Element contents
Series: Elements in Contentious Politics
Aggrieved Labor Strikes Back
Inter-sectoral Labor Mobility, Conditionality, and Unrest under IMF Programs
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 April 2024
Summary
Why do we see large-scale labor protests and strikes under some IMF programs such as in Greece in 2010 and not in others such as in Ireland in the same year? This Element argues that extensive labor market reform conditions in an immobile labor market generate strong opposition to programs. Labor market reform conditions that decentralize and open up an immobile labor market cause workers either to lose in terms of rights and benefits, while being stuck in the same job or to fall into a less protected sector with fewer benefits. Conversely, in more mobile labor markets, wage and benefit differentials are low, and movement across sectors is easier. In such markets, labor groups do not mobilize to the same extent to block programs. The author tests this theory in a global sample and explores the causal mechanism in four case studies on Greece, Ireland, Latvia, and Portugal.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Contentious PoliticsOnline ISBN: 9781009455749Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 09 May 2024
References
Abouharb, M. R. and Cingranelli, D. (2007) Human Rights and Structural Adjustment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abouharb, M. R. and Cingranelli, D. L. (2009) “IMF Programs and Human Rights, 1981–2003,” Review of International Organizations, 4(1), pp. 47–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accornero, G. and Ramos Pinto, P. (2015) “‘Mild Mannered’? Protest and Mobilisation in Portugal under Austerity, 2010–2013,” West European Politics, 38(3), pp. 491–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
France-Presse, Agence (2009) “Farmers in Recession-Hit Latvia Protest for State Aid,” January 27.Google Scholar
France-Presse, Agence (2011) “Tens of Thousands Protest Austerity Policies in Portugal,” October 15.Google Scholar
Andritzky, J., Andritzky, M. J. R., Munkacsi, Z., and Wang, K. (2021) How to Gain the Most from Structural Conditionality of IMF-Supported Programs. International Monetary Fund.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andronikidou, A. and Kovras, I. (2012) “Cultures of Rioting and Anti-Systemic Politics in Southern Europe,” West European Politics, 35(4), pp. 707–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aslanidis, P. (2016) “Populist Social Movements of the Great Recession,” Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 21(3), pp. 301–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated Press International (2009) “Thousands of Teachers in Latvia Protest Wage Cuts,” April 2.Google Scholar
Baltic News Service (2009) “People in Eastern Latvia Block Highway to Protest Increase of Annual Vehicle Tax,” December 1.Google Scholar
Ban, C. and Gallagher, K. (2015) “Recalibrating Policy Orthodoxy: The IMF since the Great Recession: IMF, Great Recession, Policy Change,” Governance, 28(2), pp. 131–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, A. S. (2008) “Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive (CNTS) 1815–2007,” Harvard Dataverse, V1. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EARQIG.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bas, M. A. and Stone, R. W. (2014) “Adverse Selection and Growth under IMF Programs,” Review of International Organizations, 9(1), pp. 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC News (2009) “Anti-Government Rioting Hits Riga,” January 14.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7827708.stm.Google Scholar
Beissinger, M., Sasse, G., and Straif, K. (2014) “‘An End to Patience?’ The Great Recession and Economic Protest in Eastern Europe,” in Bartels, L. M. and Bermeo, N. (eds.) Mass Politics in Tough Times: Opinions, Votes and Protest in the Great Recession. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 334–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bērziņš, J. (2014) “Ignacio Rangel Visits Latvia: Crisis and the Political Economy of Duality,” Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 22(1), pp. 81–102.Google Scholar
Bienen, H. S. and Gersovitz, M. (1985) “Economic Stabilization, Conditionality, and Political Stability,” International Organization, 39(4), pp. 729–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, O. and Wolfers, J. (2000) “The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence,” Economic Journal, 110(462), pp. C1–C33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, O. J., Jaumotte, F., and Loungani, P. (2014) “Labor Market Policies and IMF Advice in Advanced Economies during the Great Recession,” IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 3(1), pp. 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, J. (2010) “Demonstrators in Ireland Protest Austerity Plan,” November 27. www.nytimes.com/2010/11/28/world/europe/28dublin.html.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. C. and Trivedi, P. K. (2013) Regression Analysis of Count Data (Vol. 53). Cambridge: Cambridge university press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, B. and Murphy, M. P. (2015) “Where Are the Pots and Pans? Collective Responses in Ireland to Neoliberalization in a Time of Crisis: Learning from Latin America,” Irish Political Studies, 30(1), pp. 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraway, T. (2006) “Freedom of Association: Battering Ram or Trojan Horse?,” Review of International Political Economy, 13(2), pp. 210–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraway, T. L., Rickard, S. J., and Anner, M. S. (2012) “International Negotiations and Domestic Politics: The Case of IMF Labor Market Conditionality,” International Organization, 66(1), pp. 27–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casper, B. A. (2017) “IMF Programs and the Risk of a Coup d’état,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(5), pp. 964–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, T., Fang, S., LI, X, and Stone, R. W. (2017) “Mixed Signals: IMF Lending and Capital Markets,” British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), pp. 329–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christopoulou, R. and Monastiriotis, V. (2016) “Public–Private Wage Duality during the Greek Crisis,” Oxford Economic Papers, 68(1), pp. 174–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. M. (2007) “Testing and Measuring the Role of Ideas: The Case of Neoliberalism in the International Monetary Fund,” International Studies Quarterly, 51(1), pp. 5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. M. (2014) “Controlling Capital: The International Monetary Fund and Transformative Incremental Change from within International Organisations,” New Political Economy, 19(3), pp. 445–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. M. (2015) “Professional Ties That Bind: How Normative Orientations Shape IMF Conditionality,” Review of International Political Economy, 22(4), pp. 757–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copelovitch, M. S. (2010) “Master or Servant? Common Agency and the Political Economy of IMF Lending,” International Studies Quarterly, 54(1), pp. 49–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copelovitch, M., Frieden, J., and Walter, S. (2016) “The Political Economy of the Euro Crisis,” Comparative Political Studies, 49(7), pp. 811–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpepper, P. D. and Regan, A. (2014) “Why Don’t Governments Need Trade Unions Anymore? The Death of Social Pacts in Ireland and Italy,” Socio-Economic Review, 12(4), pp. 723–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, R. A. (2020). On Democracy. E-book. Yale University Press. https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300257991/on-democracy/.Google Scholar
Dang, T. A. and Stone, R. W. (2021) “Multinational Banks and IMF Conditionality,” International Studies Quarterly, 65(2), pp. 375–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dedoussopoulos, A., Aranitou, V., Koutentakis, F., and Maropoulou, M. (2013) “Assessing the Impact of the Memoranda on Greek Labour Market and Labour Relations,” International Labour Organization Working Paper, No. 53.Google Scholar
Donadio, R. and Kitsantonis, N. (2011) “Thousands Protest Austerity Bill in Greece,” October 19. www.nytimes.com/2011/10/20/world/europe/greek-workers-start-two-day-anti-austerity-strike.html.Google Scholar
Dooley, N. (2018) “Portugal’s Economic Crisis: Overheating without Accelerating,” in Parker, O. and Tsarouhas, D. (eds.) Crisis in the Eurozone Periphery. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 73–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, D. (2010) “Politics and Privatization: Exogenous Pressures, Domestic Incentives and State Divestiture in Latin America,” Journal of Public Policy, 30(3), pp. 291–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreher, A. (2006) “IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,” World Development, 34(5), pp. 769–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreher, A. and Gassebner, M. (2012) “Do IMF and World Bank Programs Induce Government Crises? An Empirical Analysis,” International Organization, 66(2), pp. 329–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreher, A. and Jensen, N. M. (2007) “Independent Actor or Agent? An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of U.S. Interests on International Monetary Fund Conditions,” Journal of Law and Economics, 50(1), pp. 105–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreher, A. and Vaubel, R. (2004) “The Causes and Consequences of IMF Conditionality,” Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 40(3), pp. 26–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreher, A., Sturm, J.-E., and Vreeland, J. R. (2015) “Politics and IMF Conditionality,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(1), pp. 120–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DW.com (2013) “Portugal Protests Austerity,” March 3. www.dw.com/en/portugal-protesters-march-against-austerity/a-16642036.Google Scholar
Estevez‐Abe, M., Iversen, T., and Soskice, D. (2001) “Social Protection and the Formation of Skills: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State,” in Hall, P. A. and Soskice, D. (eds.) Varieties of Capitalism. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 145–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (2010) “The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece,” Occasional Papers No. 61. https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2010/pdf/ocp61_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. and Laitin, D. D. (2003) “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review, 97(1), pp. 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldmann, M. (2000) “Understanding the Baltic and Estonian Puzzles: The Political Economy of Rapid External Liberalization in Estonia and Latvia.” Bank of Finland Institute for Economies in Transition (BOFIT), No. 11.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. (1997) “IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception, and Political Repression: A Cross-National Analysis,” Comparative Political Studies, 30(5), pp. 576–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzosi, R. (1995) The Puzzle of Strikes: Class and State Strategies in Postwar Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieden, J. A. (1991) “Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance,” International Organization, 45(4), pp. 425–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, G. and Jones, E. (2014) “Europe and the Global Economic Crisis,” in Tiersky, R. and Jones, E. (eds.) Europe Today: A twenty-First Century Introduction. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, pp 343–365.Google Scholar
Gartzke, E. and Naoi, M. (2011) “Multilateralism and Democracy: A Dissent regarding Keohane, Macedo, and Moravcsik,” International Organization, 65(3), pp. 589–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garuda, G. (2000) “The Distributional Effects of IMF Programs: A Cross-Country Analysis,” World Development, 28(6), pp. 1031–1051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, E. R. (2003) “Money Talks: Supplementary Financiers and International Monetary Fund Conditionality,” International Organization, 57(3), pp. 551–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GSEE (2010) “Call for 24-Hour General Strike,” Press Release, April 27. https://gsee.gr/?p=3211.Google Scholar
Hall, P. A. and Gingerich, D. W. (2009) “Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Political Economy: An Empirical Analysis,” British Journal of Political Science, 39(3), pp. 449–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, P. A. and Soskice, D. (2001) ”An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism,” in Hall, P. A and Soskice, D. (eds.) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, P. A. and Thelen, K. (2008) “Institutional Change in Varieties of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review, 7(1), pp. 7–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardiman, N. (1988) Pay, Politics, and Economic Performance in Ireland, 1970–1987. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hardiman, N. and Metinsoy, S. (2019) “Power, Ideas, and National Preferences: Ireland and the FTT,” Journal of European Public Policy, 26(11), pp. 1600–1619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardiman, N., Spanou, C., Araújo, J. F., and MacCarthaigh, M. (2019) “Tangling with the Troika: ‘Domestic Ownership’ as Political and Administrative Engagement in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal,” Public Management Review, 21(9), pp. 1265–1286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartzell, C. A., Hoddie, M., and Bauer, M. (2010) “Economic Liberalization via IMF Structural Adjustment: Sowing the Seeds of Civil War?,” International Organization, 64(2), pp. 339–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegre, H. (2001) “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992,” American Political Science Review, 95(1), pp. 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscox, M. J. (2001) “Class versus Industry Cleavages: Inter-Industry Factor Mobility and the Politics of Trade,” International Organization, 55(1), pp. 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscox, M. J. (2002) “Commerce, Coalitions, and Factor Mobility: Evidence from Congressional Votes on Trade Legislation,” American Political Science Review, 96(3), pp. 593–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscox, M. J. (2020) International Trade and Political Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscox, M. J. and Rickard, S. J. (2002) “‘Birds of a Different Feather?’: Varieties of Capitalism, Factor Specificity, and Interindustry Labor Movements,” Working Paper, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Hünermund, P. and Louw, B. (2020) “On the Nuisance of Control Variables in Regression Analysis,” arXiv Preprint, arXiv: 2005.10314.Google Scholar
ICTU (2013) “Congress Confirms Feb 9 ‘Lift the Burden’ Protests Will Go Ahead,” February 7. https://ictu.ie/news/congress-confirms-feb-9-lift-burden-protests-will-go-ahead.Google Scholar
IMF (2010) “IMF Executive Board Approves €22.5 Billion Extended Arrangement for Ireland,” Press Release, December 16. www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr10496.Google Scholar
IMF News (2011) “IMF Survey: Greece: Reform Agenda Essential for Growth,” July 15. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/car071511a.htm.Google Scholar
Irish Examiner (2010) “TUI Members Vote to Suspend Industrial Action,” November 5. www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30480641.html.Google Scholar
Irish Times (2009) “Unions Announce Second Day of Strikes for Next Week,” November 24. www.irishtimes.com/news/unions-announce-second-day-of-strikes-for-next-week-1.849581.Google Scholar
Iversen, T. and Soskice, D. (2001) “An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences,” American Political Science Review, 95(4), pp. 875–893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, S. N. and Marantzidis, N. (2002) “Greek Communism, 1968–2001,” East European Politics and Societies, 16(3), pp. 665–690.Google Scholar
Karyotis, G. and Rüdig, W. (2018) “The Three Waves of Anti-Austerity Protest in Greece, 2010–2015,” Political Studies Review, 16(2), pp. 158–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katsoridas, D. and Lambousaki, S. (2013) “Το απεργιακό φαινόµενο στην Ελλάδα κατά το 2012” [“The Strike Phenomenon in Greece in 2012”], GSEE Labor Institute. www.inegsee.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/TETRADIA-TEYXOS-38_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Kentikelenis, A. E., Stubbs, T. H., and King, L. P. (2016) “IMF Conditionality and Development Policy Space, 1985–2014,” Review of International Political Economy, 23(4), pp. 543–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keynes, J. M. (1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Korpi, W. (2006) “Power Resources and Employer-Centered Approaches in Explanations of Welfare States and Varieties of Capitalism: Protagonists, Consenters, and Antagonists,” World Politics, 58(2), pp. 167–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koukiadaki, A. and Kretsos, L. (2012) “Opening Pandora’s Box: The Sovereign Debt Crisis and Labour Market Regulation in Greece,” Industrial Law Journal, 41(3), pp. 276–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, H. (2012) “The Political Consequences of the Financial and Economic Crisis in Europe: Electoral Punishment and Popular Protest,” Swiss Political Science Review, 18(4), pp. 518–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, V. (2021) “The Economics of the Democratic Deficit: The effect of IMF Programs on Inequality,” Review of International Organizations, 16(3), pp. 599–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. K. (2021) “The Politics of Anti-Austerity Protest: South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010,” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 62(1), pp. 32–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopes, J. D. S. (2003) “The Role of the State in the Labour Market: Its Impact on Employment and Wages in Portugal as Compared with Spain,” South European Society and Politics, 8(1–2), pp. 269–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabbett, D. and Schelkle, W. (2015) “What Difference Does Euro Membership Make to Stabilization? The Political Economy of International Monetary Systems Revisited,” Review of International Political Economy, 22(3), pp. 508–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magone, J. M. (2014) “Portugal Is Not Greece: Policy Responses to the Sovereign Debt Crisis and the Consequences for the Portuguese Political Economy,” Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15(3), pp. 346–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maltezou, R. and Melander, I. (2011) “Clashes in Greece As EU and IMF Start Key Visit,” May 12. www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-eu-imf-idUSTRE7497DX20110512.Google Scholar
Mazower, M. (2011) “Democracy’s Cradle, Rocking the World,” New York Times, June 29. www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/opinion/30mazower.html.Google Scholar
Metinsoy, S. (2022) “‘Selective Friendship at the Fund’: United States Allies, Labor Conditions, and the International Monetary Fund’s Legitimacy,” Politics and Governance, 10(3), pp. 143–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Möller, J. (2015) “Did the German Model Survive the Labor Market Reforms?,” Journal for Labour Market Research, 48(2), pp. 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moury, C. and Standring, A. (2017) “‘Going Beyond the Troika’: Power and Discourse in Portuguese Austerity Politics,” European Journal of Political Research, 56(3), pp. 660–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, R. and Farrell, D. M. (2002) “Party Politics in Ireland,” in Webb, P., Farrell, D., and Holliday, I. (eds.) Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 217–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, S. C. (2014) “Playing Favorites: How Shared Beliefs Shape the IMF’s Lending Decisions,” International Organization, 68(2), pp. 297–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, S. C. (2017) The Currency of Confidence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, S. C. and Wallace, G. P. R. (2017) “Are IMF Lending Programs Good or Bad for Democracy?,” Review of International Organizations, 12(4), pp. 523–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New York Times (2012) “Thousands Protest Austerity Measures in Spain and Portugal,” September 15. www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/world/europe/large-anti-austerity-protests-in-spain-portugal.html.Google Scholar
Nooruddin, I. and Rudra, N. (2014) “Are Developing Countries Really Defying the Embedded Liberalism Compact?,” World Politics, 66(4), pp. 603–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nooruddin, I. and Simmons, J. W. (2006) “The Politics of Hard Choices: IMF Programs and Government Spending,” International Organization, 60(4), pp. 1001–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Riain, S. (2014) The Rise and Fall of Ireland’s Celtic Tiger: Liberalism, Boom and Bust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Hora, A. (2013) “Nobel Economist Stiglitz: ‘I’m Astonished at Irish Ability to Suck Up Austerity Pain’,” Irish Independent, November 8. https://bit.ly/47YeQxE.Google Scholar
Oberdabernig, D. A. (2013) “Revisiting the Effects of IMF Programs on Poverty and Inequality,” World Development, 46, pp. 113–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2017) “Economic Surveys: Latvia.” https://web-archive.oecd.org/2017-10-30/449742-Latvia-2017-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf.Google Scholar
Papapetrou, E. (2006) “The Unequal Distribution of the Public–Private Sector Wage Gap In Greece: Evidence from Quantile Regression,” Applied Economics Letters, 13(4), pp. 205–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pappas, T. S. and O’Malley, E. (2014) “Civil Compliance and ‘Political Luddism’: Explaining Variance in Social Unrest during Crisis in Ireland and Greece,” American Behavioral Scientist, 58(12), pp. 1592–1613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, M. (1987) “The Effects of IMF Programs in the Third World: Debate and Evidence from Latin America,” World Development, 15(2), pp. 249–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patra, E. (2012) Social Dialogue and Collective Bargaining in Times of Crisis: The Case of Greece. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, D. (1983) “Political Repression and Economic Doctrines: The Case of Argentina,” Comparative Political Studies, 16(1), pp. 37–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piore, M. J. (1983) “Labor Market Segmentation: To What Paradigm Does It Belong?,” American Economic Review, 73(2), pp. 249–253Google Scholar
Prosser, T. (2016) “Dualization or Liberalization? Investigating Precarious Work in Eight European countries,” Work, Employment and Society, 30(6), pp. 949–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, A. and Vreeland, J. R. (2000) “The Effect of IMF Programs on Economic Growth,” Journal of Development Economics, 62(2), pp. 385–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Psimitis, M. (2011) “The Protest Cycle of Spring 2010 in Greece,” Social Movement Studies, 10(2), pp. 191–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, A. (2012) “The Political Economy of Social Pacts in the EMU: Irish Liberal Market Corporatism in Crisis,” New Political Economy, 17(4), pp. 465–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinsberg, B., Kern, A., Heinzel, M., and Metinsoy, S. (2023) “Women’s Leadership and the Gendered Consequences of Austerity in the Public Sector: Evidence from IMF programs,” Governance (online first). https://doi.org.10.1111/gove.12764.Google Scholar
Reinsberg, B., Stubbs, T., Kentikelenis, A., and King, L. (2019) “The Political Economy of Labor Market Deregulation during IMF Interventions,” International Interactions, 45(3), pp. 532–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinsberg, B., Stubbs, T., and Bujnoch, L. (2022) “Structural Adjustment, Alienation, and Mass Protest,” Social Science Research, 109, pp. 1–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Reuters (2009) “Tens of Thousands of Irish workers Protest in Streets,” November 6. www.reuters.com/article/ireland-protest-idUSL667311020091106Google Scholar
Reuters (2013) “Portuguese Stage General Strike against Relentless Austerity,” June 27. www.reuters.com/article/us-portugal-strike-transport-idUSBRE95Q09N20130627.Google Scholar
Rickard, S. J. and Caraway, T. L. (2014) “International Negotiations in the Shadow of National Elections,” International Organization, 68(3), 701–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickard, S. J. and Caraway, T. L. (2019) “International Demands for Austerity: Examining the Impact of the IMF on the public sector,” Review of International Organizations, 14(1), pp. 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, G. B. and Teitelbaum, E. (2011) “Foreign Direct Investment, Regime Type, and Labor Protest in Developing Countries,” American Journal of Political Science, 55, 665–677. https://doi-org.eur.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00510.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrik, D. (1998) “Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?,” Journal of Political Economy, 106(5), pp. 997–1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogowski, R. (1989) Commerce and Coalitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rueda, D. (2012) “Dualization and Crisis,” Swiss Political Science Review, 18(4), pp. 523–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda, D. (2014) “Dualization, Crisis and the Welfare State,” Socio-Economic Review, 12(2), pp. 381–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shorter, E. and Tilly, C. (1974) Strikes in France 1830–1968. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sidell, S. R. (1988) The IMF and Third-World Political Instability: Is There a Connection? New York: St. Martin’s Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, C. T. (2022) “Protests in Europe in Times of Crisis: The Case of Greece, Ireland and Portugal,” European Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), pp. 97–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinwand, M. C. and Stone, R. W. (2008) “The International Monetary Fund: A Review of the Recent Evidence,” Review of International Organizations, 3(2), pp. 123–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, R. W. (2008) “The Scope of IMF Conditionality,” International Organization, 62(4), pp. 589–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroup, C. and Zissimos, B. (2013) “Social Unrest in the Wake of IMF Structural Adjustment Programs,” CESifo Working Paper No. 4211.Google Scholar
Stubbs, T., Reinsberg, B., Kentikelenis, A., and King, L. (2020) “How to Evaluate the Effects of IMF Conditionality: An Extension of Quantitative Approaches and an Empirical Application to Public Education Spending,” Review of International Organizations, 15, pp. 29–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thelen, K. (2012) “Varieties of Capitalism: Trajectories of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity,” Annual Review of Political Science, 15(1), pp. 137–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thelen, K. (2014) Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (2003) The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trantidis, A. (2014) “Reforms and Collective Action in a Clientelist System: Greece during the Mitsotakis Administration (1990–93),” South European Society and Politics, 19(2), pp. 215–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vreeland, J. R. (2002) “The Effect of IMF Programs on Labor,” World Development, 30(1), pp. 121–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vreeland, J. R. (2003) The IMF and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vreeland, J. R. (2007) The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Walter, S. (2013) Financial Crises and the Politics of Macroeconomic Adjustments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, S. (2016) “Crisis Politics in Europe: Why Austerity Is Easier to Implement in Some Countries Than in Others,” Comparative Political Studies, 49(7), pp. 841–873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, J. and Ragin, C. (1990) “Global and National Sources of Political Protest: Third World Responses to the Debt Crisis,” American Sociological Review, 55(6), pp. 876–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, B. (2020) Between Class and Market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyszynski, K. and Marra, G. (2018) “Sample Selection Models for Count Data in R,” Computational Statistics, 33, pp. 1385–1412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yusuf, S. and Nabeshima, K. (2012) Some Small Countries Do It Better: Rapid Growth and Its Causes in Singapore, Finland, and Ireland. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/178c4a7b-616f-5820-ab5e-76275a1cc538/content.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, K .F. (2005) “European Labour Mobility: Challenges and Potentials,” De Economist, 153(4), pp. 425–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.