226–250.Google Scholar
Chase, B., Ajithprasad, P., Rajesh, S., Patel, A., and Sharma, B. (2014). Materializing Harappan identities: Unity and diversity in the borderlands of the Indus civilization. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 35, 63–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, D. and Chase, A. (2014). Path dependency in the rise and denouement of a Classic Maya city: The case of Caracol, Belize. Anthropological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 24(1), 142–154.Google Scholar
Chase, D. and Chase, A. (2017). Caracol, Belize, and changing perceptions of ancient Maya society. Journal of Archaeological Research, 25(3), 185–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, D. and Chase, A. (2020). The ancient Maya economic landscape of Caracol, Belize. In Masson, M., Freidel, D., and Demarest, A., eds., The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies: From Farmers’ Fields to Rulers’ Realms. Tallahassee: University Press of Florida, pp. 132–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, D., Lobo, J., Feinman, G. et al. (2023). Mesoamerican urbanism revisited: Environmental change, adaptation, resilience, persistence, and collapse. PNAS, 120(31), e2211558120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chavez, S. and Gazzola, J. (2021). Interaction, ethnicity, and subsistence strategies among the minority groups of the ancient city of Teotihuacan. In Lauriers, C. and Murakami, T., eds., Teotihuacan and Early Classic Mesoamerica. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 74–102.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G. (1950). The urban revolution. Town Planning Review, 21(1), 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chirikure, S. (2020). Shades of urbanism(s) and urbanity in pre-colonial Africa: Towards Afro-centred interventions. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 1, 49–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung-Tiam-Fook, T., Engle, J., and Agyeman, J. (2020). Awakening seven generation cities. In Engle, J., Agyeman, J., and Chung-Tiam-Fook, T., eds., Sacred Civics: Building Seven Generation Cities. Oxford: Routledge, pp. 33–41.Google Scholar
Chwałczyk, F. (2020). Around the Anthropocene in eighty names: Considering the Urbanocene proposition. Sustainability, 12(11), 4458–4533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G. (2016). Global Cities: A Short History. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Clark, P., ed. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, S. (2015). Teotihuacan: An early urban center in its regional context. In Yoffee, N., ed., Early Cities in Comparative Perspective: 4000 BCE–1200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Coburn, A., Vartanian, O., and Chatterjee, A. (2017). Buildings, beauty, and the brain: A neuroscience of architectural experience. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29(9), 1521–1531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Congress for the New Urbanism (2000). Charter of the New Urbanism. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 20(4), 339–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowgill, G. (2003). Teotihuacan: Cosmic glories and mundane needs. In Smith, M. L., ed., The Social Construction of Ancient Cities. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 37–55.Google Scholar
Cowgill, G. (2004). Origins and development of urbanism: Archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 525–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowgill, G. (2015). Ancient Teotihuacan: Early Urbanism in Central Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, K. and Evenhuis, E. (2020). Theorizing in urban and regional studies: Negotiating generalization and particularity. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(3), 425–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creekmore, A. (2014). The social production of space in third-millennium cities of upper Mesopotamia. In Creekmore, A. and Fisher, K., eds., Making Ancient Cities: Space and Place in Early Urban Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 32–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creekmore, A. and Fisher, K., eds. (2014). Making Ancient Cities: Space and Place in Early Urban Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crumley, C. (1995). Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies. In Ehrenreich, R., Crumley, C., and Levy, J., eds., Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies. Washington, DC: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 6, pp. 1–5.Google Scholar
Crumley, C. (2021). Preface. In Thurston, T. and Fernández-Götz, M., eds., Power from Below in Premodern Societies: The Dynamics of Political Complexity in the Archaeological Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xiii–xv.Google Scholar
Davis, M. (2017). The Harappan ‘veneer’ and the forging of urban identity. In Frenez, D., Jamison, G., Law, R., Vidale, M., and Meadow, R., eds., Walking with the Unicorn: Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, pp. 145–160.Google Scholar
Demarest, A. and Victor, B. (2022). Constructing policy to confront collapse: Ancient experience and modern risk. Academy of Management Perspectives, 36(2), 768–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennehy, T., Stanley, B., and Smith, M. E. (2016). Social inequality and access to services in premodern cities. Anthropological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 27(1), 143–160.Google Scholar
Der, L. and Issavi, J. (2017). The urban quandary and the ‘mega-site’ from the Çatalhöyük perspective. Journal of World Prehistory, 30(3), 189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diachenko, A. and Menotti, F. (2017). Proto-cities or non-proto-cities? On the nature of Cucuteni-Trypillia mega-sites. Journal of World Prehistory, 30(3), 207–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz, D. (2005). Barrio Urbanism: Chicanos, Planning, and American Cities. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz, D. and Torres, R., eds. (2012). Latino Urbanism: The Politics of Planning, Policy, and Redevelopment. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Dittmar, H. and Kelbaugh, D. (2019). Lean urbanism is about making small possible. In Arefi, M. and Kickert, C., eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Bottom-Up Urbanism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 67–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dovey, K. and Pafka, E. (2016). The science of urban design? Urban Design International, 21(1), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dufton, J. (2022). How do you solve a problem like the city? Journal of Roman Archaeology, 35(1), 351–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Düring, B. (2013). The anatomy of a prehistoric community: Reconsidering Çatalhöyük’. In Birch, J., ed., From Prehistoric Villages to Cities: Settlement Aggregation and Community Transformation. New York: Routledge, pp. 24–43.Google Scholar
Ebel, R. (2020). Chinampas: An urban farming model of the Aztecs and a potential solution for modern megalopolis. HortTechnology, 30(1), 13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emberling, G. (2015). Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500–1600 BCE. In Yoffee, N., ed., Early Cities in Comparative Perspective: 4000 BCE–1200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 253–278.Google Scholar
Emerson, T. and Hedman, K. (2016). The dangers of diversity: The consolidation and dissolution of Cahokia, native North America’s first urban polity. In Faulseit, R., ed., Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale, IL: Center for Archaeological Investigations, pp. 147–175.Google Scholar
Engle, J., Agyeman, J., and Chung-Tiam-Fook, T., eds. (2022). Sacred Civics: Building Seven Generation Cities. Oxford: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar, A. (2019). Habitability and design: Radical interdependence and the re-earthing of cities. Geoforum, 101, 132–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar, A. (2022a). Reframing civilization(s): From critique to transitions. Globalizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.2002673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar, A. (2022b). On the ontological metrofitting of cities. e-flux [online]. www.e-flux.com/architecture/where-is-here/453886/on-the-ontological-metrofitting-of-cities/.Google Scholar
Fargher, L., Antorcha-Pedemontea, R., Espinoza, V. et al. (2020). Wealth inequality, social stratification, and the built environment in Late Prehispanic Highland Mexico: A comparative analysis with special emphasis on Tlaxcallan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargher, L., Blanton, R., Espinoza, V. et al. (2011). Tlaxcallan: The archaeology of an ancient republic in the New World. Antiquity, 85(327), 172–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargher, L., Blanton, R., and Heredia Espinoza, V. (2022). Collective action, good government, and democracy in Tlaxcallan, Mexico: An analysis based on demokratia. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, p.832440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.832440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farhat, G., ed. (2020). Landscapes of Preindustrial Urbanism. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
Feinman, G., Blanton, R., Nicholas, L., and Kowalewski, S. (2022). Reframing the foundation of Monte Albán. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 5, 155–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, G. and Carballo, D. (2018). Collaborative and competitive strategies in the variability and resiliency of large-scale societies in Mesoamerica. Economic Anthropology, 5(1), 7–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, G. and Carballo, D. (2019). The scale, governance, and sustainability of central places in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. In Lozny, L. and McGovern, T., eds., Global perspectives on Long Term Community Resource Management: Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation. Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 235–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, G., Carballo, D., Nicholas, L., and Kowalewski, S. (2023). Sustainability and duration of early central places in prehispanic Mesoamerica. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 076740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1076740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, G., Faulseit, R., and Nicholas, L. (2018). Assessing wealth inequality in the pre-Hispanic Valley of Oaxaca. In Kohler, T., and Smith, M. E., eds., Ten Thousand Years of Inequality: The Archaeology of Wealth Differences. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 262–288.Google Scholar
Fernández-Armesto, F. (2013). Latin America. In Clark, P., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 364–382.Google Scholar
Filep, C., Thompson-Fawcett, M., and Rae, M. (2014). Built narratives. Journal of Urban Design, 19(3), 298–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, C. (2014). The role of infield agriculture in Maya cities. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 36, 196–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, C. (2020). Archaeology for sustainable agriculture. Journal of Archaeological Research, 28(3), 393–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleisher, J. (2010). Swahili synoecism: Rural settlements and town formation on the Central East African coast, AD 750–1500. Journal of Field Archaeology, 35(3), 265–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleisher, J. (2014). The complexity of public space at the Swahili town of Songo Mnara, Tanzania. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 35, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleisher, J. and Wynne-Jones, S. (2012). Finding meaning in ancient Swahili spatial practices. African Archaeological Review, 29(2–3), 171–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, R. (2019). Trajectories to low-density settlements past and present: Paradox and outcomes. Frontiers in Digital Humanities. 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2019.00014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, R. (1973). Archaeology serving humanity. In Redman, C., ed., Research and Theory in Current Archaeology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 83–94.Google Scholar
Fortin, D. (2022). Lessons from Cahokia: Indigeneity and the future of the settler-city. In Ruckstuhl, K., Nimatuj, I., McNeish, J-A, and Postero, N., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Development. London: Routledge, pp. 392–401.Google Scholar
Fox, S. and Goodfellow, T. (2022). On the conditions of ‘late urbanisation’. Urban Studies, 59(10), 1959–1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freixa, M. (2018). Rethinking monumentality in Teotihuacan, Mexico. In Brysbaert, A., Klinkenberg, V., Garcia-M, A. Gutiérrez, and Vikatou, I., eds., Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality, and the Economics of Building: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Built Environment. Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 219–241.Google Scholar
Fritz, J. (1978). Paleopsychology today: Ideational systems and human adaptation in prehistory. In Redman, C., ed., Social Archeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating. New York: Academic Press, pp. 37–59.Google Scholar
Froese, T. and Manzanilla, L. (2018). Modeling collective rule at ancient Teotihuacan as a complex adaptive system: Communal ritual makes social hierarchy more effective. Cognitive Systems Research, 52, 862–874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulminante, F. (2021). Editorial: Where do cities come from and where are they going to? Frontiers in Digital Humanities, 7, 633838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2020.633838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrison, T., Houston, S., and Firpi, O. (2019). Recentering the rural: Lidar and articulated landscapes among the Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 53, 133–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaydarska, B. (2016). The city is dead! Long live the city! Norwegian Archaeological Review, 49(1), 40–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaydarska, B. (2019). “If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change”: The case of Trypillia. In Kadrow, S. and Müller, J., eds., Habitus? The Social Dimension of Technology and Transformation. Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 47–69.Google Scholar
Gaydarska, B. (2021). Fragmenting Trypillian megasites: A bottom-up approach. In Thurston, T. and Fernández-Götz, M., eds., Power from Below in Premodern Societies: The Dynamics of Political Complexity in the Archaeological Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 40–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaydarska, B. and Chapman, J. (2022). Megasites in Prehistoric Europe: Where Strangers and Kinsfolk Meet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gayadarska, B., Millard, A., Buchanan, B., and Chapman, J. (2023). Place and time at Trypillia mega-sites. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 7, 115–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, L. (2020). Regenerative – the new sustainable? Sustainability, 12(13), 5483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, A. (2013). Poverty, inequality, and social segregation. In Clark, P., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 683–699.Google Scholar
Goldhagen, S. (2017). Welcome to Your World: How the Built Environment Shapes Our Lives. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Goodspeed, R. (2022). Review of L. Bettencourt, Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems. Journal of the American Planning Association, 88(4), 591–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graeber, D. and Wengrow, D. (2021). The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Green, A. (2018). Mohenjo-Daro’s small public structures: Heterarchy, collective action, and a re-visitation of old interpretations with GIS and 3D modelling. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 28(2), 205–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, A. (2021). Killing the priest-king: Addressing egalitarianism in the Indus civilization. Journal of Archaeological Research, 29(2), 153–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, A. (2022). Of revenue without rulers: Public goods in the egalitarian cities of the Indus civilization. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 823071. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.823071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grinsell, S. (2020). The city is a lie. Aeon, July 30 [online]. https://aeon.co/essays/cities-are-a-borderland-where-the-wild-and-built-worlds-meet.Google Scholar
Gyucha, A., ed. (2019). Coming Together: Comparative Approaches to Population Aggregation and Early Urbanization. Albany: State University of New York Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, T., Kardulias, N., and Chase-Dunn, C. (2011). World-systems analysis and archaeology: Continuing the dialogue. Journal of Archaeological Research, 19(3), 233–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamidi, S. (2019). Urban sprawl and the emergence of food deserts in the USA. Urban Studies, 57(8), 1660–1675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, E. (2022). Multi-centric, marsh-based urbanism at the early Mesopotamian city of Lagash (Tell al-Hiba, Iraq). Journal of Anthropological Archeology, 68, p.101458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, E., Stone, E., and McMahon, A. (2022). The structure and hydrology of the early dynastic city of Lagash (Tell Al-Hiba) from satellite and aerial images. Iraq, 84, 103–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, A. (2018). The question of ‘proto-urban’ sites in later prehistoric Europe. Origini: The Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations, 42, 317–338.Google Scholar
Hawken, S. and Fletcher, R. (2021). A long-term archaeological reappraisal of low-density urbanism: Implications for contemporary cities. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 3, 29–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heitman, C. and Plog, S., eds. (2015). Chaco Revisited: New Research on the Prehistory of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, G. (1999). Origins of Architectural Pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirth, K. (2008). Incidental urbanism: The structure of the Prehispanic city in Central Mexico. In Marcus, J. and Sabloff, J., eds., The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New World. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press, pp. 273–297.Google Scholar
Hoch, C. (2022). Planning imagination and the future. Journal of Planning Education and Research, p.0739456X221084997.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. (2006). The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. and Pels, P. (2010). History houses: A new interpretation of architectural elaboration at Çatalhöyük. In Hodder, I., ed., Religion in the Emergence of Civilization: Çatalhöyük as a Case Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 163–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, R., Müller, J., Shatilo, L. et al. (2019). Governing Tripolye: Integrative architecture in Tripolye settlements. PLoS ONE, 14(9), p.e0222243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houston, D., Hillier, J., MacCallum, D., Steele, W., and Byrne, J. (2018). Make kin, not cities! Multispecies entanglements and becoming-world in planning theory. Planning Theory, 17(2), 90–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. (1976). African Cities and Towns before the Conquest. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Hutson, S. (2016). The Ancient Urban Maya: Neighborhoods, Inequality, and Built Form. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Hutson, S., Chase, A. S. Z., Glover, J. et al. (2023). Settlement scaling in the northern Maya Lowlands: Human-scale implications. Latin American Antiquity, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/laq.2022.103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutson, S. and Welch, J. (2021). Old urbanites as new urbanists? Mixing at an ancient Maya city. Journal of Urban History, 47(4), 812–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutson, S. and Solinis-Casparius, R. (2022). Streets and open spaces: Comparing mobility and urban form at Angamuco and Chunchucmil, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica, 34(2), 338–359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095653612100047X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huvila, I., Dallas, C., Toumpouri, M., and Enqvist, D. (2022). Archaeological practices and societal challenges. Open Archaeology, 8(1), 296–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isendahl, C. (2012). Investigating urban experiences, deconstructing urban essentialism. UGEC Viewpoints, 8, 25–28.Google Scholar
Isendahl, C. (2022). How do we get out of this mess? Landscape legacies, unintended consequences, and trade-offs of human behavior. In Lamon, J., Lucero, L., and Valdez, F., eds., Sustainability and Water Management in the Maya World and Beyond. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 228–243.Google Scholar
Isendahl, C. and Smith, M. E. (2013). Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and Aztecs. Cities, 31, 132–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izdebski, A. (2022). What stories should historians be telling at the dawn of the Anthropocene? In Izdebski, A., Halson, J., and Filipkowski, P., eds., Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal Environmental Crises: What the Future Needs from History, Cham: Springer, pp. 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, J. (2016). Killing Civilization: A Reassessment of Early Urbanism and Its Consequences. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, J. and Earle, T. (2016). Urbanization, state formation, and cooperation: A reappraisal. Current Anthropology, 57(4), 474–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, J., Frenette, S., Harmacy, S., Keenan, P., and Maciw, A. (2021). Cities, surplus, and the state: A re-evaluation. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 4, 15–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jervis, B., Cembrzynski, P., Fleisher, J., Tys, D., and Wynne-Jones, S. (2021). The archaeology of emptiness? Journal of Urban Archaeology, 4, 221–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jon, I. (2020). Deciphering posthumanism: Why and how it matters to urban planning in the Anthropocene. Planning Theory, 19(4), 392–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, A. (2009). The main plaza of Monte Albán: A life history of place. In Bowser, B. and Zedeño, M., eds., The Archaeology of Meaningful Places. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. pp. 32–52.Google Scholar
Kadi, J. and Lilius, J. (2022). The remarkable stability of social housing in Vienna and Helsinki: A multi-dimensional analysis. Housing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2022.2135170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, K. (2003). The spatial patterns of everyday life in Old Babylonian neighborhoods. In Smith, M. L., ed., The Social Construction of Ancient Cities. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 56–80.Google Scholar
Kenoyer, J. (2003). Uncovering the keys to the lost Indus civilization. Scientific American, 289(1), 66–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenoyer, J., Price, T., and Burton, J. (2013). A new approach to tracking connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: Initial results of strontium isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(5), 2286–2297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, N. and McAnany, P. (2023). Experimenting with large-group aggregation. Journal of Urban Archaeology 7, 17–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmelman, M. (2016). Alejandro Aravena, the architect rebuilding a country. New York Times, May 23.Google Scholar
Klinenberg, E. (2002). Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinenberg, E. (2018). Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Kohler, T. and Smith, M. E., eds. (2018). Ten Thousand Years of Inequality: The Archaeology of Wealth Differences. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, T., Smith, M. E., Bogaard, A. et al. (2017). Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature, 551(7682), 619–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kostof, S. (1991). The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Kusimba, C. (2008). Early African cities: Their role in the shaping of urban and rural interaction spheres. In Marcus, J. and Sabloff, J., eds., The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New Worlds. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press, pp. 229–246.Google Scholar
LaViolette, A. (2008). Swahili cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean world, AD 600–1500. Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, 4(1), 24–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaViolette, A. and Fleisher, J. (2004). The archaeology of sub-Saharan urbanism: Cities and their countrysides. In Stahl, A., ed., African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 327–352.Google Scholar
LaViolette, A., Fleisher, J., and Horton, M. (2023). Assembling Islamic practice in a Swahili urban landscape, 11th–16th centuries. Journal of Social Archaeology, 23(1), 99–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawler, A. (2008). Boring no more, a trade-savvy Indus emerges. Science, 320(5881), 1276–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leadbetter, M. (2021). The fluid city, urbanism as process. World Archaeology, 53(1), 137–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, H. (1996). The right to the city. In Kofman, E. and Lebas, E., eds., Writings on Cities. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 147–159.Google Scholar
Lekson, S. (2018). A Study of Southwestern Archaeology. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Leyser, C., Standen, N., and Wynne-Jones, S. (2018). Settlement, landscape and narrative: What really happened in history. Past & Present, 238(Suppl. 13), 232–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucero, L. (2018). A cosmology of conservation in the ancient Maya world. Journal of Anthropological Research, 74(3), 327–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucero, L., Fletcher, R., and Coningham, R. (2015). From ‘collapse’ to urban diaspora: The transformation of low-density, dispersed agrarian urbanism. Antiquity, 89(347), 1139–1154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucero, L., Gunn, J., and Scarborough, V. (2011). Climate change and Classic Maya water management. Water, 3(2), 479–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maaranen, N., Walker, J., and Soltysiak, A. (2022). Societal segmentation and early urbanism in Mesopotamia: Biological distance analysis from Tell Brak using dental morphology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 67, p101421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnoni, A., Arden, T., Hutson, S., and Dahlin, B. (2014). The production of space and identity at Classic-period Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico. In Creekmore, A. and Fisher, K., eds., Making Ancient Cities: Space and Place in Early Urban Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzanilla, L. (2009). Corporate life in apartment and barrio compounds at Teotihuacan, central Mexico: Craft specialization, hierarchy, and ethnicity. In Manzanilla, L. and Chapdelaine, C., eds., Domestic Life in Prehispanic Capitals: A Study of Specialization, Hierarchy, and Ethnicity. Memoirs No. 40. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, pp. 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzanilla, L. (2015). Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, central Mexico, as a case study. PNAS, 112(30), 9210–9215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzanilla, L., ed. (2017). Multiethnicity and Migration at Teopancazco: Investigations of a Teotihuacan Neighborhood Center. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzanilla, L. (2018). Corporate societies with exclusionary social components: The Teotihuacan metropolis. Origini: Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations, 42, 211–225.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. and Sabloff, J., eds. (2008). The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New Worlds. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.Google Scholar
Marken, D. and Arnauld, C., eds. (2023). Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism: Planning and Flexibility in the American Tropics. Denver: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Mathews, F. (2022). Conservation needs to include a ‘story about feeling’. Biological Conservation, 272, p109668. https://doi-org.du.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, P. and Yoffee, N., eds. (2010). Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McGranahan, G., Schensul, D., and Singh, G. (2016). Inclusive urbanization: Can the 2030 agenda be delivered without it? Environment and Urbanization, 28(1), 13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuirk, J. (2014). Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R. (2005). Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R. and McIntosh, S. (2003). Early urban configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered cities and landscapes of power. In Smith, M. L., ed., The Social Construction of Ancient Cities. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 103–120.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S. (1997). Urbanism in sub-Saharan Africa. In Vogel, J. O. and Vogel, J., eds., Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira, pp. 461–465.Google Scholar
McLaren, D. and Agyeman, J. (2015). Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, A. (2013a). Mesopotamia. In Clark, P., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 31–48.Google Scholar
McMahon, A. (2013b). Space, sound, and light: Toward a sensory experience of ancient monumental architecture. American Journal of Archaeology, 117(2), 163–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, A. (2014). Urbanism and the prehistory of violent conflict: Tell Brak, northeast Syria. ArchéOrient – Le Blog [online]. https://archeorient.hypotheses.org/2797.Google Scholar
McMahon, A., Pittman, H., Al-Rawi, Z. et al. (2023). Dense urbanism and economic multi-centrism at third-millennium BC Lagash. Antiquity, 97(393), 596–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, B. (2022). Urban narratives and urban history: On presentation and interpretation. Journal of Urban History, 49(4), 929–935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meddeb, R. and Handforth, C. (2022). We need smarter cities, not ‘smart cities’. MIT Technology Review, 125(4), 16–17.Google Scholar
Mehaffy, M. (2018). Five takeaways from the 2018 world urban forum. Public Square, March 19 [online]. www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2018/03/19/five-takeaways-2018-world-urban-forum.Google Scholar
Mehaffy, M. (2019). We need ‘Goldilocks’, not ‘voodoo’ urbanism. Public Square, January 16 [online]. www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2019/01/16/we-need-‘goldilocks’-not-‘voodoo’-urbanism.Google Scholar
Mehaffy, M. and Haas, T. (2018). Informality in the new urban agenda: A ‘new paradigm’? Berkeley Planning Journal, 30(1), 6–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellaart, J. (1967). Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Middleton, G. (2017). The show must go on: Collapse, resilience, and transformation in 21st-century archaeology. Reviews in Anthropology, 46(2–3), 78–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millhauser, J. and Earle, T. (2022). Biodiversity and the human past: Lessons for conservation biology. Biological Conservation, 272, p.109599. https://doi-org.du.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, B. (2023). From frontier to centre place: The dynamic trajectory of the Chaco world. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 7, 215–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mixter, D. (2019). Community resilience and urban planning during the ninth-century Maya collapse: A case study from Actuncan, Belize. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 30(2), 219–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosher, M. (2017). The architecture of Mohenjo-Daro as evidence for the organization of Indus civilization neighbourhoods. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Müller, , Rassmann, J. K. and Videiko, M. (2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory 4100–3400 BCE. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, J. and Crumley, C. (2022). If the Past Teaches, What Does the Future Learn? Ancient Urban Regions and the Durable Future. Delft: TU Delft.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtha, T. (2023). The living landscape: Livelihoods and opportunities in the city and region of ancient Tikal. In Marken, D. and Arnauld, M., eds., Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism: Planning and Flexibility in the American Tropics. Denver: University Press of Colorado, pp. 315–348.Google Scholar
Myers, G. (2011). Why Africa’s cities matter. African Geographical Review, 30(1), 101–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newitz, A. (2021). Four Lost Cities: A Secret History of the Urban Age. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Nichols, D. (2016). Teotihuacan. Journal of Archaeological Research, 24(1), 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, G. (2013). Cosmopolitan habits: The capacities and habitats of intercultural conviviality. Body and Society, 19(2–3), 162–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norwood, A. and Smith, M. E. (2022). Urban open space and governance in ancient Mesoamerica. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 29(3), 939–961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novak, M. (2004). From Ashur to Nineveh: The Assyrian town-planning programme. Papers of the XLIXe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, 1 (Iraq 66), 177–185.Google Scholar
O’Brien, C. (2023). Empty office buildings are being turned into vertical farms. Smithsonian Magazine, July 11. www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/empty-office-buildings-are-being-turned-into-vertical-farms-180982502/.Google Scholar
Ohlrau, R. (2022). Trypillia mega-sites: Neither urban nor low-density? Journal of Urban Archaeology 5, 81–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, C. (2023). Storytelling otherwise: Decolonising storytelling in planning. Planning Theory, 22(2), 177–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortman, S. (2019). A new kind of relevance for archaeology. Frontiers in Digital Humanities, 6, p16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2019.00016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortman, S., Cabaniss, A., Sturm, J., and Bettencourt, L. (2015). Settlement scaling and increasing returns in an ancient society. Science Advances, 1(1), p.e1400066. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortman, S., Lobo, J., and Smith, M. E. (2020). Cities: Complexity, theory and history. PLoS ONE, 15(12), p.e0243621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortman, S., Smith, M. E., Lobo, J., and Bettencourt, L. (2020). Why archaeology is necessary for a theory of urbanization. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 1, 152–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otto, A. (2015). Neo-Assyrian capital cities: From imperial headquarters to cosmopolitan cities. In Yoffee, N., ed., Early Cities in Comparative Perspective: 4000 BCE–1200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 469–490.Google Scholar
Patel, S. (2014). Stone towns of the Swahili coast. Archaeology, 61(1), January/February, pp. 42–49.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. (2019). Fragile Cahokian and Chacoan orders and infrastructures. In Yoffee, N., ed., The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 89–108.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. (2020a). Introducing new materialisms, rethinking ancient urbanisms. In Alt, S. and Pauketat, T., eds. New Materialisms Ancient Urbanisms. London: Routledge, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. (2020b). What constituted Cahokian urbanism? In Farhat, G., ed., Landscapes of Preindustrial Urbanism. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 89–111.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. and Alt, S., eds. (2015). Medieval Mississippians: The Cahokian World. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T., Alt, S., Betzenhauser, A., Kruchten, J., and Benson, E. (2023). Cahokia as urban anomaly. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 7, 253–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauketat, T., Alt, S. and Kruchten, J. (2015). City of earth and wood: New Cahokia and its material-historical implications. In Yoffee, N., ed., Early Cities in Comparative Perspective: 4000 BCE–1200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 437–454.Google Scholar
Pawlowicz, M., Fleisher, J., and Wynne-Jones, S. (2021). Exploring Swahili urbanism through survey of Songo Mnara Island, Tanzania. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2021.1988007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peattie, L. (1994). An argument for slums. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 13(2), 136–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peregrine, P., Ortman, S, and Rupley, E. (2014). Social complexity at Cahokia. Santa Fe Institute Working Paper No. 2014-03-004 [online]. www.santafe.edu/research/results/working-papers/social-complexity-at-cahokia.Google Scholar
Petrie, C. (2013). South Asia. In Clark, P., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–104.Google Scholar
Petrie, C. (2017). Looking beneath the veneer: Thoughts about environmental and cultural diversity in the Indus civilization. In Frenez, D., Jamison, G., Law, R., Vidale, M., and Meadow, R., eds., Walking with the Unicorn: Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, pp. 453–474.Google Scholar
Petrie, C. (2019). Diversity, variability, adaptation, and ‘fragility’ in the Indus civilization. In Yoffee, N., ed., The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 109–133.Google Scholar
Pollard, E., Fleisher, J., and Wynne-Jones, S. (2012). Beyond the stone town: Maritime architecture at fourteenth-fifteenth century Songo Mnara, Tanzania. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 7(1), 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pool, C. and Loughlin, M. (2016). Tres Zapotes: The evolution of a resilient polity in the Olmec heartland of Mexico. In Faulseit, R., ed., Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale, IL: Center for Archaeological Investigations, pp 287–309.Google Scholar
Pool, C. and Loughlin, M. (2017). Creating memory and negotiating power in the Olmec heartland. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 24(1), 229–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pool, C. and Loughlin, M. (2022). Early urbanization in the Formative Gulf Lowlands, Mexico. In Love, M. and Guernsey, J., eds., Early Mesoamerican Cities: Urbanism and Urbanization in the Formative Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–72.Google Scholar
Porter, L. (2011). Informality, the commons and the paradoxes for planning: Debates for informality and planning. Planning Theory and Practice, 12(1), 115–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prümers, H., Betancourt, C., Iriarte, J., Robinson, M., and Schaich, . (2022). Lidar reveals pre-Hispanic low-density urbanism in the Bolivian Amazon. Nature, 606, 325–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04780-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pugh, T., Rice, P., Chan Nieto, E., and Georges, J. (2022a). Complexity, cooperation, and public goods: Quality of place at Nixtun-Ch’ich’, Petén, Guatemala. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, p.805888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.805888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, T., Rice, P., Nieto, E., Meranda, M., and Milley, D. (2022b). Middle Preclassic hydraulic planning at Nixtun-Ch’ich’, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica, 33(3), 589–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raja, R. and Sindbæk, S. (2022). Anomalocivitas – editorial. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 5, 13–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raja, R. and Sindbæk, S. (2023). David and Goliath: Giants and dwarfs in settlement archaeology – editorial. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 7, 15–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramzy, N. (2016). Morphological logic in historical settlements: Space syntax analyses of residential districts at Mohenjo-Daro, Kahun and Ur. Urban Design International, 21(1), 41–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins Schug, G. (2020). Ritual, urbanism, and the everyday: Mortuary behavior in the Indus civilization. In Betsinger, T. and DeWitte, S., eds., The Bioarchaeology of Urbanization: The Biological, Demographic, and Social Consequences of Living in Cities. Cham: Springer International, pp. 49–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertshaw, P. (2019). Fragile states in sub-Saharan Africa. In Yoffee, N., ed., The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 135–159.Google Scholar
Robertson, I. (2008). Insubstantial Residential Structures at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Report. Coral Gables, FL: FAMSI [online]. www.famsi.org/reports/06103/06103Robertson01.pdf.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. (2006). Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rødland, H., Wynne-Jones, S., Wood, M., and Fleisher, J. (2020). No such thing as invisible people: Toward an archaeology of slavery at the fifteenth-century Swahili site of Songo Mnara. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 55(4), 439–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojas, A. and Dávila, N. B. (2020). Studying ancient water management in Monte Albán, Mexico, to solve water issues, improve urban living, and protect heritage in the present. In Hein, C., ed., Adaptive Strategies for Water Heritage: Past, Present, and Future. Cham: Springer, pp. 59–77.Google Scholar
Rose, J. (2016). The Well-Tempered City: What Modern Science, Ancient Civilizations, and Human Nature Teach Us about the Future of Urban Life. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Roy, A. (2009). The 21st-century metropolis: New geographies of theory. Regional Studies 43(6), 819–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabloff, J. (2008). Archaeology Matters: Action Archaeology in The Modern World. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Saitta, D. (2020). Intercultural Urbanism: City Planning from the Ancient World to the Modern Day. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, R. (2017). Urban sustainability in an age of enduring inequalities: Advancing theory and econometrics for the 21st century city. PNAS, 114(34), 8957–8962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandercock, L. (1998). Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Sandercock, L. (2003). Cosmopolis II: Mongrel Cities in the 21st Century. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Sandoval-Strausz, A. (2019). Barrio America: How Latino Immigrants Saved the American City. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Scarborough, V. and Isendahl, C. (2020). Distributed urban network systems in the tropical archaeological record: Toward a model for urban sustainability in the era of climate change. The Anthropocene Review, 7(3), 208–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarborough, V. and Lucero, L. (2010). The non-hierarchical development of complexity in the semi-tropics: Water and cooperation. Water History, 2, 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schillaci, M. (2003). The development of population diversity at Chaco Canyon. Kiva, 68(3), 221–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwenkel, C. (2022). What is critical – and anthropological – about critical urban anthropology? City and Society, 34(1), 47–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sennett, R. (2013). Reflections on the public realm. In Bridge, G. and Watson, S., eds., The New Blackwell Companion to the City. London: Blackwell, pp. 390–397.Google Scholar
Sennett, R. (2018). Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Simon, D. and Adam-Bradford, A. (2016). Archaeology and contemporary dynamics for more sustainable, resilient cities in the peri-urban interface. In Maheshwari, B., Singh, V., and Thoradeniya, B., eds, Balanced Urban Development: Options and Strategies for Liveable Cities. Cham: Springer, pp. 57–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sindbæk, S. (2022). Weak ties and strange attractors: Anomalocivitas and the archaeology of urban origins. Journal of Urban Archaeology, 5, 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjoberg, G. (1960). The Preindustrial City: Past and Present. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2003). The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2009). Just how comparative is comparative urban geography? A perspective from archaeology. Urban Geography, 30(2), 113–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2011). Empirical urban theory for archaeologists. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 18(3), 167–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2017). The Teotihuacan anomaly: The historical trajectory of urban design in ancient Central Mexico. Open Archaeology, 3(1), 175–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2019). Quality of life and prosperity in ancient households and communities. In Isendahl, C. and Stump, D., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Historical Ecology and Applied Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 486–505.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2021). Why archaeology’s relevance to global challenges has not been recognized. Antiquity, 95(382), 1061–1069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2023a). Urban Life in The Distant Past: The Prehistory of Energized Crowding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2023b). How can research on past urban adaptations be made useful for sustainability science? Global Sustainability, 6, e4. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2023.2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E. (2023c). Urban success and urban adaptation over the long run. Open Archaeology, 9(1), p.20220285. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E., Chatterjee, A., Huster, A. C., Stewart, S., and Forest, M. (2019). Apartment compounds, households, and population in the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica, 30(3), 399–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E., Engquist, A., Carvajal, C. et al. (2015). Neighborhood formation in semi-urban settlements. Journal of Urbanism, 8(2), 173–198.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E., Lobo, J., Peeples, M. et al. (2021). The persistence of ancient settlements and urban sustainability. PNAS, 118(20), p.e2018155118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018155118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M. E., Ortman, S., and Lobo, J. (2023). Heritage sites, climate change, and urban science. Urban Climate, 47, p.101371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. E., Ur, J., and Feinman, G. (2014). Jane Jacobs’ ‘Cities First’ model and archaeological reality. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1525–1535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. L., ed. (2003a). The Social Construction of Ancient Cities. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Smith, M. L. (2003b). Introduction. In Smith, M. L., ed., The Social Construction of Ancient Cities. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 1–36.Google Scholar
Smith, M. L. (2006). The archaeology of South Asian cities. Journal of Archaeological Research, 14(2), 97–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. L. (2008). Urban empty spaces: Contentious places for consensus-building. Archaeological Dialogues, 15(2), 216–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soja, E. (2018). Accentuate the regional. In Haas, T. and Westlund, H., eds., In the Post-Urban World: Emergent Transformation of Cities and Regions in the Innovative Global Economy. London: Routledge, pp. 197–209.Google Scholar
Solis, R. (2006). America’s first city? The case of Late Archaic Caral. In Isbell, W. and Silverman, H., eds., Andean Archaeology III: North and South. Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 28–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, M., White, C., Rattray, E., and Longstaffe, F. (2005). Past lives in different places: The origins and relationships of Teotihuacan’s foreign residents. In Blanton, R., ed., Settlement, Subsistence, and Social Complexity: Essays Honoring the Legacy of Jeffrey R. Parsons. Los Angeles, CA: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, pp. 155–197.Google Scholar
Stahl, A. (2020). Assembling ‘effective archaeologies’ toward equitable futures. American Anthropologist, 122(1), 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, B., Dennehy, T., Smith, M. E. et al. (2016). Service access in premodern cities: An exploratory comparison of spatial equity. Journal of Urban History, 42(1), 121–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, T., Taube, K., León, J. et al. (2023). Urbanizing paradise: The implications of pervasive images of Flower World across Chichen Itza. In Marken, D. and Arnauld, M., eds., Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism: Planning and Flexibility in the American Tropics. Denver: University Press of Colorado, pp. 148–174.Google Scholar
Stark, B. (2014). Urban gardens and parks in pre-modern states and empires. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 24(1), 87–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, B. and Stoner, W. (2022). Mixed governance principles in the Gulf Lowlands of Mesoamerica. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, p.814545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.814545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stauffer, J., Grooms, S., Hu, L. et al. (2023). Reimagining the development of downtown Cahokia using remote sensing visualizations from the western edge of the Grand Plaza. Land, 12(2), 342–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steyn, G. (2007). Types and typologies of African urbanism. South African Journal of Art History, 22(2), 49–65.Google Scholar
Stoner, W. and Stark, B. (2022). Distributed urban networks in the Gulf Lowlands of Veracruz. Journal of Archaeological Research, 31(3), 449–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-022-09178-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, G., ed. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Storey, G. (2020). The Archaeology of Ancient Cities. Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Erner Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, D. (2006). The Chaco Ancestral Puebloans: Lessons learned. In Price, V. and Morrow, B., eds., Canyon Gardens: The Ancient Pueblo Landscapes of the American Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 189–203.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, S. (2022). The nature of early urbanism at Teotihuacan. In Love, M. and Guernsey, J., eds., Early Mesoamerican Cities: Urbanism and Urbanization in the Formative Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–198.Google Scholar
Sussman, A. and Hollander, J. (2015). Cognitive Architecture: Designing for How We Respond to the Built Environment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tainter, J. (2019). Cahokia: Urbanization, metabolism, and collapse. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 1, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2019.00006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, P. (2012). Extraordinary cities: Early ‘city-ness’ and the origins of agriculture and states. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(3), 415–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, P. (2019). City generics: External urban relations in ancient-Mesopotamian and modern-global city networks. Urban Geography, 40(8), 1210–1230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, A. (2016). The sense-scapes of Neo-Assyrian capital cities: Royal authority and bodily experience. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 26(2), 243–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Throgmorton, J. (2003). Planning as persuasive storytelling in a global-scale web of relationships. Planning Theory, 2(2), 125–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (1996). What good is urban history? Journal of Urban History 22(6), 702–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. (2014). Households and the emergence of cities in ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 24(2), 249–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. (2016). The birth of cities in ancient West Asia. In Tsuneki, A., ed., Ancient West Asian Civilization: Geoenvironment and Society in the Pre-Islamic Middle East. Singapore: Springer, pp. 133–147.Google Scholar
Ur, J. (2020). Space and structure in early Mesopotamian cities. In Farhat, G., ed., Landscapes of Preindustrial Urbanism. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 37–59.Google Scholar
Valentine, B., Kamenov, G., Kenoyer, J. et al. (2015). Evidence for patterns of selective urban migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A lead and strontium isotope mortuary analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(4), p.e0123103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mieroop, Van De, M. (1997). The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van De Mieroop, M. (2003). Reading Babylon. American Journal of Archaeology, 107(2), 257–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidale, M. (2010). Aspects of palace life at Mohenjo-Daro. South Asian Studies, 26(1), 59–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, L. (2017b). Unearthing democracy’s roots. Science, 355(6330), 1114–1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, J. (2023). The death and life of agricultural cities. In Marken, D. and Arnauld, M., eds., Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism: Planning and Flexibility in the American Tropics. Denver: University Press of Colorado, pp. 437–459.Google Scholar
Wengrow, D. (2018). The origins of civic life – a global perspective. Origini: The Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations, 42, 25–44.Google Scholar
Werbner, P. (2014). Cosmopolitanism: Cosmopolitan cities and the dialectics of living together with difference. In Nonini, D., ed., A Companion to Urban Anthropology. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 306–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, A. (2011). It’s biology: All cities are alike. Sydney Morning Herald, July 23 [online]. www.smh.com.au/national/its-biology-all-cities-are-alike-20110722-1hsue.htmlGoogle Scholar
West, G. (2018). Scale: The Universal Laws of Life, Growth, and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Wills, W. (2009). Cultural identity and the archaeological construction of historical narratives: An example from Chaco Canyon. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 16(4), 283–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, B. (2020). Metropolis: A History of Humankind’s Greatest Invention. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. (1960). Egypt through the New Kingdom: Civilization without cities. In Kraeling, C. and McAdams, R., eds., City Invincible: A Symposium on Urbanization and Cultural Development in the Ancient Near East. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 124–164.Google Scholar
Wood, P. and Landry, C. (2008). The Intercultural City: Planning for Diversity Advantage. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (2020). The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, R. (2010). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wynne-Jones, S. (2018). The social composition of Swahili society. In Wynne-Jones, S. and LaViolette, A., eds., The Swahili World. London: Routledge, pp. 293–205.Google Scholar
Wynne-Jones, S. and Fleisher, J. (2015). Fifty years in the archaeology of the eastern African coast: A methodological history. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 50(4), 519–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne-Jones, S. and Fleisher, J. (2016). The multiple territories of Swahili urban landscapes. World Archaeology, 48(3), 349–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeung, P. (2023). Can a city feed itself? Bloomberg News, July 6. www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-07-07/in-quest-for-food-security-cities-test-limits-of-urban-agriculture.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. (2005). Myths of the Archaic State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoffee, N. (2009). Making ancient cities plausible. Reviews in Anthropology, 38(4), 264–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoffee, N., ed. (2015). Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. (2016). The power of infrastructures: A counternarrative and a speculation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 23(4), 1053–1065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoffee, N. (2022). Experimental cities? In Love, M. and Guernsey, J., eds., Early Mesoamerican Cities: Urbanism and Urbanization in the Formative Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 238–246.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. and Seri, A. (2019). Negotiating fragility in ancient Mesopotamia: Arenas of contestation and institutions of resistance. In Yoffee, N., ed., The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 183–196.Google Scholar
York, A., Smith, M. E., Stanley, B. et al. (2011). Ethnic and class clustering through the ages: A transdisciplinary approach to urban neighborhood social patterns. Urban Studies, 48(11), 2399–2415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeiderman, A. and Dawson, K. (2022). Urban futures: Idealization, capitalization, securitization. City, 26(2–3), 261–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 3
- Cited by