Element contents
England and the Jews
How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 November 2018
Summary
For three centuries, a mixture of religion, violence, and economic conditions created a fertile matrix in Western Europe that racialized an entire diasporic population who lived in the urban centers of the Latin West: Jews. This Element explores how religion and violence, visited on Jewish bodies and Jewish lives, coalesced to create the first racial state in the history of the West. It is an example of how the methods and conceptual frames of postcolonial and race studies, when applied to the study of religion, can be productive of scholarship that rewrites the foundational history of the past.
Keywords
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108646994Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 29 November 2018
Bibliography
Adler, Michael. (1939). Jews of Medieval England. London: Jewish Historical Society of England.Google Scholar
Bale, Anthony Paul. (2006). The Jew in the Medieval Book: English Antisemitisms, 1350–1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bale, Anthony Paul. (2010). Feeling Persecuted: Christians, Jews, and Images of Violence in the Middle Ages. London: Reaktion.Google Scholar
Balibar, Étienne. (1992). “Racism and Nationalism.” Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities Balibar, Étienne and Wallerstein, Immanuel. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Barber, Malcolm. (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, Malcolm. (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biddick, Kathleen. (2003). The Typological Imaginary: Circumcision, Technology, History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9780812201277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biller, Peter. (1992). “Views of Jews from Paris around 1300: Christian or ‘Scientific’?” Christianity and Judaism. Ed. Wood, Diana. Oxford: Blackwell. 187–207.Google Scholar
Biller, Peter. (2001). “A ‘Scientific’ View of Jews from Paris around 1300.” Micrologus 9: 137–68.Google Scholar
Biller, Peter. (2005). “Black Women in Medieval Scientific Thought.” Micrologus 13: 477–92.Google Scholar
Biller, Peter. (2009). “Proto-racial Thought in Medieval Science.” The Origins of Racism in the West. Eds. Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Isaac, Benjamin, Ziegler, Joseph. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 157–80.Google Scholar
Bjørn, Claus, Grant, Alexander, and Stringer, Keith J., eds. (1994). Nations, Nationalism, and Patriotism in the European Past. Copenhagen: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Blurton, Heather, and Johnson, Hannah. (2017). The Critics and the Prioress: Antisemitism, Criticism, and Chaucer’s Prioress’s Tale. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Boswell, John. (1980). Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boyarin, Adrienne. (2010). Miracles of the Virgin in Medieval England: Law and Jewishness in Marian Legends. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.10.1017/9781846158889CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Beverly. (1964). The Middle English Miracles of the Virgin. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library.Google Scholar
Boyd, Beverly. (1983). The Prioress’s Tale. A Variorum Edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Vol. 2: The Canterbury Tales, Part 20. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Brand, Paul. (2003). “The Jewish Community of England in the Records of English Royal Government.” The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary, and Archaeological Perspectives. Ed. Skinner, Patricia. Woodbridge: Boydell. 73–83.Google Scholar
Brown, Carleton. (1910). A Study of the Miracle of Our Lady Told by Chaucer’s Prioress. London: Chaucer Society Publications.Google Scholar
Brown, Carleton. (1958). “The Prioress’s Tale.” Sources and Analogues of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Eds. Bryan, W. F and Dempster, Germaine. New York: Humanities Press. 447–85.Google Scholar
Burns, , Robert, I. S. J. (1971). “Christian-Islamic Confrontation in the West: The Thirteenth-Century Dream of Conversion.” American Historical Review 76: 1386–1434.10.1086/ahr/76.5.1386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calabrese, Michael. (2002). “Performing the Prioress: ‘Conscience’ and Responsibility in Studies of Chaucer’s Prioress’s Tale.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 44.1: 66–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, David. “The Fine of the Month: January 2010” and “The Fine of the Month: February 2010.” In “Henry III Fine Roll Project.” www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/month/fm-01–2010.html and www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/month/fm-02–2010.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. (2004). “The Flow of Blood in Medieval Norwich.” Speculum 79.1: 26–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, Jeremy. (1982). The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Couch, Julie Nelson. (2003). “‘The Child Slain by Jews’ and ‘The Jewish Boy’.” Medieval Literature for Children. Ed. Kline, Daniel T.. New York: Routledge. 204–26.Google Scholar
Dahood, Roger. (2009). “English Historical Narratives of Jewish Child-Murder, Chaucer’s Prioress’s Tale, and the Date of Chaucer’s Unknown Source.” Studies in the Age of Chaucer 31: 125–40.10.1353/sac.2009.a380144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahood, Roger. (2014). “Anglo-Norman ‘Hugo de Lincolnia’: A Critical Edition and Translation from the Unique Text in Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France MS fr. 902.” The Chaucer Review 49.1: 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Christopher, ed. (1980). Mission to Asia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Demurger, Alain. (2008). Les Templiers: Une Chevalerie Chrétienne au Moyen Âge. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
de Rachewiltz, Igor. (1971). Papal Envoys to the Great Khan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Despres, Denise L. (1994). “Cultic Anti-Judaism and Chaucer’s Litel Clergeon.” Modern Philology 91.4: 413–27.Google Scholar
Despres, Denise L. (1997). “Mary of the Eucharist: Cultic Anti-Judaism in Some Fourteenth-Century English Devotional Manuscripts.” From Witness to Witchcraft: Jews and Judaism in Medieval Christian Thought. Ed. Cohen, Jeremy. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 375–401.Google Scholar
Despres, Denise L. (1998). “Immaculate Flesh and the Social Body: Mary and the Jews.” Jewish History 12.1: 47–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, R. B. (1992). “The Role of Jewish Women in Medieval England.” Christianity and Judaism. Ed. Wood, Diana. Oxford: Blackwell. 145–68.Google Scholar
Dundes, Alan. (1991). The Blood-Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, John. (2003). “The Church and the Jews in Medieval England.” The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives. Ed. Skinner, Patricia. Woodbridge: Boydell. 85–95.Google Scholar
Elukin, Jonathan M. (1997). “From Jew to Christian? Conversion and Immutability in Medieval Europe.” Varieties of Religious Conversion in the Middle Ages. Ed. Muldoon, James. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 171–89.Google Scholar
Elukin, Jonathan M. (2001). “The Discovery of the Self: Jews and Conversion in the Twelfth Century.” Jews and Christians in Twelfth Century Europe. Eds. Signer, Michael A. and Engen, John Van. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 63–76.Google Scholar
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. (1987). Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229–1492. Houndmills: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogle, Lauren. (2005). “Between Christianity and Judaism: The Identity of Converted Jews in Medieval London.” Essays in Medieval Studies 22: 107–16.10.1353/ems.2006.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogle, Lauren. (2007). “The Domus Conversorum: The Personal Interest of Henry III.” Jewish Historical Studies 41: 1–7.Google Scholar
Forde, Simon, Johnson, Lesley, and Murray, Alan V., eds. (1995). Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages. Leeds: University of Leeds Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. (2010). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979. Ed. Senellart, Michel. Trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Fradenburg, Louise Olga. (1989). “Criticism, Anti-Semitism, and the Prioress’s Tale.” Exemplaria 1.1: 69–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Robert W. Jr. (1983). “Miracles of the Virgin, Medieval Anti-Semitism, and ‘The Prioress’s Tale’.” The Wisdom of Poetry: Essays in Early English Literature in Honor of Morton W. Bloomfield. Ed. Benson, Larry D. and Wenzel, Siegfried. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications. 176–88.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Amitav, and Chakrabarty, Dipesh. (2002). “A Correspondence on Provincializing Europe.” Radical History Review 83: 146–72.Google Scholar
Golb, Norman. (1998). The Jews in Medieval Normandy: A Social and Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gottheil, Richard, and Jacobs, Joseph. (1906). “Archa.” Jewish Encyclopedia. http://jewishencyclopedia.com.Google Scholar
Gow, Andrew Colin. (1995). The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age 1200–1600. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Grayzel, Solomon. (1966). The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century. New York: Hermon.Google Scholar
Gross, Charles. (1887). The Exchequer of the Jews of England in the Middle Ages. London: Office of the Jewish Chronicle.Google Scholar
Hardy, Thomas Duffus, ed. (1837). Rotuli chartarum in Turri Londinensis asservati. London: G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. (2003). Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. (2011). “Holy War Redux: The Crusades, Futures of the Past, and Strategic Logic in the ‘Clash’ of Religions.” PMLA 126.2: 422–31.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. (2018). The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewlett, Henry G, ed. (1886–1889). Roger of Wendover, Rogeri De Wendover Liber Qui Dicitur Flores Historiarum Ab Anno Domini MCLIV Annoque Henrici Anglorum Regis Secundi Primo. 3 vols. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hillaby, Joe. (1994–96). “The Ritual-Child-Murder Accusation: Its Dissemination and Harold of Gloucester.” Jewish Historical Studies 34: 69–199.Google Scholar
Howlett, Richard, ed. (1884, 1964). William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum. Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I. Ed. Howlett, Richard. Rolls Series, 82: 1. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, Hilary. (1915–1917). “The Records of the Exchequer Receipts from the English Jewry.” Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England Vol. 8. 19–54.Google Scholar
Jessopp, Augustus, and James, Montague Rhodes, ed. (1896). The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Lesley. (1995). “Etymologies, Genealogies, and Nationalities (Again).” Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages. Ed. Forde, Simon, Johnson, Lesley, and Murray, Alan V.. Leeds: University of Leeds Press. 125–36.Google Scholar
Johnson, Willis. (1998). “The Myth of Jewish Male Menses.” Journal of Medieval History 24.3: 273–95.10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00009-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, Mark D. (1997). The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jordan, William C. (1989). The French Monarchy and the Jews: From Philip Augustus to the Last Capetians. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9781512805321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruger, Steven F. (1992). “The Bodies of Jews in the Late Middle Ages.” The Idea of Medieval Literature: New Essays on Chaucer and Medieval Culture in Honor of Howard, Donald R.. Ed. Dean, James M. and Zacher, Christian K.. Newark: University of Delaware Press. 301–23.Google Scholar
Kruger, Steven F. (1997). “Conversion and Medieval Sexual, Religious, and Racial Categories.” Constructing Medieval Sexuality. Ed. Lochrie, Karma, McCracken, Peggy, and Schultz, James A.. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 158–79.Google Scholar
Kruger, Steven F. (2006). The Spectral Jew: Conversion and Embodiment in Medieval Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lampert, Lisa. (2004). Gender and Jewish Difference from Paul to Shakespeare. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9780812202557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, Gavin I. (1972). “The Knight’s Tale of Young Hugh of Lincoln.” Speculum 47.3: 459–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, Gavin I. (1984). “Thomas of Monmouth: Detector of Ritual Murder.” Speculum 59.4: 820–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, Gavin I. (1990). Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lavezzo, Kathy, ed. (2004). Imagining a Medieval English Nation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lavezzo, Kathy. (2011). “The Minster and the Privy: Rereading the Prioress’s Tale.” PMLA 126.2: 363–82.Google Scholar
Lipman, V. D. (1967). The Jews of Medieval Norwich. London: Jewish Historical Society of England.Google Scholar
Lipton, Sara. (2014). Dark Mirror: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Jewish Iconography. New York: Metropolitan.Google Scholar
Little, Lester K. (1978). Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Luard, Henry Richards, ed. (1864–1869). Annales monastici. 5 vols. Rolls series. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Luard, Henry Richards. (1872–1883). Mathaei Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica majora. 7 vols. Rolls series. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ivan G. (1995). “Jews and Christians Imagining the Other in Medieval Europe.” Prooftexts 15: 209–26.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ivan G. (1997). “Images of the Jews in the Exempla of Caesarius of Heisterbach.” From Witness to Witchcraft: Jews and Judaism in Medieval Christian Thought. Ed. Cohen, Jeremy. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 247–56.Google Scholar
Mastnak, Tomaz. (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520925991CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCulloh, John M. (1997). “Jewish Ritual Murder: William of Norwich, Thomas of Monmouth, and the Early Dissemination of the Myth.” Speculum 72: 698–740.10.2307/3040759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meale, Carol M. (1990). “The Miracles of Our Lady: Context and Interpretation.” Studies in the Vernon Manuscript. Ed. Pearsall, Derek. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. 115–36.Google Scholar
Mellinkoff, Ruth. (1993). Outcasts: Signs of Otherness in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Moore, R. I. (1987). The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Moore, R. I. (1992). “Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Europe.” Christianity and Judaism. Ed. Wood, Diana. Oxford: Blackwell. 33–57.Google Scholar
Morrison, Karl F. (1992). Understanding Conversion. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Muldoon, James. (1979). Popes, Lawyers, and Infidels: The Church and the Non-Christian World 1250–1550. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Mundill, Robin R. (1998). England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511549434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearsall, Derek, ed. (1990). Studies in the Vernon Manuscript. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sir Frederick, and Maitland, Frederic William. (1895, 1911). The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Purcell, Maureen. (1979). “Women Crusaders: A Temporary Canonical Aberration?” Principalities, Powers, and Estates: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Government and Society. Ed. Frappell, L. O. Adelaide: Adelaide University Union Press. 57–65.Google Scholar
Richardson, Henry Gerald. (1960). The English Jewry under Angevin Kings. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Rigg, J. M. (1902). Select Pleas, Starrs, and Other Records from the Rolls of the Exchequer of the Jews, A. D. 1220–1284. London: B. Quaritch.Google Scholar
Rokéah, Zefira Entin. (1988–90). “Money and the Hangman in Late-13th-Century England: Jews, Christians and Coinage Offenses Alleged and Real (Part I).” Jewish Historical Studies 31: 83–109.Google Scholar
Rokéah, Zefira Entin. (1990–92). “Money and the Hangman in Late-13th-century England: Jews, Christians and Coinage Offenses Alleged and Real (Part II).” Jewish Historical Studies 32: 159–218.Google Scholar
Rubin, Miri. (1992a). “Desecration of the Host: the Birth of an Accusation.” Christianity and Judaism. Ed. Wood, Diana. Oxford: Blackwell. 169–85.Google Scholar
Rubin, Miri. (1992b). “The Eucharist and the Construction of Late Medieval Identities.” Culture and History 1350–1600: Essays on English Communities, Identities, and Writing. Ed. Aers, David. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 43–63.Google Scholar
Rubin, Miri. (1999). Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rymer, Thomas, Sanderson, Robert, and Holmes, George, eds. (1704–1735). Foedera. 20 vols. London: A. and J. Churchill.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Henry Joseph. (1937). Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils: Text, Translation and Commentary. London: B. Herder.Google Scholar
Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Sinanoglu, Leah. (1973). “The Christ Child as Sacrifice: A Medieval Tradition and Corpus Christi Plays.” Speculum 58.3: 491–509.10.2307/2854445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Patricia. (2003). The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (1992). “The Conversion of Jews to Christianity in Thirteenth-Century England.” Speculum 67.2: 263–82.10.2307/2864373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (1994). “Jewish Lending and the Medieval English Economy.” A Commercialising Economy: England 1086 to c. 1300. Eds. Britnell, Richard H. and Campbell, Bruce M. S. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 78–101.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (1997). “Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England.” Thirteenth Century England VI: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1995. Eds. Michael Prestwich, R. H. Britnell, and Robin, Frame. Woodbridge: Boydell. 77–101.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (1999). “Crusades, Martyrdoms, and the Jews of Norman England, 1096–1190.” Juden und Christen zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge. Ed. Haverkamp, Alfred. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag. 233–51.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (2000). “Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State.” The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. Eds. Madicott, J. R and Palliser, D. M. London: Hambledon. 163–77.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (2001). “Jews and Christians in Twelfth Century England: Some Dynamics of a Changing Relationship.” Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Eds. Signer, Michael A. and Engen, John Van. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 340–54.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C. (2016). “The Massacres of 1189–90 and the Origins of the Jewish Exchequer, 1186–1226.” In Christians and Jews in Angevin England: The York Massacre of 1190, Narratives and Contexts. Eds. Rees Jones, Sarah and Watson, Sethina. York: York Medieval Press. 106–24.Google Scholar
Stocker, David. (1986). “The Shrine of Little St Hugh.” Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral. Eds. Heslop, T. A and Sekules, V. A. Leeds: British Archaeological Association. 109–17.Google Scholar
Stow, Kenneth R. (1992). Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Strickland, Debra Higgs. (2003). Saracens, Demons, and Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stroll, Mary. (1987). The Jewish Pope: Ideology and Politics in the Papal Schism of 1130. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004246577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, William, ed. (1868–1871). Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri De Houedene. 4 vols. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Tambling, Jeremy. (1990). Confession: Sexuality, Sin, the Subject. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Tentler, Thomas N. (1974). “The Summa for Confessors as an Instrument of Social Control. The Pursuit of Holiness in Late Medieval and Renaissance Religion. Eds. Trinkaus, Charles and Oberman, Heiko. Leiden: Brill. 103–37.Google Scholar
Thorne, Samuel E., trans. (1968). Henry de Bracton, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae (On the Laws and Customs of England). Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tomasch, Sylvia. (2000). “Postcolonial Chaucer and the Virtual Jew.” The Postcolonial Middle Ages. Ed. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. New York: St. Martins. 243–60.Google Scholar
Trachtenberg, Joshua. (1943). The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Antisemitism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Turville-Petre, Thorlac. (1996). England the Nation: Language, Literature, and National Identity, 1290–1340. Oxford: Clarendon.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122791.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twiss, Sir Travers. (1878–83). Henrici de Bracton: De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliæ. London: Longman. 6 vols.Google Scholar
Vincent, Nicholas. (1994–96). “Two Papal Letters on the Wearing of the Jewish Badge.” Jewish Historical Studies 34: 209–24.Google Scholar
Watt, J. A. (1991). “The Jews, the Law, and the Church: The Concept of Jewish Serfdom in Thirteenth-Century England.” The Church and Sovereignty c. 590–1918. Ed. Wood, Diana. Oxford: Blackwell. 153–72.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Joseph. (2009). “Physiognomy, Science, and Proto-racism 1200–1500.” The Origins of Racism in the West. Eds. Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Isaac, Benjamin, Ziegler, Joseph. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 181–99.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 12
- Cited by