Element contents
Independent Timor-Leste
Between Coercion and Consent
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 March 2019
Summary
This Element explores the primary modes by which rulers have exercised power and shaped political relations in Timor-Leste across four distinct periods. The contrast between coercion under colonial rule and consent expressed through the 1999 referendum on independence exerted a powerful influence on scholarship on Timor-Leste's politics and future. Since the restoration of independence in 2002, however, politics in Timor-Leste are best understood in terms of powerful economic constraints during the first Fretilin government (2002–6), and thereafter, thanks to revenue from the country's petroleum reserves, a ruling strategy based on a wide range of inducements (rather than genuine consent).
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108558488Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 11 April 2019
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Australian Federal Police (2008). Intelligence Advisory Report: Operation Oportet: Forensic ballistics examination results, document 5547919, dated November 27, 2008.Google Scholar
National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT) (1998). Magna Carta concerning Freedoms, Rights, Duties and Guarantees for the People of East Timor. English version available at www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2009/01/east-timors-magna-carta.html (accessed March 5, 2018).Google Scholar
National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT) (1999). Managing the Transitional Administration in East Timor, with cover letter signed by Xanana Gusmão, October 19, 1999.Google Scholar
Independent Evaluation Group (2011). Timor-Leste Country Program Evaluation, 2000–2010, Washington DC: Independent Evaluation Group, The World Bank. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22736/Timor0Leste0000valuation00200002010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Ruak, Taur Matan (2016). Speech by his excellency the President of the Republic, Taur Matan Ruak, to national parliament, on the dismissal of Major-General Lere Anan Timur, February 25, posted at https://aitaraklaranlive.wordpress.com/2016/02/26/speech-by-his-excellency-the-president-of-the-republic-taur-matan-ruak-to-national-parliament-on-the-dismissal-of-major-general-lere-anan-timur/ (accessed May 25, 2018).Google Scholar
United Nations (1999). Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor, 5 May 1999, Annex I in United Nations, Question of East Timor: Report of the Secretary General, May 5, 1999, available at https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/sites/default/files/accords/East_Timor_Peace_Agreement-1999.pdf (accessed March 5, 2018).Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council (1999). Resolution No. 1272, October 25, available at http://dag.un.org/handle/11176/36759 (accessed March 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2006). Censo da população e habitação 2004, Dili: Gráfica Pátria.Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2002). Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor, available in English at http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdfGoogle Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Planning Commission (2002). East Timor: State of the Nation Report. Dili.Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Governo (2003a). Timor-Leste: Ita iha nebe ona ohin loron, Dili: Grafica, Patria.Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Planning and External Assistance Management Division, Ministry of Planning and Finance (2003b). Timor-Leste: Poverty in a new nation: Analysis for action.Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Ministério da Administração Estatal (2003c). Local Government Options Study Draft Report.Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2005). Prime Minister, media release “Timor-Leste established Petroleum Fund,” September 23, 2005, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/OilWeb/Finances/PetFund/PFEstablished.htm.Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2008). “Integração dos ex-militares na vida civil,” Decree 12/2008, dated 11 June 2008; posted at www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/?q=node/1016 (accessed May 26, 2018).Google Scholar
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Ministério das Finanças (2014). Briefing note to respond to “The resource curse in Timor-Leste” article authored by Charles Scheiner (La’o Hamutuk), National Directorate of Economic Policy, September 2.Google Scholar
Allard, T. (2016). “Discontent” about Xanana Gusmao, Mari Alkatiri families: East Timor President, Sydney Morning Herald, February 27, posted at www.smh.com.au/world/discontent-about-xanana-gusmao-mari-alkatiri-families-east-timor-president-20160226-gn4ck9.html (accessed May 25, 2018).Google Scholar
Amnesty International (2003). The Democratic Republic of Timor Leste: A new police service – a new beginning, London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. (2003). Self-determination after independence: East Timor and the World Bank, Portuguese Studies Review 11(1): 169–185.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. (2010). Cuban health cooperation in Timor-Leste and the Pacific, South West, in South-south cooperation: A challenge to the aid system, Quezon City: IBON Books, 77–86.Google Scholar
Arnold, M. (2010). Timor-Leste: The window for a “normal” future?, Asian Survey 51(1): 215–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asia Foundation (2014). Timor-Leste public opinion poll. Posted at http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/PublicOpinionPollResultsMarch2014ENGLISH.pdf.Google Scholar
Aspinall, E., Hicken, A., Scambary, J., and Weiss, M. (2018). Timor-Leste votes: parties and patronage, Journal of Democracy 29(1): 153–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babo-Soares, D. (2003). Branching from the Trunk: East Timorese Perceptions of Nationalism in Transition, Ph.D. Dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Babo-Soares, D. (2004). Nahe Biti: the philosophy and process of grassroots reconciliation (and justice) in East Timor, Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5(1): 15–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, D. (2002). Defence of East Timor: A recipe for disaster? Global Change, Peace & Security 14(3): 175–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barma, N., Huybens, E., and Viñuela, L. (2014). Institutions taking root: Building state capacity in challenging contexts, Washington, DC: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauvais, J. (2001). Benevolent despotism: A critique of U.N. state-building in East Timor, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 33(4): 1101–1178.Google Scholar
Beuman, L. (2016). Political institutions in East Timor: Semi-presidentialism and democratisation, London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blunt, P. (2009). The political-economy of accountability in Timor-Leste: Implications for public policy, Public Administration and Development, 29(2): 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boughton, B. (2008). Unraveling the East Timor Assassination Story: Republic’s rebel with friends in high places, The Australian, 16 February.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovensiepen, J. (2015). The land of gold: Post-conflict recovery and cultural revival in independent Timor-Leste, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovensiepen, J., ed. (2018). The promise of progress: visions of the future in Timor-Leste, Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Centre for Defence Studies (2000). Independent study on security force options for East Timor, London: The Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College.Google Scholar
Chesterman, S. (2004). Building democracy through benevolent autocracy. In Newman, E. and Rich, R., eds., The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 86–112.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (2006). Foreword, in Tanter, R., Ball, D., and van Klinken, G., Masters of Terror: Indonesia’s military and violence in East Timor, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. ix–xiii.Google Scholar
Chopra, J. (2002). Building state failure in East Timor, Development and Change 33(5): 979–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, D. (2003). Intended to fail: The trials before the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court in Jakarta, New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.Google Scholar
Comissão de Acolhimento Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor-Leste (CAVR) (2013). Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation, Dili: CAVR.Google Scholar
Cotton, J. (2007). Timor-Leste and the discourse of state failure, Australian Journal of International Affairs 61(4): 455–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devereux, A. (2015). Timor-Leste’s bill of rights: A preliminary history. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Drysdale, J. (2007). Sustainable development or resource cursed? An exploration of Timor-Leste’s institutional choices, PhD. thesis, The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Law, East Timor and Bulletin, Justice (2010). Timor police say a new coup plot from CPD-RDTL and Bua Malus, March 3, posted at www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2010/03/timor-police-say-new-coup-plot-from-cpd.html (accessed May 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (2018). Democracy Index 2017: Free speech under attack, posted at www.eiu.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Democracy_Index_2017.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2017 (accessed May 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Engel, R. (2015). The state, society and international interventions in Timor-Leste: creating conditions for violence, PhD. thesis, SOAS.Google Scholar
Feijó, R. (2013). Timor-Leste in 2013: Marching on its own feet, Asian Survey 54(1): 83–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feijó, R. (2016). Dynamics of democracy in Timor-Leste: The birth of a democratic nation, 1999–2012, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.Google Scholar
Feijó, R. (2018). Timor-Leste in 2017: Between a diplomatic victory and the return of “belligerent democracy,” Asian Survey 58(1): 206–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, D. (2000). Re-establishing land titles and administration in East Timor, Pacific Economic Bulletin 15(2): 152–160.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, D., McWilliam, A., and Barnes, S. (2012). Property and social resilience in times of conflict: Land, custom and law in East Timor, London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goldstone, A. (2004). UNTAET with Hindsight: The peculiarities of politics in an incomplete state, Global Governance 10: 83–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstone, A. (2013). Building a state and “state-building”: East Timor and the UN, 1999–2012. In Berdal, M. and Zaum, D., eds., Political economy of state-building: power after peace, London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gorjão, P. (2002). The legacy and lessons of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, Contemporary Southeast Asia 24(2): 313–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorjão, P., and Monteiro, A. (2009). Is Timor-Leste a failed state? Portuguese Journal of International Affairs 1: 12–21.Google Scholar
Grenfell, L. (2009). Promoting the rule of law in Timor-Leste, Conflict, Security and Development 9(2): 213–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunn, G. C. (2007). The state of East Timor studies after 1999, Journal of Contemporary Asia 37(1): 95–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunn, G. C. (2010). Timor-Leste in 2009: Cup half full or half empty? Asian Survey 50(1): 235–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gusmão, X. (1982). Message to the 37th United Nations General Assembly. In S. Niner, ed. 2000, pp. 74–84.Google Scholar
Gusmão, X. (1986). A history that beats in the Maubere Soul. In S. Niner, ed. 2000, pp. 85–126.Google Scholar
Gusmão, X. (2003). Address by H. E. President Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, Xanana on the occasion of the International Conference on Traditional Conflict Resolution and Traditional Justice in Timor-Leste, Dili, June 27.Google Scholar
Gusmão, X. (2005). Timor Lives! Speeches of freedom and independence, Alexandria, New South Wales: Longueville Media.Google Scholar
Guterres, J. C. (2008). Timor-Leste: A year of democratic elections, Southeast Asian Affairs: 359–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, H., and Saldanha, J. (2001). East Timor: Development Challenges for the World’s Newest Nation, Singapore: ISEAS.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohe, T. (2002). The clash of paradigms: International administration and local political legitimacy in East Timor, Contemporary Southeast Asia 24(3): 569–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohe, T., and Nixon, R. (2003). Reconciling justice: “Traditional” law and state judiciary in Timor-Leste, Dili: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. (2009). Dependent Communities: Aid and Politics in Cambodia and East Timor, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, Janet (2004). Building a new society: NGOs in East Timor. New Community Quarterly 2(1): 16–23.Google Scholar
Hyland, T., and Murdoch, L. (2002). East Timor celebrates as a nation is born, The Age, May 20.Google Scholar
Ingram, S., Kent, L., and McWilliam, A. (2015). A new era? Timor-Leste after the UN, Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Independente (2018). “Timor-Leste’s veterans stand by Alkatiri,” October 25, posted at www.independente.tl/tl/nasional/timor-leste-s-veterans-stand-by-alkatiri-government (accessed January 13, 2018).Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (2006). Resolving Timor-Leste’s crisis, Dili/Brussels: Asia Report No. 120.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (2007). Timor-Leste’s parliamentary elections, Dili/Brussels: Update briefing No. 65.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (2009). Timor-Leste: No time for complacency, Dili/Brussels: Asia Briefing No. 97.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (2011). Timor-Leste’s veterans: An unfinished struggle, Dili/Brussels: Asia Briefing No. 129.Google Scholar
Kammen, D. (2009). A tape-recorder and a wink? Transcript of the May 29, 1983 Meeting Between Governor Carrascalão and Xanana Gusmão, Indonesia 87: 73–102.Google Scholar
Kammen, D. (2010). Subordinating Timor: Central authority and the origin of communal identities in East Timor, Bijdragen tot de Tal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 166 (2/3): 244–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kammen, D. (2011a). The armed forces in Timor-Leste: Politicization through elite conflict, in Mietzner, M., ed., The political resurgence of the military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and leadership, London and NY: Routledge, pp. 107–125.Google Scholar
Kammen, D. (2011b). Sovereignty and food politics in East Timor, Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 26 (1–2): 264–273.Google Scholar
Kammen, D. (2012). Between violence and negotiation: Rethinking the Indonesian occupation and East Timorese resistance, in Miller, M., ed., Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 93–112.Google Scholar
Kammen, D., and Hayati, S. (2007). Crisis and Rice in East Timor, CounterPunch, March 5.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, S. (2003). Hybrid tribunals: Searching for justice in East Timor, Harvard Human Rights Journal 16: 245–278.Google Scholar
Kent, L. (2012). The dynamics of transitional justice: International models and local realities in East Timor, Oxon and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kent, L., and Kinsella, N. (2015). The veterans’ valorisation scheme: Marginalising women’s contributions to the resistance. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, L., and Wallis, J. (2014). Timor-Leste’s veterans’ pension scheme: Who are the beneficiaries and who is missing out? The State, Society and Governance Programme in Melanesia, In Brief 2014/13, https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/143160/1/SSGM_IB_2014_13_KentWallis_Print&Web.pdf (accessed May 26, 2018).Google Scholar
King, D. (2003). East Timor’s founding elections and emerging party system, Asian Survey 43(5): 745–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsbury, D. (2009). East Timor: The price of freedom, New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsbury, D. (2010). National identity in Timor-Leste: Challenges and opportunities, South East Asia Research 18(1): 133–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsbury, D. (2017). Is East Timor run by a “stable” govt or conspiratorial oligarchy, dated January 27, 2017, posted at https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/deakin-speaking/2017/01/27/is-east-timor-run-by-a-stable-govt-or-conspiratorial-oligarchy/ (accessed February 11, 2017).Google Scholar
Hamutuk, La’o (2002). Excerpts from East Timor’s combined sources budget 2002–2003, presented at May 2002 donor’s conference, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/OilWeb/Finances/budget%202002–3.htm (accessed May 28, 2018).Google Scholar
Hamutuk, La’o (2009). How much money have international donors spent on and in Timor-Leste, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/reports/09bgnd/HowMuchAidEn.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).Google Scholar
Hamutuk, La’o (2013). The national impact of benefits for former combatants, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/econ/pension/VetPension6Mar2013en.pps (accessed May 26, 2018).Google Scholar
Leach, M. (2009). The 2007 presidential and parliamentary elections in Timor-Leste, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 55(2): 219–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, M. (2013). Timor-Leste in 2012 beyond international statebuilding? Asian Survey 53(1): 156–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, M. (2014). Concerns over judicial independence in Timor-Leste, EastAsiaForum, October 31. Posted at www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/10/31/concerns-over-judicial-independence-in-timor-leste/ (accessed May 28, 2018).Google Scholar
Martin, I., and Mayer-Reickh, A. (2005). The United Nations and East Timor: From self-determination to state-building, International Peacekeeping 12(1): 125–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWilliam, A. (2005). Houses of resistance in East Timor: Structuring sociality in the new nation, Anthropological Forum 15(1): 27–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWilliam, A. (2007). Introduction: Restorative custom: Ethnographic perspectives on conflict and local justice in Timor, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 8(1): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWilliam, A. (2015). Rural-urban inequalities and migration in Timor-Leste. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 225–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meitzner Yoder, L. (2015). The development eraser: Fantastical schemes, aspirational distractions and high modern mega-events in the Oecusse enclave, Timor-Leste, Journal of Political Ecology 22: 299–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendes, P. (2008). Timor-Leste: The unsustainable island, Publico, 25 November, posted at http://jornal.publico.clix.pt/main.asp?dt=20081125&id.Google Scholar
Moxham, B. (2008). State-making and the post-conflict city: Integration in Dili, disintegration in Timor-Leste, London: Crisis States Working Papers, no. 2, Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Mubyarto, S., Hudiyanto, L., Djatmiko, E., Setiawati, I., and Mawarni, A. (1991). East Timor: The Impact of Integration, Australia: Gadjah Mada University Research Centre for Village and Regional Development and Indonesian Resources and Information Program.Google Scholar
Murdoch, L. (2008) “Timor collides with its future,” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 22.Google Scholar
Neves, G. (2011). Timor: Where Has All the Aid Gone?, Foreign Policy in Focus, June 20, posted at http://fpif.org/timor_where_has_all_the_aid_gone/ (accessed April 30, 2018).Google Scholar
Neves, G. (2013). Timor-Leste: The political economy of a rentier state, presented at Timor-Leste Studies Association, 2013, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/econ/model/NevesPoliticalRentierTLSA2013.pdf.Google Scholar
Niner, S. (2000). To Resist is to Win: The autobiography of Xanana Gusmão, Richmond, Victoria: Aurora Books.Google Scholar
Nolan, C. (2015). After Xanana: Challenges for stability. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 155–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nygaard-Christensen, M. (2016). Timor-Leste in 2015: Petro-politics or sustainable growth, Southeast Asian Affairs 2016, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 347–359.Google Scholar
Pereira, A. (2009). The Dreams of Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, posted at www.etan.org/et2009/02february/22/19dreams.htm (accessed May 25, 2018).Google Scholar
Pushkina, D., and Maier, P. (2012). United Nations Peace-keeping in Timor-Leste, Civil Wars 14(3): 324–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, E. (2002). Security sector reform and transitional administrations, Conflict, Security and Development 2(1): 151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, E. (2004). Under pressure: Falintil – Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste: Three decades of defence force development in Timor Leste, 1975–2004, Geneva: Working Paper No. 139, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.Google Scholar
Robinson, G. (2010). “If you leave us here we will die”: How genocide was stopped in East Timor, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, G. (2011). East Timor ten years on: Legacies of violence, Journal of Asian Studies 70(4): 1007–1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohland, K., and Cliffe, S. (2002). The East Timor reconstruction program: Successes, problems and tradeoffs, World Bank Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit Working Paper Series no. 2, November.Google Scholar
Roosa, J. (2007). How does a truth commission find out what the truth is? The case of East Timor’s CAVR, Pacific Affairs 80(4): 569–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahe Institute for Liberation (2003). “Memerdekakan rakyat setelah memperoleh tanah air,” Libertasan 2.Google Scholar
Scambary, J. (2007). Disaffected groups and social movements in East Timor, unpublished research paper for AusAID.Google Scholar
Scambary, J. (2009). Anatomy of a conflict: the 2006–2007 communal violence in East Timor, Conflict, Security & Development, 9(2): 265–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scambary, J. (2015). In search of white elephants: The political economy of resource income expenditure in East Timor, Critical Asian Studies, 47(2): 283–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheiner, C. (2015). Can the petroleum fund exorcise the resource curse from Timor-Leste. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 73–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, C. (2007). Minding the gap: The Australia-East Timor treaty on certain maritime arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS), The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22(2); 189–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoesmith, D. (2003). Timor-Leste: Divided leadership in a semi-presidential system, Asian Survey, 43(2): 231–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoesmith, D. (2011). Timor-Leste: On the path to peace and prosperity? In Southeast Asian Affairs 2011, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 332–335.Google Scholar
Shoesmith, D. (2017). Timor-Leste in 2016: Redefining democracy. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2017, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 387–404.Google Scholar
Simonsen, S. (2006). The authoritarian temptation in East Timor: Nationbuilding and the need for inclusive governance, Asian Survey, 46(4): 575–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. (2004). Timor-Leste: Strong government, weak state. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2004, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 279–294.Google Scholar
Soares, A. (2015). A social movement as an antidote to corruption. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 203–212.Google Scholar
Soares, A. (2004). Peranan gerakan bawah tanah dalam proses perjuangan pembebasan nasional Timor-Leste (studi kasus di sub-region Viquque wilayah Baucau dan Viqueque dari tahun 1979–1994), BA thesis, Universitas Nasional Timor-Leste.Google Scholar
Sousa, I. (2001). The Portuguese colonization and the problem of East Timorese nationalism, Lusotropie 2001: 183–194.Google Scholar
Suhrke, A. (2001). Peacekeepers as nation-builders: Dilemmas of the UN in East Timor, International Peacekeeping 8(4): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traube, E. (2007). Unpaid wages: Local narratives and the imagination of the nation, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 8(1): 9–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2006). Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste, Geneva: UNHCHR.Google Scholar
Van der Auweraert, P. (2012). Dealing with the 2006 internal displacement crisis in Timor-Leste: Between reparations and humanitarian policymaking, International Center for Transitional Justice and Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement, posted at www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Brookings-Displacement-Timor-Leste-CaseStudy-2012-English.pdf.Google Scholar
Wallis, J. (2012). A liberal-local hybrid peace project in action? The increasing engagement between the local and the liberal in Timor-Leste, Review of International Studies 38(4): 735–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, J. (2015). Assessing the implementation and impact of Timor-Leste’s cash payment schemes. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 235–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, A. (2017). Youth in search of a future: Urban drift, education and work in Timor-Leste, Development Bulletin 78, ANU Development Studies Network. Posted at http://ssgm.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2017–09/development_bulletin_78_web_version.pdf#page=103Google Scholar
Wilson, B. (2012). To 2012 and beyond: international assistance to police and security sector development, Asia Politics and Policy 4(1): 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
For an English translation of part of Xanana Gusmão’s autobiography and other selected writings, see To Resist Is to Win! The Autobiography of Xanana Gusmão, Niner, S., ed., Richmond, Victoria: Aurora Books, 2000.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
On the life of Mario Viegas Carrascalão, who was a founding member of UDT in 1975 and served as governor of occupied East Timor from 1982 until 1992, see his heartfelt autobiography Timor: Antes do Futuro, Dili: Livraria Mau Huran, 2006.Google Scholar
For the winners of the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize, see Ramos-Horta’s, José autobiographical Funu: The unfinished saga of East Timor, Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1987,Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
Dalan ba Damai [Road to Peace] (2005), a powerful 144-minute documentary, produced by filmmaker Ian White for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconcilation, in Tetum with subtitles available in English, Portuguese, and Indonesian.Google Scholar
The Diplomat (2000), an 84-minute documentary about José Ramos-Horta’s diplomatic efforts for a free East Timor. www.emeraldfilms.com.au/?portfolio=diplomatGoogle Scholar
Answered by Fire (2006), a two-part television film based on Australian Federal police officer David Savage’s book Dancing with the Devil about policing the 1999 referendum.Google Scholar
Balibo (2009), a dramatic account of the deaths of five Australian-based journalists covering the Indonesian invasion of Portuguese Timor in 1975, based on the book of the same title by journalist Jill Jolliffe.Google Scholar
A Guerra da Beatriz [Beatriz’ War] (2013), feature-length film produced in Timor-Leste.Google Scholar
Durand, F. (2006). East Timor: A country at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific: A geo-historical atlas. Bangkok: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
- 22
- Cited by