Element contents
Famine and Feast in Ancient Egypt
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 June 2023
Summary
This Element is about the creation and curation of social memory in pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egypt. Ancient, Classical, Medieval, and Ottoman sources attest to the horror that characterized catastrophic famines. Occurring infrequently and rarely reaching the canonical seven-years' length, famines appeared and disappeared like nightmares. Communities that remain aware of potentially recurring tragedies are often advantaged in their efforts to avert or ameliorate worst-case scenarios. For this and other reasons, pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egyptians preserved intergenerational memories of hunger and suffering. This Element begins with a consideration of the trajectories typical of severe Nilotic famines and the concept of social memory. It then argues that personal reflection and literature, prophecy, and an annual festival of remembrance functioned-at different times, and with varying degrees of success-to convince the well-fed that famines had the power to unseat established order and to render a comfortably familiar world unrecognizable.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009070713Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 06 July 2023
References
Allen, J. P. (2011). The Debate between a Man and His Soul: A Masterpiece of Ancient Egyptian Literature. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Allen, J. P. (2015). Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. (1988). Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Arz, H. W., Lamy, F., and Pätzold, J. (2006). A Pronounced Dry Event Recorded around 4.2 ka in Brine Sediments from the Northern Red Sea. Quaternary Research, 66(3), 432–41.Google Scholar
Assmann, J. (2003). The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs, trans. A. Jenkins. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Assmann, J. (2006). Religion and Cultural Memory, trans. R. Livingstone. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Aster, S. Z. (2015). Isaiah 19: The “Burden of Egypt” and Neo-Assyrian Imperial Policy. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 135(3), 453–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azeze, F. (1998). Unheard Voices: Drought, Famine, and God in Ethiopian Oral Poetry. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press.Google Scholar
Babcock, J. M. (2022). Ancient Egyptian Animal Fables: Tree Climbing Hippos and Ennobled Mice. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar
al-Baghdādi, ‘ A. (1965) [1204]. The Eastern Key, trans. K. H. Zand, J. A. Videan and I. E. Videan. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Bazzana, G. B. (2018). The Oracle of the Potter and the “Apocalyptic Worldview” in Egypt. Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 94(2), 207–22.Google Scholar
Bell, B. (1971). The Dark Ages in Ancient History. I. The First Dark Age in Egypt. American Journal of Archaeology, 75(1), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, B. (1975). Climate and the History of Egypt: The Middle Kingdom. American Journal of Archaeology, 79(3), 223–69.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (2020). Being Property Once Myself: Blackness and the End of Man. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, C. E., Horton, B. P., and Stanley, J.-D. (2012). Nile Delta Vegetation Response to Holocene Climate Variability. Geology, 40(7), 615–18.Google Scholar
Beyerle, S. (2016). Authority and Propaganda – The Case of the Potter’s Oracle. In Baden, J., Najman, H., and Tigchelaar, E. J. C., eds., Sibyls, Scriptures, and Scrolls: John Collins at Seventy. Leiden: Brill, pp. 167–84.Google Scholar
Blasius, A., and Schipper, B. U. (2002). Apokalyptik und Ägypten? – Erkenntnisse und Perspektiven. In Blasius, A. and Schipper, B. U., eds., Apokalyptik und Ägypten: eine kritische Analyse der relevanten Texte aus dem griechisch-römischen Ägypten. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 277–302.Google Scholar
Blouin, K. (2014). Triangular Landscapes: Environment, Society, and the State in the Nile Delta under Roman Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsch, S. J. (2005). The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, K. (2000). Animalizing the Slave: The Truth of Fiction. Journal of Roman Studies, 90, 110–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunner-Traut, E. (1954). Der Katzenmäusekrieg im Alten und Neuen Orient. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 104(2), 347–51.Google Scholar
Bryan, B. (2014). Hatshepsut and Cultic Revelries in the New Kingdom. In Galán, J. M., Bryan, B. M., and Dorman, P. F., eds., Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 93–123.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. (1997). Sociopolitical Discontinuity in the Near East c. 2200 B.C.E.: Scenarios from Palestine and Egypt. In Dalfes, H. N., Kukla, G., and Weiss, H., eds., Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 245–96.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. (2012). Collapse, Environment, and Society. PNAS, 109(10), 3632–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, S. (2007). After the Black Death: Labour Legislation and Attitudes towards Labour in Late-Medieval Western Europe. Economic History Review, N.S., 60(3), 457–85.Google Scholar
Collins, J. J. (1997). The Sibyl and the Potter: Political Propaganda in Ptolemaic Egypt. In Collins, J. J., ed., Seers, Sybils and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism. Leiden: Brill, pp. 199–210.Google Scholar
Contardi, F. (2015). Disasters Connected with the Rhythm of the Nile in the Textual Sources. In Vittozzi, G. C., ed., Egyptian Curses 2: A Research on Ancient Catastrophes. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico, pp. 11–26.Google Scholar
Counts, D. R., and Counts, D. A. (1992). Exaggeration and Reversal: Clowning among the Lusi-Kaliai. In Mitchell, W. E., ed., Clowning as Critical Practice: Performance Humor in the South Pacific. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 88–103.Google Scholar
Creasman, P. P. (2020). A Compendium of Recent Evidence from Egypt and Sudan for Climate Change during the Pharaonic Period. In Schneider, T. and Johnston, C. L., eds., The Gift of the Nile? Ancient Egypt and the Environment. Tucson: Egyptian Expedition, pp. 15–48.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. C. (1995). Hathor returns to Medamûd. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 22, 47–94.Google Scholar
Demidchik, A. (2011). The Date of the “Teaching for Merikare.” In Kormysheva, Eleonora Efimovna, Fantusati, Eugenio, Michaux-Colombot, Danièle, eds., Cultural Heritage of Egypt and Christian Orient 6: Egypt and Near Eastern Countries III mill. B.C.–1 mill. A.D. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, pp. 49–70.Google Scholar
Dikötter, F. (2010). Mao’s Great Leap to Famine. New York Times, December 15. www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/opinion/16iht-eddikotter16.html, accessed May 2, 2023.Google Scholar
Douglass, F. (2009) [1845]. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Drioton, E. (1943). Une représentation de la famine sur un bas-relief égyptien de la Ve dynastie. Bulletin de l’Institut d’Ėgypte, 25, 45–54.Google Scholar
Dunand, F. (1977). L’Oracle du Potier et la formation de l’apocalyptique en Égypte. In Raphaël, F., Dunand, F., Heintz, J. G. et al., eds., L’Apocalyptique. Paris: Paul Geuthner, pp. 41–67.Google Scholar
Engdahl, H. (2002). Philomela’s Tongue: Introductory Remarks on Witness Literature. In Engdahl, H., ed., Witness Literature: Proceedings of the Nobel Centennial Symposium. New Jersey: World Scientific, pp. 1–14.Google Scholar
Enmarch, R. (2008). A World Upturned: Commentary on and Analysis of The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Escolano-Poveda, M. (2017). New Fragments of Papyrus Berlin 3024: The Missing Beginning of the Debate between a Man and His Ba and the Continuation of the Tale of the Herdsman (P. Mallorca I and II). Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 144(1), 16–54.Google Scholar
Felber, H. (2002). Die Demotische Chronik. In Blasius, A. and Schipper, B. U., eds., Apokalyptik und Ägypten: eine kritische Analyse der relevanten Texte aus dem griechisch-römischen Ägypten. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 65–111.Google Scholar
Flores, D. (2004). The Topsy-Turvy World. In Knoppers, G. N. and Hirsch, A., eds., Egypt, Israel, and the Ancient Mediterranean World: Studies in Honor of Donald B. Redford. Leiden: Brill, pp. 233–55.Google Scholar
Forstner-Müller, I., Said, A. M., Rose, P. et al. (2019). First Report on the Town of Kom Ombo. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien, 88, 57–92.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. (1978). Kingship and the Gods, reprint. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, D. (1992). Lest Egypt’s City Be Deserted: Religion and Ideology in the Egyptian Response to the Jewish Revolt (116–117 C.E.). Journal of Jewish Studies, 43(2), 203–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankfurter, D. (1993). Elijah in Upper Egypt: The Apocalypse of Elijah and Early Egyptian Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Gee, J. (2015). Did the Old Kingdom Collapse? A New View of the First Intermediate Period. In Manuelian, P. Der and Schneider, T., eds., Towards a New History for the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Leiden: Brill, pp. 60–75.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, L. (2016). Notes from the Blockade, trans. A. Myers, and A Story of Pity and Cruelty, trans. A. Livingstone. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Gnirs, A. M. (2006). Das Motiv des Bürgerkriegs in Merikare und Neferti – Zur Literatur der 18. Dynastie. In Moers, G. et al., eds., jn.t dr.w: Festschrift für Friedrich Junge, vol. 1. Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 207–65.Google Scholar
Gnirs, A. M. (2015). Royal Power in Times of Disaster. In Coppens, F., Janák, J., and Vymazalová, H., eds., Royal versus Divine Authority: Acquisition, Legitimization and Renewal of Power. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 109–43.Google Scholar
Goldberg, A. (2017). Trauma in the First Person: Diary Writing during the Holocaust, trans. S. Sermoneta-Gertel and A. Greenberg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gower, J. (1962) [1381]. The Major Latin Works of John Gower, ed. Stockton, E. W.. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Graeber, D., and Wengrow, D. (2021). The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Hagen, F. (2013). An Eighteenth Dynasty Writing Board (Ashmolean 1948.91) and The Hymn to the Nile. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 49, 73–91.Google Scholar
Hagen, F. (2019). New Copies of Old Classics: Early Manuscripts of Khakheperreseneb and the Instruction of a Man for His Son. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 105(2), 177–208.Google Scholar
Hamdan, M., Hassan, F. A., Flower, R. J. et al. (2016). Climate and Collapse of Egyptian Old Kingdom: A Geoarchaeological Approach. In Vittozzi, G. C. and Porcelli, F., eds., Archaeology and Environment: Understanding the Past to Design the Future: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico, pp. 89–100.Google Scholar
Harper, K. (2017). The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. A. (1997). Nile Floods and Political Disorder in Early Egypt. In Dalfes, H. N., Kukla, G., and Weiss, H., eds., Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. A. (2007). Droughts, Famine and the Collapse of the Old Kingdom: Re-Reading Ipuwer. In Hawass, Z. and Richards, J., eds., The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor, vol. I. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, pp. 357–77.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. A., Hamdan, M. A., Flower, R. J. et al. (2017). Holocene Alluvial History and Archaeological Significance of the Nile Floodplain in the Saqqara-Memphis Region, Egypt. Quaternary Science Reviews, 176, 51–70.Google Scholar
Hatcher, J. (1994). England in the Aftermath of the Black Death. Past & Present, 144(1), 3–35.Google Scholar
Hawass, Z., and Verner, M. (1996). Newly Discovered Blocks from the Causeway of Sahure (Archaeological Report). Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 52, 177–86, pls. 54–56.Google Scholar
Henrichs, A. (1968). Vespasian’s Visit to Alexandria. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 3, 51–80.Google Scholar
Hillard, T. (2010). The God Abandons Antony: Alexandrian Street Theatre in 30 BC. In Woods, A., McFarlane, A., and Binder, S., eds., Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati, vol I. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, pp. 201–17.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, F., and Quack, J. F. (2007). Anthologie der demotischen Literatur. Berlin: Lit.Google Scholar
Höflmayer, F. (2015). The Southern Levant, Egypt, and the 4.2 ka BP Event. In Meller, H., Arz, H. W., Jung und, R. et al., eds., 2200 BC – A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World? Halle: Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, pp. 113–30.Google Scholar
Hornung, E., Krauss, R., and Warburton, D. A., eds. (2006). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horváth, Z. (2015). Hathor and her Festivals at Lahun. In Miniaci, G. and Grajetzki, W., eds., The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1550 BC), vol. I. London: Golden House, pp. 125–44.Google Scholar
Jansen-Winkeln, K. (2017). Zur Datierung der mittelägyptischen Literatur. Orientalia, N.S., 86(1), 107–34.Google Scholar
Jasnow, R., and Smith, M. (2010–2011). “As for Those Who have Called me Evil, Mut will call them Evil”: Orgiastic Cultic Behaviour and its Critics in Ancient Egypt (PSI Inv. [provv.] D 114a + PSI Inv. 3056 verso). Enchoria, 32, 9–53.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M. (2010). The Holocaust’s Uneasy Relationship with Literature. The Atlantic, December 28. www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/12/the-holocausts-uneasy-relationship-with-literature/67998/, accessed May 2, 2023.Google Scholar
Kákosy, L. (1966). Prophecies of Ram Gods. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 19(3), 341–58.Google Scholar
Kerkeslager, A. (1998). The Apology of the Potter: A Translation of the Potter’s Oracle. In Shirun-Grumach, I., ed., Jerusalem Studies in Egyptology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 67–79.Google Scholar
Kochina, E. (2014). Blockade Diary: Under Siege in Leningrad, 1941–1942, trans. S. C. Ramer. New York: Ardis.Google Scholar
Koenen, L. (1970). The Prophecies of a Potter: A Prophecy of World Renewal Becomes an Apocalypse. In Samuel, D. H., ed., Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Papyrology. Toronto: A. M. Hakkert, pp. 249–54.Google Scholar
van der Kolk, B. A. (2015). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Kuraszkiewicz, K. O. (2016). Architectural Innovations Influenced by Climatic Phenomena (4.2 ka Event) in the Late Old Kingdom (Saqqara, Egypt). Studia Quaternaria, 33(1), 27–34.Google Scholar
LaCapra, D. (2014). Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Leitz, C. (1994). Tagewählerei: Das Buch ḥ3t nḥḥ pḥ.wy d̲t und verwandte Texte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Levi, P. (1988). The Drowned and the Saved, trans. R. Rosenthal. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Levi, P. (2015). The Complete Works of Primo Levi, ed. Goldstein, A.. New York: Liveright.Google Scholar
Levine, M. G. (2006). The Belated Witness: Literature, Testimony, and the Question of Holocaust Survival. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Li, C., Miles, T., Shen, L. et al. (2018). Early-Life Exposure to Severe Famine and Subsequent Risk of Depressive Symptoms in Late Adulthood: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(4), 579–86.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. (1945). The Songs of the Harpers. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 4(3), 178–212.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. (1975). Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. (1980). Ancient Egyptian Literature,Vol. III: The Late Period. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. (1988). Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz.Google Scholar
von Lieven, A. (2003). Wein, Weib und Gesang – Rituale für die Gefährliche Göttin. In Metzner-Nebelsick, C., ed., Rituale in der Vorgeschichte, Antike und Gegenwart. Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf, pp. 47–55.Google Scholar
von Lieven, A. (2009). Fragments of a Monumental Proto-Myth of the Sun’s Eye. In Widmer, G. and Devauchelle, D., eds., Actes du IXe congrès international des études démotiques. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 173–81.Google Scholar
Luria, S. (1929). Die Ersten werden die Letzten sein (Zur “sozialen Revolution” im Altertum). Klio, 22, 405–31.Google Scholar
Manning, J. G. (2018). The Open Sea: The Economic Life of the Ancient Mediterranean World from the Iron Age to the Rise of Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Manning, S. W., Dee, M. W., Wild, E. M. et al. (2014). High-Precision Dendro-14C Dating of Two Cedar Wood Sequences from First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom Egypt and a Small Regional Climate-Related 14C Divergence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 46, 401–16.Google Scholar
al-Maqrīzī, A. (1994) [1405]. Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of al-Maqrīzī’s Ighāthah, trans. A. Allouche. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Marks, L., Salem, A., Welc, F. et al. (2017). Holocene Lake Sediments from the Faiyum Oasis in Egypt: A Record of Environmental and Climate Change. Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research, 47(1), 62–79.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. H., Lamb, H. F., Huws, D. et al. (2011). Late Pleistocene and Holocene Drought Events at Lake Tana, the Source of the Blue Nile. Global and Planetary Change, 78, 147–61.Google Scholar
McConnell, J. R., Sigl, M., Plunkett, G. et al. (2020). Extreme Climate after Massive Eruption of Alaska’s Okmok Volcano in 43 BCE and Effects on the Late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom. PNAS, 117(27), 15443–9.Google Scholar
McGlothlin, E. (2006). Second-Generation Holocaust Literature: Legacies of Survival and Perpetration. Rochester: Camden House.Google Scholar
Meskell, L. (2004). Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Mikhail, A. (2008). The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 82(2), 249–75.Google Scholar
Mikhail, A. (2011). Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt: An Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mikhail, A. (2017). Under Osman’s Tree: The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Environmental History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. E. (1992a). Introduction: Mother Folly in the Islands. In Mitchell, W. E., ed., Clowning as Critical Practice: Performance Humor in the South Pacific. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 3–57.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. E. (1992b). Horrific Humor and Festal Farce: Carnival Clowning in Wape Society. In Mitchell, W. E., ed., Clowning as Critical Practice: Performance Humor in the South Pacific. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 145–66.Google Scholar
Modrzejewski, J. M. (1997). The Jews of Egypt from Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian, trans. R. Cornman. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
de Montholon, C. (1847). History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena, vol. IV. London: Henry Colburn.Google Scholar
Morayef, S. (2016). Pharaonic Street Art: The Challenge of Translation. In Baker, M., ed., Translating Dissent: Voices from and with the Egyptian Revolution. New York: Routledge, pp. 194–207.Google Scholar
Moreno García, J. C. (1997). Études sur l’administration, le pouvoir et l’idéologie en Égypte, de l’Ancien au Moyen Empire. Liège: Centre Informatique de Philosophie et Lettres.Google Scholar
Moreno García, J. C. (2015). Climatic Change or Sociopolitical Transformation? Reassessing Late 3rd Millennium BC in Egypt. In Meller, H., Arz, H. W., Jung, R. et al., eds., 2200 BC – A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World? Halle: Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, pp. 79–96.Google Scholar
Morenz, L. D. (1999). Geschichte als Literatur. Reflexe der Ersten Zwischenzeit in den Mahnworten. In Assmann, J. and Blumenthal, E., eds., Literatur und Politik im pharaonischen und ptolemäischen Ägypten. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 111–38.Google Scholar
Morenz, L. D. (2010). Der existentielle Vorwurf – an wen ist er adressiert? Überlegungen anläßlich einer Neubearbeitung der Admonitions. Lingua Aegyptia, 18, 263–7.Google Scholar
Morris, E. (2006). “Lo, Nobles Lament, The Poor Rejoice”: State Formation in the Wake of Social Flux. In Schwartz, G. M. and Nichols, J. J., eds., After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 58–71.Google Scholar
Morris, E. (2019). Ancient Egyptian Exceptionalism: Fragility, Flexibility and the Art of Not Collapsing. In Yoffee, N., ed., The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 61–87.Google Scholar
Morris, E. (2020). Writing Trauma: Ipuwer and the Curation of Cultural Memory. In Averbeck, R. E. and Younger, K. L. Jr., eds., “An Excellent Fortress for His Armies, a Refuge for the People”: Egyptological, Archaeological, and Biblical Studies in Honor of James K. Hoffmeier. University Park: Penn State University Press/Eisenbrauns, pp. 231–52.Google Scholar
Morris, E. (2022). Reassessing the Value of Autobiographical Inscriptions from the First Intermediate Period and “Pessimistic Literature” for Understanding Egypt’s Social History. In Candelora, D., Ben-Marzouk, N., and Cooney, K. M., eds., Ancient Egyptian Society: Challenging Assumptions, Exploring Approaches. New York: Routledge, pp. 265–78.Google Scholar
Ó Gráda, C. (2015). Eating People is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Omlin, J. A. (1973). Der Papyrus 55001 und seine satirisch-erotischen Zeichnungen und Inschriften. Turin: Edizioni d’arte fratelli Pozzo.Google Scholar
Parkinson, R. B. (2002). Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Peet, T. E. (1930). The Great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty. I: Text. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Peri, A. (2017). The War within: Diaries from the Siege of Leningrad. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pleysier, A. (2008). Frozen Tears: The Blockade and Battle of Leningrad. New York: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Porten, B. (1968). Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Quack, J. F. (2002). Ein neuer prophetischer Text aus Tebtynis. In Blasius, A. and Schipper, B. U., eds., Apokalyptik und Ägypten: eine kritische Analyse der relevanten Texte aus dem griechisch-römischen Ägypten. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 253–74.Google Scholar
Quack, J. F. (2012). Danaergeschenk des Nil? Zu viel oder zu wenig Wasser im Alten Ägypten. In Berlejung, A., ed., Disaster and Relief Management. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, pp. 333–81.Google Scholar
Quack, J. F. (2016). Prophetische und apokalyptische Texte aus dem späten Ägypten. In Martin, K. and Sieg, C., eds., Zukunftsvisionen zwischen Apokalypse und Utopie. Würzburg: Ergon, pp. 83–106.Google Scholar
Quack, J. F. (2021). Patros. Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet (WiBiLex), www.bibelwissenschaft.de/stichwort/30591/, accessed January 5, 2023.Google Scholar
Raphael, S. K. (2013). Climate and Political Climate: Environmental Disasters in the Medieval Levant. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Rea, J. (1966). 2554. Predictions by Astrology. In Barns, J. W. B., Parsons, P. J., Turner, E. G., eds., The Oxyrhynchus Papyri Part XXXI. London: Egypt Exploration Fund, pp. 77–83.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. (2010). City of the Ram-Man: The Story of Ancient Mendes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Richter, B. A. (2016). The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-Wer Sanctuary. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, S. G. (2004). The Jewish Temple at Elephantine. Near Eastern Archaeology, 67(1), 4–13.Google Scholar
Roth, A. M. (2019). The Audience for Ancient Egyptian Erotic Art. Paper presentation at 12th International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, November 3–8.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. (2000). Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam: Mamluk Egypt, 1250–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schipper, B. U. (2014). “The City by the Sea will be a Drying Place”: Isaiah 19.1–25 in Light of Prophetic Texts from Ptolemaic Egypt. In MacDonald, N. and Brown, K., eds., Monotheism in Late Prophetic and Early Apocalyptic Literature. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, pp. 25–56.Google Scholar
Schneider, T. (2017). “What Is the Past but a Once Material Existence Now Silenced?”: The First Intermediate Period from an Epistemological Perspective. In Höflmayer, F., ed., The Late Third Millennium in the Ancient Near East: Chronology, C14, and Climate Change. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 311–22.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, S. (2000). The First Intermediate Period (c.2160–2055 BC). In Shaw, I., ed., The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 118–47.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, S. J. (2001). Historische und moderne Nilstände. Untersuchungen zu den Pegelablesungen des Nils von der Frühzeit bis in die Gegenwart. Berlin: Achet Verlag.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1991). The Political Background of the Eloquent Peasant. Göttinger Miszellen, 120, 95–9.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1996). Belles Lettres and Propaganda. In Loprieno, A., ed., Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms. Leiden: Brill, pp. 435–43.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (2001). Studies in the Twelfth Egyptian Dynasty III: Year 25 in the Era of the Oryx Nome and the Famine Years in Early Dynasty 12. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 38, 7–8.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (2003). The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry, 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sinavaiana, C. (1992). Where the Spirits Laugh Last: Comic Theater in Samoa. In Mitchell, W. E., ed., Clowning as Critical Practice: Performance Humor in the South Pacific. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 192–218.Google Scholar
Soukiassian, G. (1997). A Governor’s Palace at ‘Ayn Asil, Dakhla Oasis. Egyptian Archaeology, 11, 15–17.Google Scholar
Stauder, A. (2013). Linguistic Dating of Middle Egyptian Literary Texts. Hamburg: Widmaier.Google Scholar
Stein, A., Pierik, F. H., Verrips, G. H. W. et al. (2009). Maternal Exposure to the Dutch Famine before Conception and during Pregnancy: Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms in Adult Offspring. Epidemiology, 20(6), 909–15.Google Scholar
Thériault, C. A. (1993). The Instruction of Amenemhat as Propaganda. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 30, 151–60.Google Scholar
Thissen, H.-J. (2002). Das Lamm des Bokchoris. In Blasius, A. and Schipper, B. U., eds., Apokalyptik und Ägypten: eine kritische Analyse der relevanten Texte aus dem griechisch-römischen Ägypten. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 113–38.Google Scholar
Tuchman, B. W. (1978). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Vandier, J. (1936). La famine dans l’Égypte ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Welc, F., and Marks, L. (2014). Climate Change at the End of the Old Kingdom in Egypt around 4200 BP: New Geoarchaeological Evidence. Quaternary International, 324, 124–33.Google Scholar
Wiesel, E. (1965). Everybody’s Victim. New York Times, October 31. www.nytimes.com/1965/10/31/archives/everybodys-victim-the-painted-bird-by-jerry-kosinski-272-pp-boston.html, accessed May 2, 2023.Google Scholar
Yang, J. (2008). Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962, trans. S. Mosher and J. Guo. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Yoshimura, S., Kawai, N., and Kashiwagi, H. (2005). A Sacred Hillside at Northwest Saqqara: A Preliminary Report on the Excavations 2001–2003. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 61, 361–402.Google Scholar
Zandee, J. (1992). Der Amunhymnus des Papyrus Leiden I 344, Verso, vol. 2. Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Liu, Y., Salem, A. et al. (2017). Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in North Africa during the Holocene: Evidence from Variations in Quartz Grain Roundness in the Lower Nile Valley, Egypt. Quaternary International, 449(3), 22–8.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 10
- Cited by