Element contents
Series: Elements in Political Economy
State Capacity and Economic Development
Present and Past
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 October 2017
Summary
State capacity - the government's ability to accomplish its intended policy goals - plays an important role in market-oriented economic development today. Yet state capacity improvements are often difficult to achieve. This Element analyzes the historical origins of state capacity. It evaluates long-run state development in Western Europe - the birthplace of both the modern state and modern economic growth - with a focus on three key inflection points: the rise of the city-state, the nation-state, and the welfare state. This Element develops a conceptual framework regarding the basic political conditions that enable the state to take effective policy actions. This framework highlights the government's challenge to exert proper authority over both its citizenry and itself. It concludes by analyzing the European state development process relative to other world regions. This analysis characterizes the basic historical features that helped make Western Europe different. By taking a long-run approach, it provides a new perspective on the deep-rooted relationship between state capacity and economic development.
Keywords
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Political EconomyOnline ISBN: 9781108539913Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 26 October 2017
References
Works Cited
Abramson, S. and Boix, C. (2015). “The Roots of the Industrial Revolution: Political Institutions or (Socially-Embedded) Know-How?” Working paper, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. (2005). “Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 52: 1199–226.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. (2000). “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115: 1167–99.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. (2005). “Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.” In Aghion, P. and Durlauf, S., eds., Handbook of Economic Growth, pp. 385–472, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. (2005). “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth.” American Economic Review, 94: 546–79.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J., and Yared, P. (2008). “Income and Democracy.” American Economic Review, 98: 808–42.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Cantoni, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. (2011). “The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution.” American Economic Review, 101: 3286–307.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Ticchi, D., and Vindigni, A. (2011). “Emergence and Persistence of Inefficient States.” Journal of the European Economic Association, 9: 177–208.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., and Robinson, J. (2015). “Democracy Does Cause Growth.” Working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., García-Jimeno, C., and Robinson, J. (2015) “State Capacity and Economic Development: A Network Approach.” American Economic Review, 105: 2364–409.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Moscona, J., and Robinson, J. (2016) “State Capacity and American Technology: Evidence from the Nineteenth Century.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 106: 61–7.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Fergusson, L., Robinson, J., Romero, D., and Vargas, J. (2016). “The Perils of Top-Down State Building: Evidence from Colombia’s False Positives.” NBER working paper 22617.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J., and Torvik, R. (2016). “The Political Agenda Effect and State Centralization.” NBER working paper 22250.Google Scholar
Acharya, A. and Lee, A. (2016). “Path Dependence in European Development: Medieval Politics, Conflict, and State-Building.” Working paper, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Aghion, P., Jaravel, X., Persson, T., and Rouzet, D. (2015). “Education and Military Rivalry.” Working paper, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., Cagé, J., and Kerr, W. (2016). “Taxation, Corruption, and Growth.” NBER working paper 21928.Google Scholar
Aidt, T. and Jensen, P. (2009). “The Taxman Tools Up: An Event History Study of the Introduction of the Personal Income Tax.” Journal of Public Economics, 93: 160–75.Google Scholar
Aidt, T. and Jensen, P. (2013). “Democratization and the Size of Government: Evidence from the Long Nineteenth Century.” Public Choice, 157: 511–42.Google Scholar
Alesina, A. and Perotti, R. (1996). “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment.” European Economic Review, 40: 1203–28.Google Scholar
Alesina, A, Glaeser, E., and Sacerdote, B. (2001). “Why Doesn’t the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State?” Brookings Paper on Economics Activity, 187–278.Google Scholar
Allen, R. (2009). The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alvaredo, F., Atkinson, A., Piketty, T., and Saez, E. (2013). “The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27: 3–20.Google Scholar
Ang, Y.Y. (2016). How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ansell, B. and Samuels, D. (2014). Inequality and Democratization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arias, L. (2013). “Building Fiscal Capacity in Colonial Mexico: From Fragmentation to Centralization.” Journal of Economic History, 73: 662–93.Google Scholar
Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and Economic Development. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Banerjee, A. and Iyer, L. (2005). “History, Institutions, and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India.” American Economic Review, 95: 1190–213.Google Scholar
Bardhan, P. (2016). “State and Development: The Need for a Reappraisal of the Current Literature.” Journal of Economic Literature, 54: 862–92.Google Scholar
Barro, R. (1999). “Determinants of Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy, 107: 158–83.Google Scholar
Barro, R. (2000). “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries.” Journal of Economic Growth, 5: 5–32.Google Scholar
Bates, R. (1983). Essays on the Political Economy of Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bates, R. (2014). “The Imperial Peace.” In Akyeampong, E., Bates, R., Nunn, N., and Robinson, J., eds., Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective, pp. 424–46, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bates, R. and Lien, D.H. (1985). “A Note on Taxation, Development, and Representative Government.” Politics & Society, 14: 53–70.Google Scholar
Benabou, R. (2000). “Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract.” American Economic Review, 90: 96–129.Google Scholar
Beramendi, P. and Rueda, D. (2007). “Social Democracy Constrained: Indirect Taxation in Industrialized Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science, 37: 619–41.Google Scholar
Beramendi, P., Dincecco, M., and Rogers, M. (2016). “Intra-Elite Competition and Long-Run Fiscal Development.” Working paper, Duke University.Google Scholar
Beramendi, P. and Queralt, D. (2016). “The Electoral Origins of the Fiscal State.” Working paper, Duke University.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Kudamatsu, M. (2008). “Making Autocracy Work.” In Helpman, E., ed., Institutions and Economic Performance, pp. 452–510, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Persson, T. (2011). The Pillars of Prosperity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Persson, T. (2013). “Taxation and Development.” In Auerbach, A., Chetty, R., Feldstein, M., and Saez, E., eds., Handbook of Public Economics, pp. 51–110, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Reynal-Querol, M. (2014). “The Legacy of Historical Conflict: Evidence from Africa.” American Political Science Review, 108: 319–36.Google Scholar
Blattman, C. and Miguel, E. (2010). “Civil War.” Journal of Economic Literature, 48: 3–57.Google Scholar
Blaydes, L. and Chaney, E. (2013). “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World Before 1500 CE.” American Political Science Review, 107: 16–34.Google Scholar
Bleakley, H. and Lin, J. (2015). “History and the Sizes of Cities.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 105: 558–63.Google Scholar
Blockmans, W. (1989). “Voracious States and Obstructing Cities: An Aspect of State Formation in Pre-Industrial Europe.” Theory and Society, 18: 733–55.Google Scholar
Blockmans, W. (1998). “Representation (Since the Thirteenth Century).” In McKitterick, R., ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, pp. 29–64, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blockmans, W. and t’Hart, M. (2013). “Power.” In Clark, P., ed., Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, pp. 421–37, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bockstette, V., Chanda, A., and Putterman, L. (2002). “States and Markets: The Advantage of an Early Start.” Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 347–69.Google Scholar
Boffa, F., Piolatti, A., and Ponzetto, G. (2016). “Political Centralization and Government Accountability.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131: 381–422.Google Scholar
Bogart, D. (2011). “Did the Glorious Revolution Contribute to the Transport Revolution? Evidence from Investment in Roads and Rivers.” Economic History Review, 64: 1073–112.Google Scholar
Boix, C. (2011). “Democracy, Development, and the International System.” American Political Science Review, 105: 809–28.Google Scholar
Boix, C. (2015). Political Order and Inequality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boix, C. and Stokes, S. (2003). “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics, 55: 517–49.Google Scholar
Boone, M. (2013). “Medieval Europe.” In Clark, P., ed., Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, pp. 221–39, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, M., Smith, A., Siverson, R., and Morrow, J. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Caramani, Daniele (2000). Elections in Western Europe Since 1815. New York, NY: Groves.Google Scholar
Cassidy, T., Dincecco, M., and Onorato, M. (2017). “The Economic Legacy of Warfare: Evidence from European Regions.” Working paper, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Centeno, M. (1997). “Blood and Debt: War and Taxation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America.” American Journal of Sociology, 102: 1565–605.Google Scholar
Centeno, M. (2002). Blood and Debt. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. (2017). “The Contribution of Infrastructure Investment to Britain’s Urban Mortality Decline, 1861–1900.” Working paper, NYU Abu Dhabi.Google Scholar
Cheibub, J. (1998). “Political Regimes and the Extractive Capacity of Governments: Taxation in Democracies and Dictatorships.” World Politics, 50: 349–76.Google Scholar
Collier, P., Elliot, V., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., and Sambanis, N. (2013). Breaking the Conflict Trap. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, G. (2011). “War, Moral Hazard, and Ministerial Responsibility: England after the Glorious Revolution.” Journal of Economic History, 71: 133–61.Google Scholar
Cox, G. (2016). Marketing Sovereign Promises. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, G. (2017). “Political Institutions, Economic Liberty, and the Great Divergence.” Forthcoming, Journal of Economic History.Google Scholar
De Long, B. and Shleifer, A. (1993). “Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution.” Journal of Law and Economics, 36: 671–702.Google Scholar
de Vries, J. (1984). European Urbanization: 1500–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dell, M., Lane, N., and Querubin, P. (2015). “State Capacity, Local Governance, and Economic Development in Vietnam.” Working paper, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Depetris-Chauvin, E. (2014). “State History and Contemporary Conflict: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Working paper, Brown University.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. (2009). “Fiscal Centralization, Limited Government, and Public Revenues in Europe, 1650–1913.” Journal of Economic History, 69: 48–103.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. (2010). “Fragmented Authority from Ancien Régime to Modernity: A Quantitative Analysis.” Journal of Institutional Economics, 6: 305–28.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. (2011). Political Transformations and Public Finances. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. (2015). “The Rise of Effective States in Europe.” Journal of Economic History, 75: 901–18.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M., Federico, G., and Vindigni, A. (2011). “Warfare, Taxation, and Political Change: Evidence from the Italian Risorgimento.” Journal of Economic History, 71: 887–914.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. and Prado, M. (2012). “Warfare, Fiscal Capacity, and Performance.” Journal of Economic Growth, 17: 171–203.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. and Katz, G. (2016). “State Capacity and Long-Run Economic Performance.” Economic Journal, 126: 189–218.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. and Onorato, M. (2017). From Warfare to Wealth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Downing, B. (1992). The Military Revolution and Political Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Drelichman, M. and Voth, H.J. (2014). Lending to the Borrower from Hell. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Edling, M. (2003). A Revolution in Favor of Government. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fenske, J. (2013). “Does Land Abundance Explain African Institutions?” Economic Journal, 123: 1363–90.Google Scholar
Fenske, J. and Kala, N. (2017). “1807: Economic Shocks, Conflict, and the Slave Trade.” Journal of Development Economics, 126: 66–76.Google Scholar
Flora, Peter, 1983. State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe: 1815–1975. London, UK: St. James Press.Google Scholar
Ferejohn, J. and Rosenbluth, F., G. (2010). “War and State Building in Medieval Japan.” In Ferejohn, J. and Rosenbluth, F., eds., War and State Building in Medieval Japan, pp. 1–20, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Frankema, E. and van Waijenburg, M. (2014). “Metropolitan Blueprints of Colonial Taxation? Lessons from Fiscal Capacity Building in British and French Africa, 1880–1940.” Journal of African History, 55: 371–400.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2004). “The Imperative of State-Building.” Journal of Democracy, 15: 17–31.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2011). The Origins of Political Order. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Feenstra, R., Inklaar, R., and Timmer, M. (2015), “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table.” American Economic Review, 105: 3150–82.Google Scholar
Galor, O. and Moav, O. (2004). “From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development.” Review of Economic Studies, 71: 1001–26.Google Scholar
Ganshof, F. (1971). “On the Genesis and Significance of the Treaty of Verdun (843).” In Ganshof, F., ed., The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy, pp. 289–302, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
García-Ponce, O. and Wantchekon, L. (2015) “Critical Junctures: Independence Movements and Democracy in Africa.” Working paper, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Garfias, F. (2016). “Elite Coalitions, Limited Government, and Fiscal Capacity Development: Evidence from Bourbon Mexico.” Working paper, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Gelderblom, O. and Jonker, J. (2011). “Public Finance and Economic Growth: The Case of Holland in the Seventeenth Century.” Journal of Economic History, 71: 1–39.Google Scholar
Gennaioli, N. and Rainer, I. (2007). “The Modern Impact of Pre-Colonial Centralization in Africa.” Journal of Economic Growth, 12: 185–234.Google Scholar
Gennaioli, N., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., and Shleifer, A. (2013). “Human Capital and Regional Development.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128: 105–64.Google Scholar
Gennaioli, N. and Voth, H.J. (2015). “State Capacity and Military Conflict.” Review of Economic Studies, 82: 1409–48.Google Scholar
Glaeser, E. (2016). “If You Build It … Myths and Realities About America’s Infrastructure Spending.” City Journal, Summer.Google Scholar
Glaeser, E., La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., and Shleifer, A. (2004). “Do Institutions Cause Growth?” Journal of Economic Growth, 9: 271–303.Google Scholar
Grafe, R. and Irigoin, A. (2006). “The Spanish Empire and Its Legacy: Fiscal Redistribution and Political Conflict in Colonial and Post-Colonial Spanish America.” Journal of Global History, 1: 241–67.Google Scholar
Greif, A. (1993). “Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders’ Coalition.” American Economic Review, 83: 525–48.Google Scholar
Greif, A. and Iyigun, M. (2013). “Social Organizations, Violence, and Modern Growth.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 103: 534–8.Google Scholar
Guinnane, T. and Streb, J. (2011). “Moral Hazard in a Mutual Health Insurance System: German Knappschaften, 1867–1914.” Journal of Economic History, 71: 70–104.Google Scholar
Gupta, B., Ma, D., and Roy, T. (2016). “States and Development: Early Modern India, China, and the Great Divergence.” In Eloranta, J., Golson, E., Markevich, E., and Wolf, N., eds., Economic History of Warfare and State Formation, pp. 51–69, Berlin, Germany: Springer.Google Scholar
Hale, J. (1985). War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450–1620. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, R. and Jones, C. (1999). “Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others?” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114: 83–116.Google Scholar
Hanson, J. (2014). “Forging then Taming Leviathan: State Capacity, Constraints on Rulers, and Development.” International Studies Quarterly, 58: 380–92.Google Scholar
Herbst, J. (2000). States and Power in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, P. (2015a). “What Do States Do? Politics and Economic History.” Journal of Economic History, 75: 303–32.Google Scholar
Hoffman, P. (2015b). Why Did Europe Conquer the World? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, P. and Rosenthal, J.L. (1997). “The Political Economy of Warfare and Taxation in Early Modern Europe: Historical Lessons for Economic Development.” In Drobak, J. and Nye, J., eds., The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, pp. 31–55, St. Louis, MO: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hui, V. (2005). War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huillery, E. (2014). “The Black Man’s Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa.” Journal of Economic History, 74: 1–38.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, N. (2006). “Banking on the King: The Evolution of the Royal Revenue Farms in Old Regime France.” Journal of Economic History, 66: 963–91.Google Scholar
Johnson, N. and Koyama, M. (2014). “Tax Farming and the Origins of State Capacity in England and France.” Explorations in Economic History, 51: 1–20.Google Scholar
Karaman, K. and Pamuk, Ş. (2010). “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914.” Journal of Economic History, 70: 593–629.Google Scholar
Karaman, K. and Pamuk, Ş. (2013). “Different Paths to the Modern State in Europe: The Interaction Between Domestic Political Economy and Interstate Competition.” American Political Science Review, 107: 603–26.Google Scholar
Kesztenbaum, L. and Rosenthal, J.L. (2017). “Sewers’ Diffusion and the Decline of Mortality: The Case of Paris, 1880–1914.” Journal of Urban Economics, 98: 174–86.Google Scholar
Kiser, E. and Cai, Y. (2003). “War and Bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an Anomalous Case.” American Sociological Review, 68: 511–39.Google Scholar
Ko, C.Y., Koyama, M., and Sng, T.H. (2014). “Unified China and Divided Europe.” Forthcoming, International Economic Review.Google Scholar
Koyama, M. and Johnson, N. (2017). “States and Economic Growth: Capacity and Constraints.” Explorations in Economic History, 64: 1–20.Google Scholar
Kurtz, M. (2013). Latin American State Building in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lazear, E. and Rosen, S. (1981). “Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts.” Journal of Political Economy, 89: 841–64.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review, 53: 69–105.Google Scholar
Liu, W. (2015). “The Making of a Fiscal State in Song China, 960–1279.” Economic History Review, 68: 48–78.Google Scholar
Lizzeri, A. and Persico, N. (2004). “Why Did the Elites Extend the Suffrage? Democracy and the Scope of Government, with an Application to Britain’s ‘Age of Reform.’” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119: 707–65.Google Scholar
Lu, Y., Luan, M., and Sng, T.H. (2016). “The Effect of State Capacity Under Different Economic Systems.” Working paper, National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Lucas, R. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3–42.Google Scholar
Ma, D. and Rubin, J. (2016). “The Paradox of Power: Understanding Fiscal Capacity in Imperial China.” Working paper, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Madison, J. (1788). “Federalist #51.” In Goldman, L., ed., The Federalist Papers [2008], pp. 256–60, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, M. (1986). “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms, and Results.” In Hall, J., ed., States in History, pp. 109–36, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mares, I. and Queralt, D. (2015). “The Non-Democratic Origins of Income Taxation.” Comparative Political Studies, 48: 1974–2009.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E. (2013). “Pre-Colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development.” Econometrica, 81: 113–52.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (1998). “The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914.” In Castronovo, Valerio, ed., Storia dell’economia Mondiale, Rome, Italy: Laterza.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (1995). “Urbanization, Technological Progress, and Economic History.” In Giersch, H., ed., Urban Agglomeration and Economic Growth, pp. 3–38, Berlin, Germany: Springer.Google Scholar
Moscona, J., Nunn, N., and Robinson, J. (2017). “Keeping It in the Family: Lineage Organization and the Scope of Trust in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 107: 565–71.Google Scholar
Musacchio, A. and Lazzarini, S. (2014). Reinventing State Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
New York Times (2014). “Afghan Army’s Test Begins with Fight for Vital Highway.” February 15.Google Scholar
New York Times (2016). “Poverty, Drought, and Felled Trees Imperil Malawi Water Supply.” August 20.Google Scholar
Nafziger, S. (2011). “Did Ivan’s Vote Matter? The Case of the Zemstvo in Tsarist Russia.” European Review of Economic History, 15: 393–441.Google Scholar
North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. and Thomas, R. (1973). The Rise of the Western World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. and Weingast, B. (1989). “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of Economic History, 49: 803–32.Google Scholar
North, D., Wallis, J., and Weingast, B. (2009). Violence and Social Orders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nunn, N. (2008). “The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slaves Trades.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123: 139–76.Google Scholar
Nunn, N. (2009). “The Important of History for Economic Development.” Annual Review of Economics, 1: 65–92.Google Scholar
Nunn, N. and Wantchekon, L. (2011). “The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa.” American Economic Review, 101: 3221–52.Google Scholar
O’Brien, P. (2011). “The Nature and Historical Evolution of an Exceptional Fiscal State and Its Possible Significant for the Precocious Commercialization and Industrialization of the British Economy from Cromwell to Nelson.” Economic History Review, 64: 408–46.Google Scholar
O’Brien, P. (2012). “Afterword.” In Yun-Casalilla, B., O’Brien, P., and Comín Comín, F., The Rise of Fiscal States, pp. 442–53, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oates, W. (1999). “An Essay on Fiscal Federalism.” Journal of Economic Literature, 37: 1120–49.Google Scholar
Okun, A. (2015). Equality and Efficiency. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Olson, M. (1965). The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Osafo-Kwaako, P. and Robinson, J. (2013). “Political Centralization in Pre-Colonial Africa.” Journal of Comparative Economics, 41: 6–21.Google Scholar
Ostry, J., Berg, A., and Tsangarides, C. (2014). “Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth.” IMF working paper SDN/14/02.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, E. and Siourounis, G. (2008). “Democratisation and Growth.” Economic Journal, 118: 1520–51.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1996). The Military Revolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, T. (2016). “Colonial Migration and the Deep Origins of Governance: Theory and Evidence from Java.” Comparative Political Studies, 49: 1201–37.Google Scholar
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pincus, S. and Robinson, J. (2014). “What Really Happened During the Glorious Revolution?” In Galiani, S. and Sened, I., eds., Institutions, Property Rights, and Economic Growth, pp. 192–222, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prescott, E. (2004). “Why Do Americans Work So Much More than Europeans?” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 28: 2–13.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., Cheibub, J., and Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., Tamar, A, and Thomas, B. (2012). “The Origins of Parliamentary Responsibility.” In Ginsburg, T., ed., Comparative Constitutional Design, pp. 101–37, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Queralt, D. (2015). “From Mercantilism to Free Trade: A History of Fiscal Capacity Building.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2015: 221–73.Google Scholar
Redding, S. and Turner, M. (2015). “Transportation Costs and the Spatial Organization of Economic Activity.” In Duranton, G., Henderson, V., and Strange, W., eds., Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics (Volume 5b), pp. 1339–98, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Reid, R. (2012). Warfare in African History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reid, R. (2014). “The Fragile Revolution: Rethinking War and Development in Africa’s Violent Nineteenth Century.” In Akyeampong, E., Bates, R., Nunn, N., and Robinson, J., eds., Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective, pp. 393–423, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reuters (2016). “Honduras Fires Top Police Officials to Purge Criminal Links.” April 29.Google Scholar
Rice, S. and Patrick, S. (2008). “Index of State Weakness in the Developing World.” Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Rodrik, D. (1999). “Where Did All the Growth Go? External Shocks, Social Conflict, and Growth Collapses.” Journal of Economic Growth, 4: 385–412.Google Scholar
Rokkan, S. (1975). “Dimensions of State Formation and Nation-Building: A Possible Paradigm for Research on Variations Within Europe.” In Tilly, C., ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe, pp. 562–600, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, J.L. (1992). The Fruits of Revolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, J.L. and Wong, R.B. (2011). Before and Beyond Divergence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Roy, T. (2013). “Rethinking the Origins of British India: State Formation and Military-Fiscal Undertakings in an Eighteenth-Century World Region.” Modern Asian Studies, 47: 1125–56.Google Scholar
Rubin, J. (2017). Rulers, Religion, and Riches. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scheve, K. and Stasavage, D. (2010). “The Conscription of Wealth: Mass Warfare and the Demand for Progressive Taxation.” International Organization, 64: 529–61.Google Scholar
Scheve, K. and Stasavage, D. (2012). “Democracy, War, and Wealth: Lessons from Two Centuries of Inheritance Taxation.” American Political Science Review, 107: 81–102.Google Scholar
Scheve, K. and Stasavage, D. (2016). Taxing the Rich. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2007). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Metalibri Digital Library.Google Scholar
Sng, T.H. and Moriguchi, C. (2014). “Asia’s Little Divergence: State Capacity in China and Japan before 1850.” Journal of Economic Growth, 19: 439–70.Google Scholar
Soifer, H. (2015). State Building in Latin America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Solow, R. (1956). “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70: 65–94.Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. (2003). Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. (2014). “Was Weber Right? City Autonomy, Political Oligarchy, and the Rise of Europe.” American Political Science Review, 108: 337–54.Google Scholar
Stasavage, (2016a). “What We Can Learn from the Early History of Sovereign Debt.” Explorations in Economic History, 59: 1–16.Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. (2016b). “Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere.” Annual Review of Political Science, 19: 145–62.Google Scholar
Strayer, J. (1970). On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thies, C. (2005). “War, Rivalry, and State-Building in Latin America.” American Journal of Political Science, 49: 451–65.Google Scholar
Thies, C. (2007). “The Political Economy of State-Building in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Politics, 69: 716–31.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1975). “Reflections on the History of European State-Making.” In Tilly, C., ed., The Formation of States in Western Europe, pp. 3–83, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1992). Coercion, Capital, and European States, 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Timmons, J. (2005). “The Fiscal Contract: States, Taxes, and Public Services.” World Politics, 57: 530–67.Google Scholar
Treisman, D. (2007). The Architecture of Government. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations (2014). “Global Study on Homicide 2013.” Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
van Zanden, J.L. (2009). The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
van Zanden, J.L., Bosker, M., and Buringh, E. (2012). “The Rise and Decline of European Parliaments, 1188–1789.” Economic History Review, 65: 835–61.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. (1999). The Rise of Cities in Northwest Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. (1995). “The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 11: 1–31.Google Scholar
Whatley, W. and Gillezeau, R. (2011). “The Impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Ethnic Stratification in Africa.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 101: 571–76.Google Scholar
White, E. (2001). “France and the Failure to Modernize Macroeconomic Institutions.” In Bordo, M. and Cortès-Conde, R., eds., Transferring Wealth and Power from the Old to the New World, pp. 59–99, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zhu, X. (2012). “Understanding China’s Growth: Past, Present, and Future.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26: 103–24.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 93
- Cited by