Element contents
Series: Elements in Political Economy
Geography, Capacity, and Inequality
Spatial Inequality
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 April 2022
Summary
In this Element, we investigate how economic geography, the distribution of subnational economic endowments within a nation, shapes long-run patterns of inequality through its impact on the development of fiscal capacity. We present an argument that links economic geography to capacity through different types of industrialization processes. We show how early industrializers shape spatial distributions domestically by investing in productivity across their nations, and externally by reinforcing spatial polarization among late industrializers. We also show how differences in economic geography impact the process of capacity building, setting the stage for the modern politics of redistribution discussed in Volume II. We support this argument with descriptive data, case studies, and cross-national analyses.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Political EconomyOnline ISBN: 9781108908702Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 09 June 2022
References
Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S. (2005). Unbundling institutions. Journal of Political Economy, 113(5):949–995.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5):1369–1401.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. (2006a). Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. (2006b). Economic backwardness in political perspective. American Political Science Review, 100(1):115–131.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. (2019). The narrow corridor: states, societies, and the fate of liberty. Penguin.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. and Wolitzky, A. (2011). The economics of labor coercion. Econometrica, 79(2):555–600.Google Scholar
Adebusoye, P. M. et al. (2006). Geographic labour mobility in sub-Saharan Africa. International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Working Paper, 1. International Development Research Centre.Google Scholar
Aidt, T. S. and Jensen, P. S. (2009). The taxman tools up: an event history study of the introduction of the personal income tax. Journal of Public Economics, 93(1):160–175.Google Scholar
Aidt, T. S. and Jensen, P. S. (2014). Workers of the world, unite! Franchise extensions and the threat of revolution in Europe, 1820–1938. European Economic Review, 72:52–75.Google Scholar
Alapuro, R. (1981). Origins of agrarian socialism in Finland. In: Torsvik, P. (ed.), Mobilization. Center-Periphery. Structures and Nation-Building. A Volume in Commemoration of Stein Rokkan, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, Norway, pages 274–295.Google Scholar
Albertus, M. and Menaldo, V. (2014). Gaming democracy: elite dominance during transition and the prospects for redistribution. British Journal of Political Science, 44(3):575–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alestalo, M. and Kuhnle, S. (1986). The Scandinavian route: economic, social, and political developments in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. International Journal of Sociology, 16(3–4):1–38.Google Scholar
Allen, R. C. (2009). The British industrial revolution in global perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, R. C., Murphy, T. E., and Schneider, E. B. (2012). The colonial origins of the divergence in the Americas: a labor market approach. The Journal of Economic History, 72(4):863–894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alston, L. J. and Ferrie, J. P. (1999). Southern paternalism and the American welfare state: economics, politics, and institutions in the South, 1865–1965. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Amat, F. and Beramendi, P. (2020). Democracy under high inequality: capacity, spending, and participation. The Journal of Politics, 82(3):859–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, B. W. and Samuels, D. J. (2014). Inequality and democratization: an elite-competition approach. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ardanaz, M. and Scartascini, C. (2013). Inequality and personal income taxation: the origins and effects of legislative malapportionment. Comparative Political Studies, 46(12):1636–1663.Google Scholar
Baack, B. D. and Ray, E. J. (1985). Special interests and the adoption of the income tax in the United States. The Journal of Economic History, 45(3):607–625.Google Scholar
Baer, W. (1972). Import substitution and industrialization in Latin America: experiences and interpretations. Latin American Research Review, 7(1):95–122.Google Scholar
Barro, R. J. (1988). Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. 2nd ed. Technical report.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, R. J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2):223–251.Google Scholar
Bates, R. H. (2005). Markets and states in tropical Africa: the political basis of agricultural policies. 1st ed. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bates, R. H. (2014). Markets and states in tropical Africa: the political basis of agricultural policies. 2nd ed. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bensel, R. F. et al. (2000). The political economy of American industrialization, 1877–1900. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bentzen, J. S., Kaarsen, N., and Wingender, A. M. (2013). The timing of industrialization across countries. Technical report, University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Beramendi, P. (2012). The political geography of inequality: regions and redistribution. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beramendi, P., Cassidy, T., Dincecco, M., and Rogers, M. (2021). Fiscal development in the US states. Duke University Working Paper.Google Scholar
Beramendi, P., Dincecco, M., and Rogers, M. (2018). Intra-elite competition and long-run fiscal development. Journal of Politics, 81(1), 49–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beramendi, P. and Queralt, D. (2014). The electoral origins of the fiscal state. Technical report, Duke University.Google Scholar
Bergman, M. S. (2003). Tax reforms and tax compliance: the divergent paths of Chile and Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies, 35(3):593–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkowitz, D. and Clay, K. B. (2011). The evolution of a nation: how geography and law shaped the American states. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Persson, T. (2009). The origins of state capacity: property rights, taxation, and politics. The American Economic Review, 99(4):1218–1244.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Persson, T. (2011). Pillars of prosperity: the political economics of development clusters. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Besley, T. and Persson, T. (2013). Taxation and development. Handbook of Public Economics, 5:51–107.Google Scholar
Bigsten, A. (2016). Determinants of the evolution of inequality in Africa. Journal of African Economies, 27(1):127–148.Google Scholar
Bogart, D. (2005). Turnpike trusts and the transportation revolution in 18th century England. Explorations in Economic History, 42(4):479–508.Google Scholar
Boix, C. (2019). Democratic capitalism at the crossroads: technological change and the future of politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, P. and Roland, G. (1997). The breakup of nations: a political economy analysis. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), pages 1057–1090.Google Scholar
Boone, C. (1990). State power and economic crisis in Senegal. Comparative Politics, 22(3):341–357.Google Scholar
Boone, C. (2003). Political topographies of the African state: territorial authority and institutional choice. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boone, C. (2012). Territorial politics and the reach of the state: unevenness by design. Revista de ciencia política, 32(3):623–641.Google Scholar
Boone, C. and Simson, R. (2019). Regional inequalities in African political economy: theory, conceptualization and measurement, and political effects. Working paper, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Boone, C. and Wahman, M. (2015). Rural bias in African electoral systems: legacies of unequal representation in African democracies. Electoral Studies, 40:335–346.Google Scholar
Brambor, T., Lindvall, J., and Stjernquist, A. (2013). Ideology of heads of government, 1870–2012 (version 1.2). Technical report, Department of Political Science, Lund University.Google Scholar
Cai, H. and Treisman, D. (2005). Does competition for capital discipline governments? Decentralization, globalization, and public policy. American Economic Review, 95(3):817–830.Google Scholar
Cardoso, F. H. and Faletto, E. (1979). Dependency and development in Latin America (Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina, engl.). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, C. (2019). Agrarian structure and underdevelopment in Latin America: Bringing the latifundio “back in”. Latin American Research Review, 54(3), 678–693.Google Scholar
Carrascal-Incera, A., McCann, P., Ortega-Argilés, R., and Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2020). UK interregional inequality in a historical and international comparative context. National Institute Economic Review, 253:R4–R17.Google Scholar
Castles, F. G. (1973). Barrington Moore’s thesis and Swedish political development. Government and Opposition, 8(3):313–331.Google Scholar
Centeno, M. A. (2002). Blood and debt: war and the nation-state in Latin America. Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Choe, S.-C., Lee, K. S., and Pahk, K.-H. (1987). Determinants of locational choice of manufacturing firms in the Seoul region: an analysis of survey results. World Bank Discussion Paper. Report No. UDD-85.Google Scholar
Chun, D. H. and Lee, K. S. (1985). Changing location patterns of population and employment in the Seoul region. Number UDD-65. World Bank.Google Scholar
Collier, R. B. and Collier, D. (2002). Shaping the political arena. University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Congleton, R. D. (2010). Perfecting parliament: constitutional reform, liberalism, and the rise of western democracy. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, G. W. (2016). Marketing sovereign promises: monopoly brokerage and the growth of the English state. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
D’Arcy, M. and Nistotskaya, M. (2017). State first, then democracy: using cadastral records to explain governmental performance in public goods provision. Governance, 30(2):193–209.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, A. (2020). Explaining rural conservatism: technological and political change in the Great Plains. Working paper, University of California Merced.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell, M. (2010). The persistent effects of Peru’s mining mita. Econometrica, 78(6):1863–1903.Google Scholar
Dell, M., Jones, B. F., and Olken, B. A. (2012). Temperature shocks and economic growth: evidence from the last half century. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3):66–95.Google Scholar
Demographia, (2019). Demographia world urban areas. Accessed at www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdfGoogle Scholar
Diamond, J. (2013). Guns, germs and steel: a short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years. Random House.Google Scholar
Díaz-Cayeros, A. (2006). Federalism, fiscal authority, and centralization in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Diaz-Cayeros, A., Estévez, F., and Magaloni, B. (2016). The political logic of poverty relief: electoral strategies and social policy in Mexico. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. (2011). Political Transformations and Public Finances: Europe, 1650–1913. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dincecco, M. (2017). State capacity and economic development: present and past. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dincecco, M. and Onorato, M. G. (2018). From warfare to wealth. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2):755–776.Google Scholar
Eaton, K. (2001). Decentralisation, democratisation and liberalisation: the history of revenue sharing in Argentina, 1934–1999. Journal of Latin American Studies, 33(1):1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, trade liberalization, and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3):1358–1393.Google Scholar
Engerman, S. L. and Sokoloff, K. L. (1997). Factor endowments, institutions, and differential paths of growth among new world economies. In Stephen, Haber (ed.), How Latin America fell behind, pages 260–304. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Engerman, S. L. and Sokoloff, K. L. (2002). Factor endowments, inequality, and paths of development among new world economics. Working Paper 9259. National Bureau of Economic Research. www.nber.org/papers/w9259Google Scholar
Evans, P. B. (2012). Embedded autonomy: states and industrial transformation. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
FAO (2012). Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ v3.0). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Italy. FAO & IIASA.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. and Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review, 97(1):75–90.Google Scholar
Fremdling, R. (1977). Railroads and German economic growth: a leading sector analysis with a comparison to the United States and Great Britain. The Journal of Economic History, 37(3):583–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2004). The imperative of state-building. Journal of Democracy, 15(2):17–31.Google Scholar
Galor, O., Moav, O., and Vollrath, D. (2009). Inequality in landownership, the emergence of human-capital promoting institutions, and the great divergence. The Review of Economic Studies, 76(1):143–179.Google Scholar
Gans-Morse, J., Mazzuca, S., and Nichter, S. (2014). Varieties of clientelism: machine politics during elections. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2):415–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfias, F. et al. (2018). Elite competition and state capacity development: theory and evidence from post-revolutionary Mexico. American Political Science Review, 112(2):339–357.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic backwardness in historical perspective (1962). The Political Economy Reader: Markets as Institutions, pages 211–228.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic backwardness in historical perspective. Belknap, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Gibson, E., Calvo, E., and Falleti, T. (2004). Reallocative federalism: legislative overrepresentation and public spending in the Western hemisphere. In Edward, Gibson (ed.), Federalism and democracy in Latin America, pages 173–196. Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, J. (2019). Keeping the state weak to prevent collective claim-making in young democracies.Google Scholar
Grossman, G. and Lewis, J. I. (2014). Administrative unit proliferation. American Political Science Review, pages 196–217.Google Scholar
Haber, S. (2005). Development strategy or endogenous process? The industrialization of Latin America. Technical report, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Haggard, S. (1990). Pathways from the periphery: the politics of growth in the newly industrializing countries. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, J. K. (2014). Forging then taming Leviathan: state capacity, constraints on rulers, and development. International Studies Quarterly, 58(2):380–392.Google Scholar
Hanson, J. K. (2015). Democracy and state capacity: complements or substitutes?Studies in Comparative International Development, 50(3):304–330.Google Scholar
Hauner, T., Milanovic, B., and Naidu, S. (2017). Inequality, foreign investment, and imperialism. Stone Center Working Paper, 2017. Accessed at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3089701.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. V., Squires, T., Storeygard, A., and Weil, D. (2017). The global distribution of economic activity: nature, history, and the role of trade. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(1):357–406.Google Scholar
Henderson, V. (2002). Urbanization in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(1):89–112.Google Scholar
Herbst, J. (2014). States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1968). Industry and empire: an economic history of Britain since 1750. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Hollenbach, F. M. (2019). Elite interests and public spending: evidence from Prussian cities. The Review of International Organizations, 16:189–211.Google Scholar
Hollenbach, F. M. and Nascimiento de Silva, T. (2019). Fiscal capacity and inequality: evidence from Brazilian municipalities. The Journal of Politics, 81(4):1434–1445.Google Scholar
Hora, R. (2002). Landowning bourgeoisie or business bourgeoisie? On the peculiarities of the Argentine economic elite, 1880–1945. Journal of Latin American Studies, 34(3):587–623.Google Scholar
Huillery, E. (2009). History matters: the long-term impact of colonial public investments in French West Africa. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(2):176–215.Google Scholar
Hunt, E. H. (1986). Industrialization and regional inequality: wages in Britain, 1760–1914. The Journal of Economic History, 46(4):935–966.Google Scholar
Ichino, N. and Nathan, N. L. (2013). Do primaries improve electoral performance? Clientelism and intra-party conflict in Ghana. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2):428–441.Google Scholar
Iversen, T. and Soskice, D. (2019). Democracy and prosperity: reinventing capitalism through a turbulent century. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jaworski, T. (2017). World War II and the industrialization of the American South. The Journal of Economic History, 77(4):1048–1082.Google Scholar
Jedwab, R. and Moradi, A. (2016). The permanent effects of transportation revolutions in poor countries: evidence from Africa. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2):268–284.Google Scholar
Jian, T., Sachs, J. D., and Warner, A. M. (1996). Trends in regional inequality in China. China Economic Review, 7(1):1–21.Google Scholar
Joll, J. and Martel, G. (2013). The origins of the First World War. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justman, M. and Gradstein, M. (1999). The Industrial Revolution, political transition, and the subsequent decline in inequality in 19th-century Britain. Explorations in Economic History, 36(2):109–127.Google Scholar
Kaldor, N. (1963). Taxation for economic development. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1(1):7–23.Google Scholar
Kanbur, R. and Zhang, X. (2005). Fifty years of regional inequality in China: a journey through central planning, reform, and openness. Review of Development Economics, 9(1):87–106.Google Scholar
Kao, J., Lu, X., and Queralt, D. (2019). Expected return for taxation: do elites differ from nonelites? University of Texas Working Paper.Google Scholar
Kasara, K. and Suryanarayan, P. (2020). Bureaucratic capacity and class voting: evidence from across the world and the United States. The Journal of Politics, 82(3):1097–1112.Google Scholar
Keeling, D. J. (1993). Transport and regional development in Argentina: structural deficiencies and patterns of network evolution. In Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers, pages 25–34. JSTOR.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H. (2000). Linkages between citizens and politicians in democratic polities. Comparative Political Studies, 33(6–7):845–879.Google Scholar
Kohli, A. (2004). State-directed development: political power and industrialization in the global periphery. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kohli, A. (2019). Imperialism and the developing world: how Britain and the United States shaped the global periphery. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kornai, J. (1992). The socialist system: the political economy of communism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Korpi, W. (2006). Power resources and employer-centered approaches in explanations of welfare states and varieties of capitalism: protagonists, consenters, and antagonists. World Politics, 58(2):167–206.Google Scholar
Krugman, P. and Elizondo, R. L. (1996). Trade policy and the Third World metropolis. Journal of Development Economics, 49(1):137–150.Google Scholar
Krugman, P. and Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the inequality of nations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4):857–880.Google Scholar
Krugman, P. R. (1991). Geography and trade. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Kuhnle, S. (2013). The Scandinavian path to welfare. In Resisting punitiveness in Europe?, pages 90–102. Routledge.Google Scholar
Kurtz, M. J. (2013). Latin American state building in comparative perspective: social foundations of institutional order. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kuznets, P. W. (1988). An East Asian model of economic development: Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36(S3):S11–S43.Google Scholar
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1):1–28.Google Scholar
Lee, A. (2019). Development in multiple dimensions: social power and regional policy in India. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lee, D.-w. and Rogers, M. (2019a). Inter-regional inequality and the dynamics of government spending. Journal of Politics, 81(2):487–504.Google Scholar
Lee, D.-w. and Rogers, M. (2019b). Measuring geographic distribution for political research. Political Analysis, 27(3):263–280.Google Scholar
Lee, M. M. and Zhang, N. (2017). Legibility and the informational foundations of state capacity. The Journal of Politics, 79(1):118–132.Google Scholar
Lessmann, C. (2012). Regional inequality and decentralization: an empirical analysis. Environment and Planning A, 44(6):1363–1388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, P. H. (2004). Growing public: volume 1, social spending and economic growth since the eighteenth century, volume 1. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lizzeri, A. and Persico, N. (2004). Why did the elites extend the suffrage? Democracy and the scope of government, with an application to Britain’s age of reform. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119:707–765.Google Scholar
Magaloni, B., Diaz-Cayeros, A., and Estévez, F. (2007). Clientelism and portfolio diversification: a model of electoral investment with applications to Mexico. Patrons, clients, and policies: patterns of democratic accountability and political competition, pages 182–205.Google Scholar
Mann, M. (1984). The autonomous power of the state: its origins, mechanisms and results. European Journal of Sociology, 25(2):185–213.Google Scholar
Mares, I. and Queralt, D. (2015). The non-democratic origins of income taxation. Comparative Political Studies, 48(14):1974–2009.Google Scholar
Mazucca, S. L. (2017). Critical juncture and legacies: state formation and economic performance in Latin America. Qualitative and Multi-Method Research, 15(1):29–35.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D. (2005). An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. International Journal of Climatology, 25(6):693–712.Google Scholar
Moon, D. (2014). The Russian peasantry 1600–1930: the world the peasants made. Routledge.Google Scholar
Moore, B. et al. (1993). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world, volume 268. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Morris, C. T. and Adelman, I. (1980). The religious factor in economic development. World Development, 8(7–8):491–501.Google Scholar
Nugent, J. B. and Robinson, J. A. (2010). Are factor endowments fate? Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610909990048Google Scholar
Nunn, N. (2008). Slavery, inequality, and economic development in the Americas: an examination of the Engerman-Sokoloff Hypothesis, pages 148–180. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, K. H., de la Escosura, L. P., and Daudin, G. (2010). Trade and empire. In Broadberry, S. and O’Rourke, K. H. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe, volume 2, pages 96–120.Google Scholar
Østerud, Ø. (1978). Agrarian structure and peasant politics in Scandinavia. A comparative study of rural response to economic change. Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Pan, S.-h., Ban, S. H., Mun, P.-l., and Perkins, D. H. (1980). Rural development, volume 89. Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Paniagua, V. (2018). Protecting Capital: Economic Elites, Asset Portfolio Diversification, and the Politics of Distribution. PhD thesis, Duke University.Google Scholar
Pierskalla, J., Schultz, A., Wibbels, E., et al. (2017). Order, distance, and local development over the long-run. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 12(4):375–404.Google Scholar
Pincus, S. C. and Robinson, J. A. (2014). What really happened during the Glorious Revolution? In Institutions, property rights, and economic growth: the legacy of Douglass North, page 192. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prichard, W. (2016). Reassessing tax and development research: a new dataset, new findings, and lessons for research. World Development, 80:48–60.Google Scholar
Prichard, W., Cobham, A., and Goodall, A. (2014). The ICTD government revenue dataset.Google Scholar
Puga, D. (1998). Urbanization patterns: European versus less developed countries. Journal of Regional Science, 38(2):231–252.Google Scholar
Puga, D. and Venables, A. J. (1996). The spread of industry: spatial agglomeration in economic development. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 10(4):440–464.Google Scholar
Queralt, D. (2015). From mercantilism to free trade: a history of fiscal capacity building. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(2):221–273.Google Scholar
Queralt, D. (2019). War, international finance, and fiscal capacity in the long run. International Organization, 73(4):713–753.Google Scholar
Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A., Norman, J., and McSweeney, K. (2002). The global distribution of cultivable lands: current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11(5):377–392.Google Scholar
Rock, D. (1987). Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish colonization to Alphonsín. (Updated). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Roessler, P., Pengl, Y. I., Marty, R. et al. (2020). The cash crop revolution, colonialism and legacies of spatial inequality: evidence from Africa. CSAE Working Paper Series, 2020–12. Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. (2016). Inequality and democratic representation in Latin America. In Foweraker, J. and Treviso, D. (eds.), Democracy and its discontents in Latin America. Lynne Reinner Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. Z. (2015). The politics of place and the limits to redistribution. Routledge Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. Z. and Weller, N. (2014). Income taxation and the validity of state capacity indicators. Journal of Public Policy, 34(2):183–206.Google Scholar
Román, J. A. S. (2009). Economic elites, regional cleavages, and the first attempts at introducing the income tax in Argentina. Hispanic American Historical Review, 89(2):253–283.Google Scholar
Román, J. A. S. (2012). Taxation and society in twentieth-century Argentina. Springer.Google Scholar
Rostow, W. W. (1959). The stages of economic growth. The Economic History Review, 12(1):1–16.Google Scholar
Sachs, J. D. (2001). Tropical underdevelopment. Working Paper 8119. National Bureau of Economic Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w8119Google Scholar
Sachs, J. D. (2003). Institutions don’t rule: direct effects of geography on per capita income. Working Paper 9490. National Bureau of Economic Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w9490Google Scholar
Saiegh, S. M. and Tommasi, M. (1999). Why is Argentina’s fiscal federalism so inefficient? Entering the labyrinth. Journal of Applied Economics, 2(1):169–209.Google Scholar
Sala-i Martin, X. X. (1996). The classical approach to convergence analysis. The Economic Journal, 106(437):1019–1036.Google Scholar
Scheve, K. and Stasavage, D. (2010). The conscription of wealth: mass warfare and the demand for progressive taxation. International Organization, 64(4):529–561.Google Scholar
Scheve, K. and Stasavage, D. (2012). Democracy, war, and wealth: lessons from two centuries of inheritance taxation. American Political Science Review, 106(1):81–102.Google Scholar
Scott, A. and Storper, M. (2003). Regions, globalization, development. Regional Studies, 37(6–7):579–593.Google Scholar
Seligman, E. R. A. (1914). The income tax: a study of the history, theory, and practice of income taxation at home and abroad. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.Google Scholar
Shin, G.-W. (1998). Agrarian conflict and the origins of Korean capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 103(5):1309–1351.Google Scholar
Soifer, H. D. (2013). State power and the economic origins of democracy. Studies in Comparative International Development, 48(1):1–22.Google Scholar
Soifer, H. D. (2016). Regionalism, ethnic diversity, and variation in public good provision by national states. Comparative Political Studies, 49(10):1341–1371.Google Scholar
Soininen, A. M. (1974). Old traditional agriculture in Finland in the 18th and 19th centuries. Agricultural and Food Science, 46(Supplement). DOI: https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.71864Google Scholar
Sokoloff, K. L. and Engerman, S. L. (2000). History lessons. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3):217–232.Google Scholar
Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2):231–242.Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. (2005). Democracy and education spending in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2):343–358.Google Scholar
Stokes, S. C., Dunning, T., Nazareno, M., and Brusco, V. (2013). Brokers, voters, and clientelism: the puzzle of distributive politics. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, I. (1977). British direct and portfolio investment in Latin America before 1914. The Journal of Economic History, 37(3):690–722.Google Scholar
Suryanarayan, P. (2017). Hollowing out the state: franchise expansion and fiscal capacity in colonial India. Accessed at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2951947Google Scholar
Suryanarayan, P. and White, S. (2021). Slavery, reconstruction, and bureaucratic capacity in the American South. American Political Science Review, pages 1–17.Google Scholar
Tang, A. M. (1979). China’s agricultural legacy. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 28(1):1–22.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1975). Reflections on the history of European state-making. The formation of national states in Western Europe, 38. Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (1992). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990–1992. Blackwell Oxford.Google Scholar
Timmons, J. F. (2005). The fiscal contract: states, taxes, and public services. World Politics, 57(4):530–567.Google Scholar
UEA-CRU, Jones, P., Harris, I., et al. (2013). CRU TS3. 21: Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time Series (TS) version 3.21 of high resolution gridded data of month-by-month variation in climate (Jan. 1901–Dec. 2012). NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, H., Foeken, D., and Van Til, K. (2001). Population mobility in Africa: an overview. In de Bruijn, M. E., Foeken, D. W. J., and van Dijk, R. A. (eds.), Mobile Africa: changing patterns of movement in Africa and beyond, pages 9–26. Brill.Google Scholar
Venables, A. J. (2005). Spatial disparities in developing countries: cities, regions, and international trade. Journal of Economic Geography, 5(1):3–21.Google Scholar
Wheatcroft, S., Davies, R., and Cooper, J. (1986). Soviet industrialization reconsidered: some preliminary conclusions about economic development between 1926 and 1941. Economic History Review, 39(2):264–294.Google Scholar
Wibbels, E. and Arce, M. (2003). Globalization, taxation, and burden-shifting in Latin America. International Organization, 57(1):111–136.Google Scholar
Williamson, J. G. (1965). Regional inequality and the process of national development: a description of the patterns. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13(4, Part 2):1–84.Google Scholar
Willmott, C. and Matsuura, K. (2012). Terrestrial precipitation: 1900–2010 gridded monthly time series (v 3.02). Newark: Center for Climatic Research, Department of Geography, University of Delaware. http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/Global2011/Precip_revised_3.02/README.GlobalTsP2011.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wingender, A. (2014). Structural transformation in the 20th century: a new database on agricultural employment around the world. Technical report, Discussion Paper No. 14-28, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
- 4
- Cited by