Element contents
Entrapment, Escape, and Elevation from Relationship Violence
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 June 2022
Summary
How does experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) affect one's identity, in terms of self-concept and self-esteem? In this Element, the authors propose a novel framework called the E3 Model in which relevant theory and research studies can be organized into three phases: Entrapment, Escape, and Elevation. Entrapment focuses on how people enter and commit to a relationship that later becomes abusive and how experiencing IPV affects the self. Escape explores how victims become survivors as they slowly build the resources needed to leave safely, including galvanizing self-esteem. Finally, Elevation centers on how survivors psychologically rebuild from their experience and become stronger, happier, more hopeful selves. This Element concludes with a discussion of applications of the E3 Model, such as public and legal policy regarding how to best help and support survivors.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108981545Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 23 June 2022
References
Agnew, C. R., Van Lange, P. A., Rusbult, C. E., & Langston, C. A. (1998). Cognitive interdependence: Commitment and the mental representation of close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 939–954. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akangbe Tomisin, A. (2020). Culture, religion and help-seeking for intimate partner violence victims in Nigeria: A narrative review. Culture, 3(2), 56–62.Google Scholar
Allen-Collinson, J. (2009). A marked man: A case of female-perpetrated intimate partner abuse. International Journal of Men’s Health, 8(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212470543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, K. M., Renner, L. M., & Danis, F. S. (2012). Recovery: Resilience and growth in the aftermath of domestic violence. Violence against Women, 18(11), 1279–1299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212470543Google Scholar
Arias, I., & Pape, K. T. (1999). Psychological abuse: Implications for adjustment and commitment to leave violent partners. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1891/08866708.14.1.55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnocky, S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2014). Sex differences in response to victimization by an intimate partner: More stigmatization and less help-seeking among males. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 23(7), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2014.933465Google Scholar
Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1986). Love and the expansion of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction. Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Arriaga, X. B. (2002). Joking violence among highly committed individuals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(6), 591–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502017006001Google Scholar
Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Goodfriend, W., Rayl, E. S., & Sands, K. J. (2013). Individual well-being and relationship maintenance at odds: The unexpected perils of maintaining a relationship with an aggressive partner. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613480822Google Scholar
Baird, S., & Jenkins, S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and assault and domestic violence agency staff. Violence and Victims, 18(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.71Google Scholar
Bakaityte, A., Kaniusonyte, G., Truskauskaite-Kuneviciene, I., & Zukauskiene, R. (2020). Longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic growth in female survivors of intimate partner violence: The role of event centrality and identity exploration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, [online], 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520920864Google Scholar
Baker, N. L., Buick, J. D., Kim, S. R., Moniz, S., & Nava, K. L. (2013). Lessons from examining same-sex intimate partner violence. Sex Roles, 69(3–4), 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-0120218-3Google Scholar
Baldry, A. C., Pagliaro, S., & Porcaro, C. (2013). The rule of law at time of masculine honor: Afghan police attitudes and intimate partner violence. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(3), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212462492Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Basile, K. C., Arias, I., Desai, S., & Thompson, M. P. (2004). The differential association of intimate partner physical, sexual, psychological, and stalking violence and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nationally representative sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048954.50232.d8Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 26–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00053Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74(3), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024835CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benmiller, M., & Williams, L. S. (2011). The role of adaptation in advocate burnout: A case for good soldiering. Violence against Women, 17(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210393923CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Kaufman, J. S., Lo, B., & Zonderman, A. B. (2012). Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 75(6), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.025Google Scholar
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oaGoogle Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (2001). The many faces of social identity: Implications for political psychology. Political Psychology, 22(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brosi, M., Rolling, E., Gaffney, C., & Kitch, B. (2020). Beyond resilience: Glimpses into women’s posttraumatic growth after experiencing intimate partner violence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 48(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/019226187.2019.1691084CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownridge, D. A., Taillieu, T., Urquia, M. L. et al. (2020). Intimate partner violence among persons with mental health-related disabilities in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, [online], 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520912589Google Scholar
Buehler, R., & McFarland, C. (2001). Intensity bias in affective forecasting: The role of temporal focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(11), 1480–1493. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012711009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. In Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive change in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 215–238). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., & Cabral, G. (2009). An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women’s mental health. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334456CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cava, M. J., Buelga, S., Carrascosa, L., & Ortega-Barón, J. (2020). Relations among romantic myths, offline dating violence victimization and cyber dating violence victimization in adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), Article e1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051551Google Scholar
Cerulli, C., Trabold, N., Kothari, C. L. et al. (2015). In our voice: Survivors’ recommendations for change. Journal of Family Violence, 30, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-014-9657-7Google Scholar
Choi, A. W. (2020). Validation of the scale for assessing the psychological vulnerability and its association with health of intimate partner violence victims in Chinese young adult population. PLoS One, 15(7), Article e0235761. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235761CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clulow, C. (2012). Adult attachment and couple psychotherapy: The “secure base” in practice and research. Brunner-Routledge.Google Scholar
Cobb, A. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (2006). Correlates of post-traumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(6), 895–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coker, A. L., Cook-Craig, P. G., Williams, C. M. et al. (2011). Evaluation of Green Dot: An active bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence on college campuses. Violence against Women, 17(6), 777–796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211410264Google Scholar
Coker, A. L., Smith, P. H., Thompson, M. P. et al. (2004). Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11(5), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1089/15246090260137644Google Scholar
Cooper, A., & Smith, E. L. (2011). Homicide trends in the United States, 1980–2008. US Department of Justice. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdfGoogle Scholar
Copp, J. E., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2015). Stay-or-leave decision making in nonviolent and violent dating relationships. Violence and Victims, 30(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, E. C., & Botelheiro, A. A. (2021). The impact of intimate partner violence on psychological wellbeing: Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and the mediating role of insecure attachment styles. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(1), Article e100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608–630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.608CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., & Schafer, J. (2002). Socioeconomic predictors of intimate partner violence among White, Black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 17(4), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020374617328Google Scholar
D’Amore, C., Martin, S. L., Wood, K., & Brooks, C. (2018). Themes of healing and posttraumatic growth in women survivors’ narratives of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518767909Google Scholar
Darley, J. M., & Fazio, R. H. (1980). Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence. American Psychologist, 35(10), 867–881. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.10.867Google Scholar
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Bacchus, L. J. et al. (2013). Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Medicine, 10(5), Article e1001439. https://doi.org/10.1271/journal.pmed.1001439Google Scholar
Dietrich, D. M., & Schuett, J. M. (2013). Culture of honor and attitudes toward intimate partner violence in Latinos. SAGE Open, 3(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013489685Google Scholar
Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D., & Rahman, S. (2013). Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: A review of the literature. International Journal of Family Medicine, 2013, Article e313909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/313909CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drigotas, S. M., Rusbult, C. E., Wieselquist, J., & Whitton, S. W. (1999). Close partner as sculptor of the ideal self: Behavioral affirmation and the Michelangelo phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 293–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.293Google Scholar
Dumas, T. M., Lawford, H., Tieu, T., & Pratt, M. W. (2009). Positive parenting in adolescence and its relation to low point narration and identity status in emerging adulthood: A longitudinal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1531–1544. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017360Google Scholar
Dunlap, E., Golub, A., Johnson, B. D., & Wesley, D. (2002). Intergenerational transmission of conduct norms for drugs, sexual exploitation and violence: A case study. British Journal of Criminology, 42(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.1.1Google Scholar
Dutton, D. G. (1998). The abusive personality: Violence and control in intimate relationships. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dutton, D. G., & Painter, S. L. (1981). Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse. Victimology: An International Journal, 6(1–4), 139–155.Google Scholar
Dutton, D. G., Saunders, K., Starzomski, A., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Intimacy-anger and insecure attachment as precursors of abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1367–1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01554.xGoogle Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2004). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the partner preferences of women and men. In Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), The psychology of gender (pp. 269–295). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Elbert, T., Schauer, M., & Neuner, F. (2015). Narrative exposure therapy (NET): Reorganizing memories of traumatic stress, fear, and violence. In Schnyder, U. & Cloitre, M. (Eds.), Evidence based treatments for trauma-related psychological disorders: A practical guide for clinicians (pp. 229–253). Springer Switzerland.Google Scholar
Elderton, A., Berry, A., & Chan, C. (2017). A systematic review of posttraumatic growth in survivors of interpersonal violence in adulthood. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 18(2), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015611672CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estrellado, A. F., & Loh, J. M. I. (2014). Factors associated with battered Filipino women’s decision to stay in or leave an abusive relationship. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 575–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505709Google Scholar
Fernández-Fuertes, A. A., Fernández-Rouco, N., Lázaro-Visa, S., & Gómez-Pérez, E. (2020). Myths about sexual aggression, sexual assertiveness and sexual violence in adolescent romantic relationships. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), Article e8744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238744Google Scholar
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041593Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J. (2008). Intimate partner violence perpetration: Insights from the science of self-regulation. In Forgas, J. P. & Fitness, J. (Eds.), Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes (pp. 271–288). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J. (2014). The I3 model: Metatheory, theory, and evidence. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800052-6.00001-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B. et al. (2012). Using I³ theory to clarify when dispositional aggressiveness predicts intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkel, E. J., & Hall, A. N. (2018). The I3 model: A metatheoretical framework for understanding aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flasch, P., Fall, K., Stice, B. et al. (2020). Messages to new survivors by longer-term survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 35, 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00078-8Google Scholar
Foa, E. B. (2011). Prolonged exposure therapy: Past, present, and future. Depression and Anxiety, 28(12), 1043–1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20907Google Scholar
Follingstad, D. R., Neckerman, A. P., & Vormbrock, J. (1988). Reactions to victimization and coping strategies of battered women: The ties that bind. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90065-7Google Scholar
Fugate, M., Landis, L., Riordan, K. et al. (2005). Barriers to domestic violence help seeking implications for intervention. Violence against Women, 11(3), 290–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204271959Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 617–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.617CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonçalves, O. (2002). Viver narrativamente: A psicoterapia como adjectivação da experiência [Living narratively: Psychotherapy as an adjectivation of experience]. Quarteto.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, O., & Machado, P. (1999). Cognitive narrative psychotherapy: Research foundations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1179::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-LGoogle Scholar
Goodfriend, W., & Agnew, C. R. (2008). Sunken costs and desired plans: Examining different types of investments in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(12), 1639–1652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208323743Google Scholar
Goodfriend, W., & Arriaga, X. B. (2018). Cognitive reframing of intimate partner aggression: Social and contextual influences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112464Google Scholar
Goodkind, J. R., Gillum, T. L., Bybee, D. I., & Sullivan, C. M. (2003). The impact of family and friends’ reactions on the well-being of women with abusive partners. Violence against Women, 9(3), 347–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202250083Google Scholar
Goodman, L. A., & Epstein, D. (2008). Listening to battered women: A survivor-centered approach to advocacy, mental health, and justice. American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A. et al. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.3Google Scholar
Hague, G., Mullender, A., & Aris, R. (2003). Is anyone listening? Accountability and women survivors of domestic violence. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. C., Anderson, D., Broaddus, M., & Young, K. (2006). Gender stereotyping and underrepresentation of female characters in 200 popular children’s picture books: A twenty-first century update. Sex Roles, 55(11–12), 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9128-6Google Scholar
Hammett, J. F., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences, stress, and intimate partner violence among newlywed couples living with low incomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000629Google Scholar
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 797–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797Google Scholar
Helloflo.com. (2021). “Survivor” versus “victim”: Why choosing your words carefully is important. https://helloflo.com/survivor-vs-victim-why-choosing-your-words-carefully-isimportant/Google Scholar
Hendrika, M., Hampton, M., & Bruyninx, S. (2012, October). Summary of healing journey presentations/analyses conducted in Saskatchewan. Presented at RESOLVE Research Day, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.Google Scholar
Henriksen, C. B., Mattick, K. L., & Fisher, B. S. (2015). Mandatory bystander intervention training: Is the Save Act requirement the “right” program to reduce violence among college students? In Carrigan Wooten, S. & Mitchell, R. W. (Eds.), The crisis of campus sexual violence (pp. 169–183). Routledge.Google Scholar
Herzberger, S. D., & Rueckert, Q. H. (1997). Attitudes as explanations for aggression against family members. In Kantor, G. K. & Jasinski, J. L. (Eds.), Out of the darkness: Contemporary perspectives on family violence (pp. 151–160). Sage.Google Scholar
Heywood, I., Sammut, D., & Bradbury-Jones, C. (2019). A qualitative exploration of “thrivership” among women who have experienced domestic violence and abuse: Development of a new model. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319Google Scholar
Hoerger, M., Quirk, S. W., Lucas, R. E., & Carr, T. H. (2010). Cognitive determinants of affective forecasting errors. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(5), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/t38798-000Google Scholar
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Meehan, J. C. (2004). Typologies of men who are maritally violent: Scientific and clinical implications. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(12), 1369–1389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269693Google Scholar
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Meehan, J. C., Herron, K., Rehman, U., & Stuart, G. L. (2000). Testing the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) batterer typology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1000–1019. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1000CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Stuart, G. L. (1994). Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the differences among them. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 476–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.116.3.476Google Scholar
Hou, W.-L., Ko, N.-Y., & Shu, B.-C. (2013). Recovery experiences of Taiwanese women after terminating abusive relationships: A phenomenology study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(1), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512448851Google Scholar
Jackson, S. (2001). Happily never after: Young women’s stories of abuse in heterosexual love relationships. Feminism & Psychology, 11(3), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353501011003004Google Scholar
Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1998). When men batter women: New insights into ending abusive relationships. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Jaffray, B. (2021). Intimate partner violence: Experiences of sexual minority women in Canada, 2018. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1, 3–18. www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00005-eng.htmGoogle Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.Google Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R. (2006). Schema-change perspectives on posttraumatic growth. In Calhoun, L. G. & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 81–99). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R., & Yopyk, D. J. (2004). Random outcomes and valued commitments. In Greenberg, J., Koole, S. L., & Pyszczynski, T. (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 122–138). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Jenks, K. (2014). How women experience post-traumatic growth as survivors of intimate partner violence: An interpretative phenomenological analysis (ID No. uj:14484) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Johannesburg]. University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository. https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/%20vital/access/manager/Repository/uj:14484?view=null&f0=sm_contributor%3A%22Du+Plessis%2C+L.%22&sort=sort_ss_sm_creator+descGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(2), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.2307/353683Google Scholar
Johnson, M. P. (2007). The intersection of gender and control. In O’Toole, L., Schiffman, J. R., & Edwards, M. L. K. (Eds.), Gender violence: Interdisciplinary perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 257–268). New York University Press.Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Parrott, L., & Hammersla, J. (2002). Empathy and the self-absorption paradox: Support for the distinction between self-rumination and self-reflection. Self and Identity, 1(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317232803Google Scholar
Jordan, J. V. (2003). Relational-cultural therapy. In Kopala, M. & Keitel, M. A. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling women (pp. 22–30). Sage.Google Scholar
Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. Wiley.Google Scholar
Kernic, M. A., Monary-Ernsdorff, D. J., Koespell, J. K., & Holt, V. L. (2005). Children in the crossfire: Child custody determinations against couples with a history of intimate partner violence. Violence against Women, 11(8), 991–1021. https://doi.org/10.177/1077801205278042Google Scholar
Kimmes, J. G., Mallory, A. B., Spencer, C. et al. (2019). A meta-analysis of risk markers for intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(3), 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017708784Google Scholar
Kirkwood, C. (1993). Leaving abusive partners: From the scars of survival to the wisdom for change. Sage.Google Scholar
Knapp, D. (2019). Fanning the flames: Gaslighting as tactic of psychological abuse and criminal prosecution. Albany Law Review, 83(1), 313–337. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/albany83&div=13&g_sent=1&casa_token=Google Scholar
Ko, Y., & Park, S. (2020). Building a new intimate relationship after experiencing intimate partner violence in victim-survivors of South Korea. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1–2), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518814265Google Scholar
Leadership Council on Child Abuse and Interpersonal Violence. (2008). How many children are court-ordered into unsupervised contact with an abusive parent after divorce? https://leadershipcouncil.org/1/med/PR3htmlGoogle Scholar
Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2013). Anxiety, self-discrepancy, and regulatory focus theory: Acculturation matters. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 26(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2012.659728Google Scholar
Liang, B., Goodman, L., Tummala-Narra, P., & Weintraub, S. (2005). A theoretical framework for understanding help‐seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1–2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-6233-6Google Scholar
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7eCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littleton, H. (2010). The impact of social support and negative disclosure reaction on sexual assault victims: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730903502946Google Scholar
Lowe, M., Khan, R., Thanzami, V., Barzy, M., & Karmaliani, R. (2018). Attitudes toward intimate partner “honor”-based violence in India, Iran, Malaysia and Pakistan. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 10(4), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-09-2017-0324Google Scholar
Machado, A., Santos, A., Graham-Kevan, N., & Matos, M. (2017). Exploring help seeking experiences of male victims of female perpetrators of IPV. Journal of Family Violence, 32(5), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9853-8Google Scholar
Macy, R. J., Ferron, J., & Crosby, C. (2009). Partner violence and survivors’ chronic health problems: Informing social work practice. Social Work, 54(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/54.1.29Google Scholar
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (1976). Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105(1), 3–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3Google Scholar
Marín-Morales, A., Bueso-Izquierdo, N., Hidalgo-Ruzzante, N. et al. (2020). “Would you allow your wife to dress in a miniskirt to the party”? Batterers do not activate default mode network during moral decisions about intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, [online], 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520926494Google Scholar
Masanet, M. J., Medina-Bravo, P., & Ferrés, J. (2018). Myths of romantic love and gender-based violence in the fan forum of the Spanish teen series Los Protegidos. Young, 26(4), 96S–112S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308817748432Google Scholar
Matheson, F. I., Daoud, N., Hamilton-Wright, S. et al. (2015). Where did she go? The transformation of self-esteem, self-identity, and mental well-being among women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Women’s Health Issues, 25(5), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/jwhi.2015.04.006Google Scholar
McLindon, E., Humphreys, C., & Hegarty, K. (2018). “It happens to clinicians too”: An Australian prevalence study of intimate partner and family violence against health professionals. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0588-yGoogle Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.2307/4609267Google Scholar
Messinger, A. M. (2011). Invisible victims: Same-sex IPV in the national violence against women survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(11), 2228–2243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510383023Google Scholar
Metz, C., Calmet, J., & Thevenot, A. (2019). Women subjected to domestic violence: The impossibility of separation. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 36(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000186Google Scholar
Mookerjee, S., Cerulli, C., Fernandez, I. D., & Chin, N. P. (2015). Do Hispanic and non-Hispanic women survivors of intimate partner violence differ in regards to their help-seeking? A qualitative study. Journal of Family Violence, 30, 839–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-0159734-6Google Scholar
Moreira, A., Moreira, A. C., & Rocha, J. C. (2020). Randomized controlled trial: Cognitive-narrative therapy for IPV victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, [online], 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520943719Google Scholar
Moss, V. A., Pitula, C. R., Campbell, J. C., & Halstead, L. (1997). The experience of terminating an abusive relationship from an Anglo and African American perspective: A qualitative descriptive study. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 18(5), 433–454. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612849709009423Google Scholar
Murray, C. E., Crowe, A., & Overstreet, N. M. (2018). Sources and components of stigma experienced by survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(3), 515–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515609565Google Scholar
Nathanson, A. M., Shorey, R. C., Tirone, V., & Rhatigan, D. L. (2012). The prevalence of mental health disorders in a community sample of female victims of intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.1.59Google Scholar
National Center for Victims of Crime. (2018). 2018 NCVRW Resource Guide: Intimate partner violence fact sheet. https://ovc.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh226/files/ncvrw2018/info_flyers/fact_sheets/2018NCVRW_IPV_508_QC.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2020). Domestic violence. https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2497/domestic_violence-2020080709350855.pdf?1596828650457Google Scholar
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2021). 50 obstacles to leaving. www.thehotline.org/resources/get-help-50-obstacles-to-leaving/Google Scholar
Njie-Carr, V. P., Sabri, B., Messing, J. T. et al. (2020). Understanding intimate partner violence among immigrant and refugee women: A grounded theory analysis. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, [online], 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1796870Google Scholar
O’Doherty, L. J., Taft, A., McNair, R., & Hegarty, K. (2016). Fractured identity in the context of intimate partner violence: Barriers to and opportunities for seeking help in health settings. Violence against Women, 22(2), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215601248Google Scholar
Olson, L. N. (2004). The role of voice in the (re) construction of a battered woman’s identity: An autoethnography of one woman’s experiences of abuse. Women’s Studies in Communication, 27(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2004.10162464Google Scholar
Orang, T., Ayoughi, S., Moran, J. K. et al. (2018). The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy in a sample of Iranian women exposed to ongoing intimate partner violence – A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2318Google Scholar
Overstreet, N. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2013). The intimate partner violence stigmatization model and barriers to help seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746599Google Scholar
Parra-Barrera, S. M., Moyano, N., Boldova, M. Á., & Sánchez-Fuentes, M. D. M. (2021). Protection against sexual violence in the Colombian legal framework: Obstacles and consequences for women victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), Article 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171Google Scholar
Peitzmeier, S. M., Malik, M., Kattari, S. K. et al. (2020). Intimate partner violence in transgender populations: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 110(9), e1–e14. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774Google Scholar
Pence, E. (2001). Advocacy on behalf of battered women. In Renzetti, C. M., Edleson, J. L., & Bergen, R. K. (Eds.), Sourcebook on violence against women (pp. 329–343). Sage.Google Scholar
Pence, E., & Paymar, M. (1993). Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth model. Springer.Google Scholar
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.xGoogle Scholar
Pereira, M. E., Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., Brandão, I., & Almeida, F. (2020). Personality characteristics of victims of intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52, Article e101423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101423Google Scholar
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1983). Learned helplessness and victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00143.xGoogle Scholar
Pittman, D. M., Riedy Rush, C., Hurley, K. B., & Minges, M. L. (2020). Double jeopardy: Intimate partner violence vulnerability among emerging adult women through lenses of race and sexual orientation. Journal of American College Health, [online], 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1740710Google Scholar
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066Google Scholar
Rivenburgh, N. K. (2000). Social identity theory and news portrayals of citizens involved in international affairs. Media Psychology, 2(4), 303–329. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0204_01Google Scholar
Rizkalla, K., Maar, M., Pilon, R., McGregor, L., & Reade, M. (2020). Improving the response of primary care providers to rural First Nation women who experience intimate partner violence: A qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01053yGoogle Scholar
Roberts, A. R., & Roberts, B. J. (1981). Sheltering battered women: A national study and service guide. Springer.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, M., Valentine, J. M., Son, J. B., & Marjani, M. (2010). Intimate partner violence and barriers to mental care for ethnically diverse populations of women. Trauma Violence Abuse, 10(4), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009339756Google Scholar
Rolling, E. S., & Brosi, M. W. (2010). A multi-level and integrated approach to assessment and intervention of intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9286-8Google Scholar
Romero-Sánchez, M., Skowronski, M., Bohner, G., & Megías, J. L. (2020). Talking about “victims,” “survivors” and “battered women”: How labels affect the perception of women who have experienced intimate partner violence. International Journal of Social Psychology, [online], 3060. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1840232Google Scholar
Rosen, K. H. (1996). The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships: Processes of seduction and entrapment. In Cahn, D. D. & Lloyd, S. A. (Eds.), Family violence from a communication perspective (pp. 151–176). Sage.Google Scholar
Rosen, K. H., & Stith, S. M. (1997). Surviving abusive dating relationships: Processes of leaving, healing and moving on. In Kantor, G. & Jasinski, J. (Eds.), Out of the darkness: Contemporary perspectives on family violence (pp. 170–182). Sage.Google Scholar
Roth, S., & Lebowitz, L. (1988). The experience of sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1(1), 79–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490010107Google Scholar
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976Google Scholar
Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076301Google Scholar
Rudman, L. A., & Heppen, J. B. (2003). Implicit romantic fantasies and women’s interest in personal power: A glass slipper effect? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(11), 1357–1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203256906Google Scholar
Rusbult, C. E., & Martz, J. M. (1995). Remaining in an abusive relationship: An investment model analysis of nonvoluntary dependence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(6), 558–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167295216002Google Scholar
Sabourin, T. C. (1995). The role of negative reciprocity in spouse abuse: A relational control analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 23(4), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889509365431Google Scholar
Saccuzzo, D. P., & Johnson, N. E. (2004). Child custody mediation’s failure to protect: Why should the criminal justice system care? National Institute of Justice Journal, 251, 21–23. https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/child-custody-mediations-failure-protect-whyshould-criminal-justice-systemGoogle Scholar
Sáez, G., López-Nuñez, C., Carlos-Vivas, J. et al. (2021). A multicomponent program to improve self-concept and self-esteem among intimate partner violence victims: A study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), Article e4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094930Google Scholar
Sáez, G., Riemer, A. R., Brock, R. L., & Gervais, S. J. (2020). The role of interpersonal sexual objectification in heterosexual intimate partner violence from perspectives of perceivers and targets. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, [online], 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922348Google Scholar
Sánchez-Hernández, M. D., Herrera-Enríquez, M. C., & Expósito, F. (2020). Controlling behaviors in couple relationships in the digital age: Acceptability of gender violence, sexism, and myths about romantic love. Psychosocial Intervention, 29(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2020a1Google Scholar
Sauber, E. W., & O’Brien, K. M. (2020). Multiple losses: The psychological and economic well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(15–16), 3054–3078. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517706760Google Scholar
Savage, L. (2021). Intimate partner violence: Experiences of women with disabilities in Canada, 2018. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1, 3–23. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00006-eng.htmGoogle Scholar
Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2011). Narrative exposure therapy: A short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders (2nd ed.). Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Schechter, S. (1982). Women and male violence: The visions and struggles of the battered women’s movement. South End Press.Google Scholar
Scheer, J. R., Martin-Storey, A., & Baams, L. (2020). Help-seeking barriers among sexual and gender minority individuals who experience intimate partner violence victimization. In Russell, B. (Ed.), Intimate partner violence and the LGBT+ community (pp. 139–158). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44762-5_8Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. (1972). Learned helplessness. Annual Review of Medicine, 23(1), 407–412.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5Google Scholar
Senkans, S., McEwan, T. E., & Ogloff, J. R. (2020). Conceptualising intimate partner violence perpetrators’ cognition as aggressive relational schemas. Aggression and Violent Behavior, [online], Article e101456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101456Google Scholar
Senn, C. Y., & Forrest, A. (2016). “And then one night when I went to class … ”: The impact of sexual assault bystander intervention workshops incorporated in academic courses. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039660Google Scholar
Senter, K. E., & Caldwell, K. (2002). Spirituality and the maintenance of change: A phenomenological study of women who leave abusive relationships. Contemporary Family Therapy, 24, 543–564. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021269028756Google Scholar
Sharma-Patel, K., Brown, E. J., & Chaplin, W. F. (2012). Emotional and cognitive processing in sexual assault survivors’ narratives. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2012.639053Google Scholar
Sherif, M. (1966). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Silberg, J., & Dallam, S. (2019). Abusers gaining custody in family courts: A case series of over turned decisions. Journal of Child Custody, 16(2), 140–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2019.1613204Google Scholar
Slattery, S. M., & Goodman, L. A. (2009). Secondary traumatic stress among domestic violence advocates: Workplace risk and protective factors. Violence against Women, 15(11), 1358–1379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209347469Google Scholar
Song, L. (2012). Service utilization, perceived changes of self, and life satisfaction among women who experienced intimate partner abuse: The mediation effect of empowerment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(6), 1112–1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511424495Google Scholar
Stalans, L. J., & Ritchie, J. (2008). Relationship of substance use/abuse with psychological and physical intimate partner violence: Variations across living situations. Journal of Family Violence, 23(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9125-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, E., van der Heijden, I., & Dunkle, K. (2020). How people with disabilities experience programs to prevent intimate partner violence across four countries. Evaluation and Program Planning, 79, Article e101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101770Google Scholar
Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., Middleton, K. A. et al. (2000). The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 640–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00640.xGoogle Scholar
Street, A. E., & Arias, I. (2001). Psychological abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women: Examining the roles of shame and guilt. Violence and Victims, 16(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.16.1.65Google Scholar
St. Vil, N. M., Carter, T., & Johnson, S. (2021). Betrayal trauma and barriers to forming new intimate relationships among survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7–8), NP3495–NP3509. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518779596Google Scholar
Sweet, P. L. (2019). The sociology of gaslighting. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 851–875. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419874843Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. M. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge University Press Archive.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. M. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245Google Scholar
Tarzia, L. (2021a). “It went to the very heart of who I was as a woman”: The invisible impacts of intimate partner sexual violence. Qualitative Health Research, 31(2), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320967659Google Scholar
Tarzia, L. (2021b). Toward an ecological understanding of intimate partner sexual violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23–24), 11704–11727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519900298Google Scholar
Taylor, J. Y. (2004). Moving from surviving to thriving: African American women recovering from intimate male partner abuse. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 18(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1891/rtnp.18.1.35.28056Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In Friedman, M. S. (Ed.), The handbook of health psychology (pp. 189–214). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Sage.Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004a). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207//s15327965pli1501_01Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004b). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: New considerations. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_03Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge.Google Scholar
Tutty, L., Radtke, H. L., & Nixon, K. L. (2009). The healing journey: A longitudinal study of mothers affected by intimate partner violence, perceptions of their children’s well-being and family-related service utilization. Alberta Centre for Child, Family and Community Research. www2.uregina.ca/resolve/assets/pdf/TuttyReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ubillos-Landa, S., Puente-Martínez, A., González-Castro, J. L. et al. (2020). You belong to me! Meta-analytic review of the use of male control and dominance against women in intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52, Article e101392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101392Google Scholar
Ulloa, E. C., Hammett, J. F., Guzman, M. L., & Hokoda, A. (2015). Psychological growth in relation to intimate partner violence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(A), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.007Google Scholar
Valdez, C. E., & Lilly, M. M. (2015). Posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence: An assumptive world process. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514533154Google Scholar
Volpe, E. M., Quinn, C. R., Resch, K. et al. (2017). Narrative exposure therapy: A proposed model to address IPV-related PTSD in parenting and pregnant adolescents. Family Community Health, 40(3), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000072Google Scholar
Walker, L. A. (1984). Battered women, psychology, and public policy. American Psychologist, 39(10), 1178–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1178Google Scholar
Wies, J. R. (2008). Professionalizing human services: A case of domestic violence shelter advocates. Human Organization, 67(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.67.2.143m2v54211711l3Google Scholar
Welldon, E. V. (2011). Perverse transference and the malignant bonding. In Welldon, E. V. (Ed.), Playing with dynamite: A personal approach to the psychoanalytic understanding of perversions, violence and criminality (pp. 50–59). Karnac Books.Google Scholar
West, C. M. (1998). Leaving a second closet: Outing partner violence in same-sex couples. In Jasinski, J. L. & Williams, L. M. (Eds.), Partner violence: A comprehensive review of 20 years of research (pp. 163–183). Sage.Google Scholar
Wood, L. (2017). “I look across from me and I see me”: Survivors as advocates in intimate partner violence agencies. Violence against Women, 23(3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216641518Google Scholar
Organization, World Health. (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/9789241564007_eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Zapor, H., Wolford-Clevenger, C., & Johnson, D. M. (2015). The association between social support and stages of change in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(7), 1051–1070. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614282Google Scholar
Zukauskiene, R., Kaniusonyte, G., Bergman, L. R., Bakaityte, A., & Truskauskaite-Kuneviciene, I. (2021). The role of social support in identity processes and posttraumatic growth: A study of victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(15–16), 7599–7624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519836785Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.