Element contents
Series: Elements in Public Policy
Public Policy and Universities
The Interplay of Knowledge and Power
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 May 2022
Summary
Higher education is undergoing unprecedented transformation. In the global knowledge economy universities are of paramount importance to governments worldwide. This creates a strong rationale for an element exploring how the interactions between universities and the state are being reconfigured, while highlighting the role policy analysis can play in explaining these dynamics. Specifically, this element draws on four theoretical approaches – New-Institutionalism, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, the Narrative Policy Framework, and Policy Diffusion and Transfer – to inform the analysis. Examples are drawn from a range of countries and areas of potential research informed by policy theory are identified. This element features a section dedicated to each of the three main missions of the university followed by an analysis of the institution as a whole. This reveals how universities, while typically seeking greater autonomy, remain subject to a multifaceted form of nation state oversight as they continue to globalise in an uncertain world.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Public PolicyOnline ISBN: 9781108645867Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 09 June 2022
References
Abel, D. (2019). The diffusion of climate policies among German municipalities. Journal of Public Policy, 41(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Acs, Z. & Sanders, M. (2021). Endogenous growth theory and regional extensions. In Fischer, M. M. & Nijkamp, P. (Eds.) Handbook of Regional Science (pp. 615–634). SpringerGoogle Scholar
Adekoya, R., Kaufmann, E. & Simpson, T. (2020). Academic freedom in the UK: Protecting viewpoint diversity. Policy Exchange. https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Academic-freedom-in-the-UK.pdfGoogle Scholar
Altbach, P. (2003). The costs and benefits of world-class universities. International Higher Education, 33, 5–8.Google Scholar
Altbach, P. G. & Peterson, P. M. (2015). Higher education as a projection of America’s soft power. In Watanabe, Y. & McConnell, D. L. (Eds.). Soft power superpowers: Cultural and national assets of Japan and the United States (pp. 69–85). Routledge.Google Scholar
Altbach, P. G. & Salmi, J. (2011). Introduction. In Altbach, P. G. & Salmi, J. (Eds.). The road to academic excellence: The making of world-class research universities (pp. 1–9). The World Bank.Google Scholar
Ansell, C. (2008). Network institutionalism. In Rhodes, R. A., Binder, S. A. & Rockman, B. A. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of political institutions (pp. 75–89). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Åstebro, T., Braguinsky, S., Braunerhjelm, P. & Broström, A. (2019). Academic entrepreneurship: The Bayh–Dole Act versus the Professor’s Privilege. ILR Review, 72(5), 1094–1122.Google Scholar
Australian Government (2020). Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Amendment (Prohibiting Academic Cheating Services) Act 2020. www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020A00078Google Scholar
Bak, H. J. & Kim, D. H. (2019). The unintended consequences of performance-based incentives on inequality in scientists’ research performance. Science and Public Policy, 46(2), 219–231.Google Scholar
Baker, D. P. (2007). Mass higher education and the super research university. International Higher Education, 49, 9–10.Google Scholar
Baker, D. P. (2008). Privatization, mass higher education, and the super research university. Symbiotic or zero-sum trends? Die Hochschule: Journal für Wissenschaft und Bildung, 17(2), 36–52.Google Scholar
Balbachevsky, E. (2015). The role of internal and external stakeholders in Brazilian higher education. In Schwartzman, S., Pinheiro, R. & Pillay, P. (Eds.). Higher education in the BRICS countries: Investigating the pact between higher education and society (pp. 193–214). Springer.Google Scholar
Ballerini, V. (2017). Global higher education trends and national policies: Access, privatization, and internationalization in Argentina. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 1(1), 42–68.Google Scholar
Banker, D. V. & Bhal, K. T. (2020). Creating world class universities: Roles and responsibilities for academic leaders in India. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(3), 570–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, A., Foland, P., Holdridge, G. & Shelton, R. D. (2018). China’s rising leadership in science and technology: Quantitative and qualitative indicators. Scientometrics, 117(1), 249–269.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, F. R. & Jones, B. D. (2010). Agendas and instability in American politics. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bayma, B. A. (1979). Technology transfer: A public policy issue. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 3(2), 43–51.Google Scholar
Beech, S. E. (2019). The geographies of international student mobility: Spaces, places and decision-making. Springer.Google Scholar
Bekhradnia, B. (2021). The White Paper on free speech is intellectually flimsy. HEPI Blog, 17 March www.hepi.ac.uk/2021/03/17/bahram-bekhradnia-the-white-paper-on-free-speech-is-intellectually-flimsy/Google Scholar
Bekkers, R. & Bodas Freitas, I. (2008). An evaluation of incentives and policies that affect research institutions’ knowledge transfer activities. Results of a paper commissioned by the European Commission, DG Research, as part of work by the Expert Group on Knowledge Transfer.Google Scholar
Bell, E., Fryar, A. H. & Hillman, N. (2018). When intuition misfires: A meta-analysis of research on performance-based funding in higher education. In Hazelkorn, E., Coates, H. & McCormick, A. C. (Eds.). Research handbook on quality, performance and accountability in higher education. (pp. 108–124)Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Benito, M., Gil, P. & Romera, R. (2019). Funding, is it key for standing out in the university rankings? Scientometrics, 121(2), 771–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benner, M. (2020). Becoming world class: What it means and what it does. In Rider, S. et al. (Eds.), World class universities: A contested concept (pp. 25–40). Springer.Google Scholar
Berger, P. L. & Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality. Doubleday & Company.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, N. (2012). The evolution of knowledge in the university. The Information Society, 28(4), 208–227.Google Scholar
Biagioli, M. & Lippman, A. (Eds.). (2020). Gaming the metrics: Misconduct and manipulation in academic research. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bok, D. C. (1982). Beyond the ivory tower: Social responsibilities of the modern university. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Borgonovi, E., Anessi-Pessina, E. & Bianchi, C. (Eds.). (2018). Outcome-based performance management in the public sector. Springer.Google Scholar
Branscomb, L. M. & Keller, J. H. (1998). Towards a research and innovation policy. Investing in innovation: Creating a research and innovation policy that works. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, J. & Cochrane, A. (2019). Universities: In, of, and beyond their cities. Oxford Review of Education, 45(2), 188–203.Google Scholar
Bretag, T. (2016). Defining academic integrity. In Bretag, T. (Ed.). Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 3–6). Springer.Google Scholar
Britton, J., van der Erve, L. & Higgins, T. (2019). Income contingent student loan design: Lessons from around the world. Economics of Education Review, 71, 65–82.Google Scholar
Bush, V. (1945). The endless frontier. A report to the president on a program for postwar scientific research. Office of Scientific Research and Development.Google Scholar
Cabanda, E., Tan, E. S. & Chou, M. H. (2019). Higher education regionalism in Asia: What implications for Europe? European Journal of Higher Education, 9(1), 87–101.Google Scholar
Cantwell, B., Marginson, S. & Smolentseva, A. (Eds.). (2018). High participation systems of higher education. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Capano, G. (2011). Government continues to do its job. A comparative study of governance shifts in the higher education sector. Public Administration, 89(4), 1622–1642.Google Scholar
Carroll, P. (2014). Policy transfer and accession: A comparison of three international governmental organisations. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 16(3), 280–296.Google Scholar
Ceccoli, S. & Crosston, M. (2019). Diffusion and policy transfer in armed UAV proliferation: The cases of Italy and Germany. Policy Studies, 40(2), 111–130.Google Scholar
Cerny, P. G. (1997). Paradoxes of the competition state: The dynamics of political globalization. Government and Opposition, 32(2), 251–274.Google Scholar
Cerny, P. G. (2010). The competition state today: From raison d’État to raison du Monde. Policy Studies, 31(1), 5–21.Google Scholar
Chapman, B. Higgins, T. & Stiglitz, J. E. (Eds.). (2014). Income contingent loans: Theory, practice and prospects. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cheng, Y., Wang, Q. & Liu, N. C. (2014). How world-class universities affect global higher education. In Cheng, Y., Wang, Q. & Liu, N. C. (Eds.). How world-class universities affect global higher education (pp. 1–10). SensePublishers.Google Scholar
Chong, D. & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126.Google Scholar
Civera, A., Lehmann, E. E., Paleari, S. & Stockinger, S. A. (2020). Higher education policy: Why hope for quality when rewarding quantity? Research Policy, 49(8).Google Scholar
Clark, B. R. (1998). The entrepreneurial university: Demand and response. Tertiary Education and Management, 4(1), 5–16.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. & Lancaster, T. (2006, June). Eliminating the successor to plagiarism? Identifying the usage of contract cheating sites. In Proceedings of 2nd international plagiarism conference (pp. 1–13). Northumbria Learning Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, M. & Kinser, K. (2016). How much autonomy do international branch campuses really have? International Higher Education, 87, 7–9.Google Scholar
CNRS (2021, 17 February ). ‘Islamo-leftism’ is not a scientific reality. Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique. www.cnrs.fr/en/islamo-leftism-not-scientific-reality-0Google Scholar
Compagnucci, L. & Spigarelli, F. (2020). The Third Mission of the university: A systematic literature review on potentials and constraints. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120284.Google Scholar
Party, Conservative (2019). Get Brexit Done, Unleash Britain’s Potential. www.conservatives.com/our-plan/get-brexit-done-and-unleash-britains-potentialGoogle Scholar
Corbett, A. (2021, 23 February). Moral panics about free speech: How should European universities respond? EUROPP. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/02/23/moral-panics-about-free-speech-how-should-european-universities-respond/Google Scholar
Corbett, A. & Gordon, C. (2018). Academic freedom in Europe: The Central European University affair and the wider lessons. History of Education Quarterly, 58(3), 467–474.Google Scholar
Craig, J. & Gunn, A. (2010). Higher skills and the knowledge economy: The challenge of offshoring. Higher Education Management and Policy, 22(3), 1–17.Google Scholar
Cremonini, L., Westerheijden, D. F., Benneworth, P. & Dauncey, H. (2014). In the shadow of celebrity? World-class university policies and public value in higher education. Higher Education Policy, 27(3),341–361Google Scholar
Croucher, G. & Woelert, P. (2016). Institutional isomorphism and the creation of the unified national system of higher education in Australia: An empirical analysis. Higher Education, 71(4), 439–453.Google Scholar
Crow, D. A. & Lawlor, A., (2016). Media in the policy process: Using framing and narratives to understand policy influences. Review of Policy Research, 33(5), 472–491.Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. A., Lehmann, E. E., Menter, M. & Seitz, N. (2021). Regional Innovation, Entrepreneurship and the Reform of the Professor’s Privilege in Germany. In Guerrero, M. & Urbano, D. (Eds.). Technology transfer and entrepreneurial innovations (pp. 175–205). Springer.Google Scholar
D’Arcy, N. (2020). Are essay mills threatening the integrity of academia? University Times Ireland. www.universitytimes.ie/2020/10/are-essay-mills-threatening-the-integrity-of-academia/Google Scholar
Da Wan, C., Lee, M. N. & Loke, H. Y. (Eds.). (2019). The governance and management of universities in Asia: Global influences and local responses. Routledge.Google Scholar
Davies, P. H. (2010). Intelligence and the machinery of government: Conceptualizing the intelligence community. Public Policy and Administration, 25(1), 29–46.Google Scholar
Davis, G., Weller, P., Eggins, S. & Craswell, E. (1999). What drives machinery of government change? Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, 1950–1997. Public Administration, 77(1), 7–50.Google Scholar
De Boer, H., Jongbloed, B., Benneworth, P. et al. (2015). Performance-based funding and performance agreements in fourteen higher education systems. Center for Higher Education Policy Studies.Google Scholar
de Wit, H., &Altbach, P. G. (2021).Internationalization in higher education: global trends and recommendations for its future. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 5(1), 28–46.Google Scholar
Diallo, R. (2020, 29 December). France’s ideological wars have found a new battleground: Universities. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/29/france-academic-freedom-universities-backlash/Google Scholar
Diamond, L. & Morlino, L. (2004). The quality of democracy: An overview. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 20–31.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.Google Scholar
Dobbins, M. & Knill, C. (2017). Higher education governance in France, Germany, and Italy: Change and variation in the impact of transnational soft governance. Policy and Society, 36(1), 67–88.Google Scholar
Dobbins, M., Knill, C. & Vögtle, E. (2011). An analytical framework for the crosscountry comparison of higher education governance. Higher Education, 62(5), 665–683.Google Scholar
Doidge, S. & Doyle, J. (2020). Australian universities in the age of Covid. Educational Philosophy and Theory.Google Scholar
d’Ombrain, N. (2007). Ministerial responsibility and the machinery of government. Canadian Public Administration, 50(2), 195–217.Google Scholar
Dougherty, K. J. & Natow, R. S. (2015). The politics of performance funding for higher education: Origins, discontinuations, and transformations. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Dowsett, L. (2020). Global university rankings and strategic planning: A case study of Australian institutional performance. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(4), 478–494.Google Scholar
Draper, M. J. & Newton, P. M. (2017). A legal approach to tackling contract cheating?. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(1), 1–16.Google Scholar
Drinan, P. (2016). Getting political: What institutions and governments need to do. In Bretag, T. (Ed.). Handbook of Academic Integrity (pp. 1075–1087). Springer.Google Scholar
Duque, J. F. (2021). Who embodies the evaluative state? Programmatic actors in the Chilean and Colombian policies of quality assurance in higher education. European Policy Analysis, 7, 48–63.Google Scholar
Dynarski, S. M. (2021). An economist’s perspective on student loans in the United States. In Neumark, D., Kim, Y. & Lee, S. (Eds.). Human capital policy: Reducing inequality, boosting mobility and productivity (pp. 84–102). Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Enyedi, Z. (2018). Democratic backsliding and academic freedom in Hungary. Perspectives on Politics, 16(4), 1067–1074.Google Scholar
Etzkowitz, H. & Zhou, C. (2017). The triple helix: University–industry–government innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge.Google Scholar
Equality and Human Rights Commission (2019). Freedom of expression: A guide for higher education providers and students’ unions in England and Wales. www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/freedom-of-expression-guide-for-higher-education-providers-and-students-unions-england-and-wales.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ferlie, E., Musselin, C. & Andresani, G. (2008). The steering of higher education systems: A public management perspective. Higher Education, 56(3), 325–348.Google Scholar
Filippakou, O. & Tapper, T. (2015). Mission groups and the new politics of British higher education. Higher Education Quarterly, 69(2), 121–137.Google Scholar
Fire, M. & Guestrin, C. (2019). Over-optimization of academic publishing metrics: Observing Goodhart’s Law in action. GigaScience, 8(6), 1–20.Google Scholar
Flink, T. & Rüffin, N. (2019). The current state of the art of science diplomacy. In Simon, D., Kuhlmann, S., Stamm, J. & Canzler, W. (Eds.). Handbook on science and public policy (pp. 104–121). Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Florida, R. (2005). The flight of the creative class: The new global competition for talent. HarperBusiness.Google Scholar
France 24 (2019, 28 March). France faces blackface debate as students block Greek tragedy at Sorbonne. www.france24.com/en/20190328-france-blackface-racism-sorbonne-theatreGoogle Scholar
French, R. (2019). Review of freedom of speech in Australian higher education providers. Australian Government. https://www.dese.gov.au/higher-education-publications/resources/report-independent-review-freedom-speech-australian-higher-education-providers-march-2019Google Scholar
G7UK (2021). Statement by the G7 Non-Proliferation Directors Group. www.g7uk.org/statement-by-the-g7-non-proliferation-directors-group/Google Scholar
Gao, J. P., Su, C., Wang, H. Y., Zhai, L. H. & Pan, Y. T. (2019). Research fund evaluation based on academic publication output analysis: The case of Chinese research fund evaluation. Scientometrics, 119(2), 959–972.Google Scholar
Gaofeng, Yi., Krishna. V, V., Zhang, X. & Jiang, Y. (2021) Chinese Universities in the National Innovation System. Routledge.Google Scholar
Gardner, L. (2019, 17 February). The rise of the mega-University. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/mega-universities-are-on-the-rise-they-could-reshape-higher-ed-as-we-know-it/Google Scholar
Geiger, R. L. (1997). What happened after Sputnik? Shaping university research in the United States. Minerva, 35 (4), 349–367.Google Scholar
Gelber, K. (2020, 15 July). Is there a “free speech crisis” in Australian universities? ABC Religion and Ethics. https://www.abc.net.au/religion/katharine-gelber-free-speech-crisis-in-australian-universities/12459718Google Scholar
Geuna, A. & Martin, B. R. (2003). University research evaluation and funding: An international comparison. Minerva, 41(4), 277–304.Google Scholar
Geuna, A. & Muscio, A. (2009). The governance of university knowledge transfer: A critical review of the literature. Minerva, 47(1), 93–114.Google Scholar
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. & Trow, M. (1994). The new production of knowledge: The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. Sage.Google Scholar
Goddard, J., Hazelkorn, E. & Vallance, P. (Eds.). (2016). The civic university: The policy and leadership challenges. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Godin, B. (2004). The new economy: What the concept owes to the OECD. Research Policy, 33(5), 679–690.Google Scholar
Godin, B. (2006). The knowledge-based economy: Conceptual framework or buzzword?. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31(1), 17–30.Google Scholar
Goldmann, K. (2005).Appropriateness and consequences: The logic of neo-institutionalism. Governance, 18(1), 35–52.Google Scholar
Graham, E. R., Shipan, C. R. & Volden, C. (2013). The diffusion of policy diffusion research in political science. British Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 673–701.Google Scholar
Grimes, R. W. & McNulty, C. (2016). The Newton Fund: Science and innovation for development and diplomacy. Science & Diplomacy, 5(4). https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2016/newton-fund-science-and-innovation-for-development-and-diplomacyGoogle Scholar
Grisorio, M. J. & Prota, F. (2020). Italy’s national research assessment: Some unpleasant effects. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 736–754.Google Scholar
Grubbs, E. N. (2019). Academic espionage: Striking the balance between open and collaborative universities and protecting national security. North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology, 20(5), 235.Google Scholar
Guerrero, M. & Urbano, D. (2019). Effectiveness of technology transfer policies and legislation in fostering entrepreneurial innovations across continents: An overview. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(5), 1347–1366.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. (2015). The role of political and policy studies in higher education policy research. In Tight, M. & Huisman, J. (Eds.). Theory and method in higher education research (pp. 27–47). Emerald.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. (2018a). Metrics and methodologies for measuring teaching quality in higher education: Developing the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF). Educational Review, 70(2), 129–148.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. (2018b). The UK teaching excellence framework (TEF): The development of a new transparency tool. In Curaj, A., Deca, L. & Pricopie, R. (Eds.). European higher education area: The impact of past and future policies (pp. 505–526). Springer.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. (2020). The European universities initiative: A study of alliance formation in higher education. In Curaj, A., Deca, L. & Pricopie, R. (Eds.). European higher education area: Challenges for a new decade (pp. 13–30). Springer.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. (2022). Teaching excellence? Universities in an age of student consumerism. Sage.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. & Mintrom, M. (2013). Global university alliances and the creation of collaborative advantage. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(2), 179–192.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. & Mintrom, M. (2016). Higher education policy change in Europe: Academic research funding and the impact agenda. European Education, 48(4), 241–257.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. & Mintrom, M. (2017). Evaluating the non-academic impact of academic research: Design considerations. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39(1), 20–30.Google Scholar
Gunn, A. & Mintrom, M. (2018). Measuring research impact in Australia. Australian Universities’ Review, 60(1), 9–15.Google Scholar
Guskov, A. E., Kosyakov, D. V. & Selivanova, I. V. (2018). Boosting research productivity in top Russian universities: The circumstances of breakthrough. Scientometrics, 117(2), 1053–1080.Google Scholar
Harnisch, T. L. (2016). Exploring the role of business-led advocacy coalitions as a strategy to elevate public higher education as a state funding priority (doctoral dissertation). The George Washington University.Google Scholar
Hartley, K. & Jarvis, D. S. (2021). Let nine universities blossom: Opportunities and constraints on the development of higher education in China. Higher Education Research & Development.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, L. (2018). Attracting and retaining international students as skilled migrants. In Czaika, M. (Ed.). High-skilled migration: Drivers and policies. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hazelkorn, E. (2015). Rankings and the reshaping of higher education: The battle for world-class excellence. Springer.Google Scholar
Hazelkorn, E. (2018). Reshaping the world order of higher education: The role and impact of rankings on national and global systems. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 2(1), 4–31.Google Scholar
Hicks, D. (2009). Evolving regimes of multi-university research evaluation. Higher Education, 57(4), 393–404.Google Scholar
Hicks, D. (2012). Performance-based university research funding systems. Research Policy, 41(2), 251–261.Google Scholar
Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L. et al. (2015). Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics, Nature, 520, 429–31.Google Scholar
Hillman, N. & Orosz, K. (2017). Introduction: Connecting student loan research and federal policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 671(1), 8–18.Google Scholar
Treasury, HM (2003). Lambert review of business-university collaboration. HM Treasury.Google Scholar
Holgersson, M. & Aaboen, L. (2019). A literature review of intellectual property management in technology transfer offices: From appropriation to utilization. Technology in Society, 59, 101–132.Google Scholar
Huffman, A. E. (2020). Forgive and forget: An analysis of student loan forgiveness plans. NC Banking Inst., 24, 449.Google Scholar
James, E. J. (1910). University of Illinois; The University Studies, Vol. IV, No.1, November, 1910. The origin of the Land grant act of 1862: (the so-called Morrill act) and some account of its author, Jonathan B. Turner. Urbana-Champaign: University Press.Google Scholar
Jang, D. H., Ryu, K., Yi, P. & Craig, D. A. (2016). The hurdles to being world class: Narrative analysis of the world-class university project in Korea. Higher Education Policy, 29(2), 234–253.Google Scholar
Jenkins-Smith, H. C., Nohrstedt, D., Weible, C. M. & Ingold, K. (2018). The advocacy coalition framework: An overview of the research program. In Weible, C. M. & Sabatier, P. A. (Eds.). Theories of the policy process (pp. 135–171). Routledge.Google Scholar
Jones, M. D. (2018).Advancing the narrative policy framework? The Musings of a potentially unreliable narrator. Policy Studies Journal, 46(4), 724–746.Google Scholar
Jones, M. D. & McBeth, M. K. (2010). A narrative policy framework: Clear enough to be wrong? Policy Studies Journal, 38 (2), 329–353.Google Scholar
Joo, Y. H. & Halx, M. D. (2012). The power of institutional isomorphism: An analysis of the institutionalization of performance-based pay systems in Korean National Universities. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(2), 281–297.Google Scholar
Joske, A. (2018). Picking flowers, making honey. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Kavanagh, D. & Richards, D. (2001). Departmentalism and joined-up government. Parliamentary Affairs, 54(1), 1–18.Google Scholar
Kay, A. (2005). A critique of the use of path dependency in policy studies. Public Administration, 83(3), 553–571.Google Scholar
Kelchen, R. & Stedrak, L. J. (2016). Does performance-based funding affect colleges’ financial priorities? Journal of Education Finance, 41, 302–321.Google Scholar
Kelves, D. J. (1978). The physicists. The history of a scientific community in modern America. Knopf.Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. (2015, 13 April). Major universities crack down on cheats using MyMaster essay writing service. ABC News. www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-14/major-universities-investigate-cheating-scandal/6390164Google Scholar
Kenney, M. & Patton, D. (2009). Reconsidering the Bayh–Dole Act and the current university invention ownership model. Research Policy, 38(9), 1407–1422.Google Scholar
Key, S. (1996). Economics or education: The establishment of American land-grant universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 67(2), 196–220.Google Scholar
Kim, S. K. & Yeom, M. (2017). An uncertain future: Leading national universities in South Korea and the flagship model. In Douglass, J. A. & Hawkins, J. N. (Eds.). Envisioning the Asian new flagship university: Its past and vital future (pp. 91–104). Berkeley Public Policy Press.Google Scholar
Knudsen, M. P., Frederiksen, M. H. & Goduscheit, R. C. (2021). New forms of engagement in third mission activities: A multi-level university-centric approach. Innovation, 23(2), 209–240.Google Scholar
Kochenkova, A., Grimaldi, R. & Munari, F. (2016). Public policy measures in support of knowledge transfer activities: A review of academic literature. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(3), 407–429.Google Scholar
Komuves, A. (2021, 5 June). Hungarians protest against planned Chinese university campus. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/hungarians-protest-against-planned-chinese-university-campus-2021-06-05Google Scholar
König, P. D. (2019). A magic bullet in policy communication? On the ambiguous use of framing in policy research. Policy Studies, 42(1), 60–79.Google Scholar
Krishna, V. V. (Ed.). (2017). Universities in the national innovation systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific. Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Krücken, G. (2003). Mission impossible? Institutional barriers to the diffusion of the ‘third academic mission’ at German universities. International Journal of Technology Management, 25(1–2), 18–33.Google Scholar
Laredo, P. (2007). Revisiting the third mission of universities: Toward a renewed categorization of university activities? Higher Education Policy, 20(4), 441–456.Google Scholar
Lazzeroni, M. & Piccaluga, A. (2018). The contribution of universities to the reduction of inequalities and to the development of peripheries: Insight from international case studies. In Fifth Global Conference in Economic Geography: Dynamics in an Unequal World (pp. 215–215). Global Conference on Economic Geography.Google Scholar
Monde, Le (2020). Une centaine d’universitaires alertent : « Sur l’islamisme, ce qui nous menace, c’est la persistance du déni » Publié le 31 octobre 2020 www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/10/31/une-centaine-d-universitaires-alertent-sur-l-islamisme-ce-qui-nous-menace-c-est-la-persistance-du-deni_6057989_3232.htmlGoogle Scholar
Lee, J., Liu, K. & Wu, Y. (2020). Does the Asian catch-up model of world-class universities work? Revisiting the zero-sum game of global university rankings and government policies. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 19(3), 319–343.Google Scholar
LeGrand, T. & Vas, C. (2014). Framing the policy analysis of OECD and Australian VET interaction: Two heuristics of policy transfer. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 16(3), 230–248.Google Scholar
Lehmann, E. E. & Stockinger, S. A. (2019). Entrepreneurship in higher education: The impact of competition‐based policy programmes exemplified by the German Excellence Initiative. Higher Education Quarterly, 73(1), 70–84.Google Scholar
Leydesdorff, L. & Etzkowitz, H. (1996). Emergence of a Triple Helix of university—industry—government relations. Science and Public Policy, 23 (5), 279–286.Google Scholar
Li, J. & Eryong, X. (2020). Criticality in world-class universities research: A critical discourse analysis of international education publications. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 53(12), 1257–1271.Google Scholar
Liang, J. (2017). The enduring challenges for collective lobbying: The case of China’s elite universities. The China Journal, 78(1), 81–99.Google Scholar
Lim, M. A. (2018). The building of weak expertise: The work of global university rankers. Higher Education, 75, 415–430Google Scholar
Lovakov, A., Panova, A., Sterligov, I. & Yudkevich, M. (2021). Does government support of a few leading universities have a broader impact on the higher education system? Evaluation of the Russian University Excellence Initiative. Research Evaluation, 30(3), 240–255.Google Scholar
Luger, M. I. (1991). Technology in the garden: Research parks and regional economic development. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Lumino, R., Gambardella, D. & Grimaldi, E. (2017). The evaluation turn in the higher education system: Lessons from Italy. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49(2), 87–107.Google Scholar
Luxon, E. M. (2019). What do advocates know about policymaking? Revealing process in the Advocacy Coalition Framework. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(1), 106–125.Google Scholar
Macron, E. (2017, 26 September). Speech on new initiative for Europe, Paris. www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2017/09/26/president-macron-gives-speech-on-new-initiative-for-europe.enGoogle Scholar
Macron, E. (2020, 2 October). Fight against separatism – the Republic in action. www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/france-facts/secularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france-63815/article/fight-against-separatism-the-republic-in-action-speech-by-emmanuel-macronGoogle Scholar
Mäkinen, S. (2021). Global university rankings and Russia’s quest for national sovereignty. Comparative Education, 57(3), 417–434.Google Scholar
Makse, T. & Volden, C. (2011). The role of policy attributes in the diffusion of innovations. The Journal of Politics, 73(1), 108–124.Google Scholar
Mahoney, J. & Thelen, K. (Eds.). (2009). Explaining institutional change: Ambiguity, agency, and power. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mallapaty, S. (2020, 4 August). Japan considers tougher rules on research interference amid US-China tensions. Nature News. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02273-wGoogle Scholar
March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1989). Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics. Free Press.Google Scholar
March, J. G. & Olsen, J. P. (2011). Elaborating the ‘new institutionalism’. In Goodin, R. E. (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of political science (pp. 3–20). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marginson, S. (2021). What drives global science? The four competing narratives. Studies in Higher Education, 1–19.Google Scholar
Marhl, M. & Pausits, A. (2011). Third mission indicators for new ranking methodologies. Evaluation in Higher Education, 5(1), 43–64.Google Scholar
Marsh, D. & Sharman, J. C. (2009). Policy diffusion and policy transfer. Policy Studies, 30(3), 269–288.Google Scholar
Martínez, C. & Sterzi, V. (2020). The impact of the abolishment of the professor’s privilege on European university-owned patents. Industry and Innovation, 28(3), 247–282.Google Scholar
Martin-Sardesai, A., Guthrie, J., Tooley, S. & Chaplin, S. (2019). History of research performance measurement systems in the Australian higher education sector. Accounting History, 24(1), 40–61.Google Scholar
Maskus, K. (2004). The WTO, intellectual property rights and the knowledge economy. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Matveeva, N. & Ferligoj, A. (2020). Scientific collaboration in Russian universities before and after the excellence initiative Project 5–100. Scientometrics, 124(3), 2383–2407.Google Scholar
Mau, S. (2020). Numbers matter! The society of indicators, scores and ratings. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 29(1–2), 19–37.Google Scholar
Mause, K. (2010). Considering market-based instruments for consumer protection in higher education. Journal of Consumer Policy, 33(1), 29–53.Google Scholar
Mazzucato, M. (2013). The entrepreneurial state: Debunking public vs. private sector Myths. Anthem Press.Google Scholar
McDowell, G. R. (2003). Engaged universities: Lessons from the land-grant universities and extension. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 585(1), 31–50.Google Scholar
McMillen, W. (2010). From campus to capitol: The role of government relations in higher education. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Medway, D., Roper, S. & Gillooly, L. (2018). Contract cheating in UK higher education: A covert investigation of essay mills. British Educational Research Journal, 44(3), 393–418.Google Scholar
Menand, L., Reitter, P. & Wellmon, C. (Eds.). (2017). The rise of the research university: A sourcebook. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1942). Science and technology in a democratic order. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1(1), 115–126.Google Scholar
Mervis, J. (2019). Bipartisan bill proposes forum on US academic espionage. Science, 364 (6444), 922.Google Scholar
Meyer, J., Ramirez, F., Frank, D. & Schofer, E. (2008) Higher education as an institution. In Gumport, P. (Ed.) Sociology of higher education: contributions and their contexts (pp. 187–221). Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M. (2009a). Universities in the knowledge economy: A comparative analysis of nested institutions. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 11(3), 327–353.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M. (2009b). Competitive federalism and the governance of controversial science. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 39(4), 606–631.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M. (2020). Policy entrepreneurs and dynamic change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mittelman, J. H. (2017). Implausible dream: The world-class university and repurposing higher education. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mizrahi, S. (2021). Performance funding and management in higher education: The autonomy paradox and failures in accountability. Public Performance & Management Review, 44 (2), 294–320.Google Scholar
Moed, H. F. (2017). A critical comparative analysis of five world university rankings. Scientometrics, 110(2), 967–990.Google Scholar
Mohrman, K., Ma, W. & Baker, D. (2008). The research university in transition: The emerging global model. Higher Education Policy, 21(1), 5–27.Google Scholar
Molas-Gallart, J., Salter, A., Patel, P., Scott, A. & Duran, X. (2002). Measuring third stream activities. Final report to the Russell Group of Universities. SPRU University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Montesinos, P., Carot, J. M., Martinez, J. M. & Mora, F. (2008). Third mission ranking for world class universities: Beyond teaching and research. Higher Education in Europe, 33(2–3), 259–271.Google Scholar
Moosa, I. A. (2018). Publish or perish: Perceived benefits versus unintended consequences. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Morris, E. J. (2018). Academic integrity matters: Five considerations for addressing contract cheating. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 14(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Moscovitz, H. & Zahavi, H. (2019). The Bologna process as a foreign policy endeavour: Motivations and reactions to the externalisation of European higher education. European Journal of Higher Education, 9(1), 7–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowery, D. C. & Sampat, B. (2004). The Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 and university–industry technology transfer: A model for other OECD governments? Social Science and Technology Seminar Series. The Center on Employment and Economic Growth; Stanford University.Google Scholar
Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N. & Ziedonis, A. A., (2015). Ivory tower and industrial innovation: University-industry technology transfer before and after the Bayh-Dole Act. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Myklebust, J. P. (2021, 25 June) Universities will need a licence to export knowledge, University World News. www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210625093913884Google Scholar
Nasution, V. I. A., Prasojo, E., Jannah, L. M. & Yumitro, G. (2020). Governance of autonomous higher education institution toward world-class university: A case study at the universitas Indonesia. Governance, 7(10), 2020.Google Scholar
Nay, O. (2014). International organisations and the production of hegemonic knowledge: How the World Bank and the OECD helped invent the fragile state concept. Third World Quarterly, 35(2), 210–231.Google Scholar
Neave, G. (2012). The evaluative state, institutional autonomy and re-engineering higher education in Western Europe. Springer.Google Scholar
Newcomer, K. E. (2015). From outputs to outcomes. In Guy, M. E. & Rubin, M. M. (Eds.). Public administration evolving (pp. 125–158). Routledge.Google Scholar
Newton, P. M. & Draper, M. J. (2017). University students are buying assignments – what could, or should, be done about it? Impact of Social Sciences Blog. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2017/02/28/university-students-are-buying-assignments-what-could-or-should-be-done-about-it/Google Scholar
Nguyen, C. M. & Choung, J. Y. (2020) Scientific knowledge production in China: A comparative analysis. Scientometrics, 124, 1279–1303.Google Scholar
Nixon, J. (2020). Disorderly identities: University rankings and the re-ordering of the academic mind. In Rider, S. et al. (Eds.). World Class Universities, A Contested Concept (pp. 11–24). Springer.Google Scholar
Noor, M. A. M. & Crossley, M. (2013). Educational innovation and the knowledge society: Development and issues of the clusters of excellence initiative in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 33(2), 156–169.Google Scholar
O’Boyle, L. (1983). Learning for its own sake: The German university as nineteenth-century model. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 25 (1), 3–25.Google Scholar
Ochsner, M., Kulczycki, E., Gedutis, A. & Peruginelli, G. (2020). 2.3 National research evaluation systems. In Ball, R. (Ed.). Handbook bibliometrics (pp. 99–106). De Gruyter Saur.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (2004). The quality of democracy: Why the rule of law matters. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 32–46.Google Scholar
OECD (2005). The measurement of scientific and technological activities: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data: Oslo manual, (3rd ed.). OECD.Google Scholar
Olsen, J. P. (2007). The institutional dynamics of the European university. In Maassen, P. & Olsen, J. P. (Eds.). University dynamics and European integration (pp. 25–54). Springer.Google Scholar
Onishi, N. & Meheut, C. (2021, 15 February). Heating Up Culture Wars, France to Scour Universities for Ideas That ‘Corrupt Society’ New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/world/europe/france-universities-culture-wars.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ortagus, J. C., Kelchen, R., Rosinger, K. & Voorhees, N. (2020). Performance-based funding in American higher education: A systematic synthesis of the intended and unintended consequences. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 42(4), 520–550.Google Scholar
Osaki, T. (2020, 15 October) Japan boosts checks on Chinese students amid fears of campus spying. Japan Times. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/10/15/national/crime-legal/japan-chinese-students-campus-espionage/Google Scholar
Owen, G. (2012). Industrial policy in Europe since the second world war: What has been learnt? (No. 1/2012). ECIPE occasional paper. https://ecipe.org/publications/industrial-policy-europe-second-world-war-what-has-been-learnt/Google Scholar
Pelinescu, E. (2015). The impact of human capital on economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22(1), 184–190.Google Scholar
Peters, S. J., Jordan, N. R., Adamek, M. & Alter, T. R. (Eds.). (2006). Engaging campus and community: The practice of public scholarship in the state and land-grant university system. Kettering Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in time: History, institutions, and social analysis. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pietsch, T. (2013). Out of Empire: The universities’ bureau and the congresses of the universities of the British Empire, 1913–1939. In Schreuder, D. M. (Ed.). Universities for a new world: Making a global network in international higher education, 1913–2013 (pp. 11–26). Sage.Google Scholar
Pinar, M. (2020). It is not all about performance: Importance of the funding formula in the allocation of performance-based research funding in England. Research Evaluation, 29(1), 100–119.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, R., Langa, P. V. & Pausits, A. (2015). One and two equals three? The third mission of higher education institutions. European Journal of Higher Education, 5(3), 233–249.Google Scholar
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2004). Public management reform: A comparative analysis. Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Power, M. (1997). The audit society: Rituals of verification. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rewerski, P. (2007). The need for a new US stem cell research policy: A comparative look at international stem cell research laws. Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 2, 415–431.Google Scholar
Rhodes, F. H. T. (2001). The creation of the future: The role of the American university. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rhodes, R. A., Binder, S. A. & Rockman, B. A. (Eds). (2008). The Oxford handbook of political institutions. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ringel, L., Brankovic, J. & Werron, T. (2020). The organizational engine of rankings: Connecting ‘new’ and ‘old’ institutionalism. Politics and Governance, 8(2), 36–47.Google Scholar
Ricci, D. M. (1984). The tragedy of political science: Politics, scholarship, and democracy. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ricci, P. & Civitillo, R. (2017). Accountability and third mission in Italian universities. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 9(3), 201–221.Google Scholar
Robertson, S. L. (2009). ‘Producing’ the global knowledge economy: The World Bank, the Knowledge Assessment Methodology and education. In Simons, M., Olssen, M. & Peters, M. (Eds.). Re-reading education policies: Studying the policy agenda of the 21st century (pp. 235–256). Brill Sense.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1993). Lesson-drawing in public policy: A guide to learning across time and space. Chatham House Publishers.Google Scholar
Rosli, A. & Rossi, F. (2016). Third-mission policy goals and incentives from performance-based funding: Are they aligned? Research Evaluation, 25(4), 427–441.Google Scholar
Rutherford, A. & Rabovsky, T. (2014). Evaluating impacts of performance funding policies on student outcomes in higher education. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 655(1), 185–208.Google Scholar
Rychnovská, D. (2020). Security meets science governance: The EU politics of dual-use research. In Calcara, A., Csernatoni, R. & Lavallée, C. (Eds.). Emerging Security Technologies and EU Governance (pp. 164–176). Routledge.Google Scholar
Sabatier, P. A. (1988). An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sciences, 21(2–3), 129–168.Google Scholar
Sabatier, P. A. (1998). The advocacy coalition framework: Revisions and relevance for Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 5(1), 98–130.Google Scholar
Sabatier, P. A. & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. (1993). Policy change and learning: An advocacy coalition approach. Westview Pr.Google Scholar
Salmi, J. (2009). The challenge of establishing world class universities. The World Bank.Google Scholar
Salmi, J. (2016). Excellence strategies and the creation of world-class universities. In Liu, N. C., Cheng, Y. & Wang, Q. (Eds.). Matching Visibility and Performance, (pp. 13–48). Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
Salop, S. C. & White, L. J. (1991). Policy watch: Antitrust goes to college. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(3), 193–202.Google Scholar
Sandström, C., Wennberg, K., Wallin, M. W. et al. (2018). Public policy for academic entrepreneurship initiatives: A review and critical discussion. Journal of Technology Transfer, 43, 1232–1256.Google Scholar
Saxenian, A. (2007). The new argonauts: Regional advantage in a global economy. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, V. (2019). The ‘Culture Wars’ reloaded: Trump, anti-political correctness and the right’s’ free speech’ hypocrisy. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 17(1), 69–119.Google Scholar
Schraer, R. & Butcher, B. (2018, 23 October). Universities: Is free speech under threat? BBC Reality Check. www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-45447938Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. (2006). The mission of the university: Medieval to postmodern transformations. The Journal of Higher Education, 77(1), 1–39.Google Scholar
Secundo, G., Perez, S. E., Martinaitis, Ž. & Leitner, K. H. (2017). An Intellectual Capital framework to measure universities’ third mission activities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 123, 229–239.Google Scholar
Seeber, M. (2017). The international campus of excellence initiative in Spain. In De Boer, H., File, J., Huisman, J., Seeber, M., Vukasovic, M. & Westerheijden, D. F. (Eds.). Policy analysis of structural reforms in higher education: Processes and outcomes. (pp. 183–201). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sellar, S. & Lingard, B. (2013). The OECD and global governance in education. Journal of Education Policy, 28(5), 710–725.Google Scholar
Seyfried, M., Ansmann, M. & Pohlenz, P. (2019). Institutional isomorphism, entrepreneurship and effectiveness: The adoption and implementation of quality management in teaching and learning in Germany. Tertiary Education and Management, 25(2), 115–129.Google Scholar
Shah, M., Bennett, A., & Southgate, E. (2015). Widening higher education participation: A global perspective. Chandos Publishing.Google Scholar
Shanahan, E. A., Jones, M. D. & McBeth, M. K. (2018). How to conduct a narrative policy framework study. The Social Science Journal, 55(3), 332–345.Google Scholar
Shanahan, E. A., Raile, E. D., French, K. A. & McEvoy, J. (2018). Bounded stories. Policy Studies Journal, 46(4), 922–948.Google Scholar
Shane, S. (2004). Academic entrepreneurship: University spinoffs and wealth creation. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Sim, W. (2020, 5 October). Japan to tighten checks on visa applications by Chinese students, researchers over espionage concerns: Report. The Straits Times. www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-to-tighten-checks-on-visa-applications-by-chinese-students-researchers-overGoogle Scholar
Simmons, B. A., Dobbin, F. & Garrett, G. (2006). Introduction: The international diffusion of liberalism. International Organization, 60(4), 781–810.Google Scholar
Sinclair, T. J. (2005). The new masters of capital: American bond rating agencies and the politics of creditworthiness. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Slaughter, S. & Leslie, L. L. (1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies, and the entrepreneurial university. John Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar
Slaughter, S. A. & Rhoades, G. (2004). Academic capitalism and the new economy: Markets, state, and higher education. John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Song, J., Chu, Z. & Xu, Y. (2021). Policy decoupling in strategic response to the double world-class project: evidence from elite universities in China. Higher Education, 82(2), 255–272.Google Scholar
Spaapen, J., Dijstelbloem, H. & Wamelink, F. (2007). Evaluating research in context. A method for comprehensive assessment, 2nd ed. COS The Hague.Google Scholar
Spooner, M. (2019, October). Performance–based funding in higher education. CAUT Education Review. www.caut.ca/sites/default/files/caut–education–review–performance–based_funding_in_higher_education.pdfGoogle Scholar
Spooner, M. (2021). COVID-19 Reveals the folly of performance-based funding for universities. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/covid-19-reveals-the-folly-of-performance-based-funding-for-universities-138575Google Scholar
Stack, M. (2016). Global university rankings and the Mediatization of higher education. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Staley, J. (2019). University of Chicago: A free speech experiment. Legacy, 19(1), 47–61.Google Scholar
Staton, B. Warrell, H. & Cameron-Chileshe, J. (2021, 20 February). UK academics struggle with stricter security on China, The FT. www.ft.com/content/ce587d32-1c1e-4f03-93bd-846379ed993dGoogle Scholar
Stewart, J. (2017, 15 September). A culture of innovation. UDaily. www.udel.edu/udaily/2017/september/engineering-iphone-fingerworks/Google Scholar
Stockman, F. &Mureithi, C. (2019, 9 July). Cheating, Inc.: How writing papers for American college students has become a lucrative profession overseas. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/07/us/college-cheating-papers.htmlGoogle Scholar
Stokes, D. E. (1997). Pasteur’s quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation. Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Stone, D. (2012). Policy paradox: The art of political decision making (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Strandburg, K. J. (2005). Curiosity-driven research and university technology transfer. In Libecap, G. D. (Ed.) University entrepreneurship and technology transfer: Process, design, and intellectual property. Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth, Vol 16 (pp. 93–122). Elsevier.Google Scholar
SQW (2019). Knowledge exchange funding: A review of novel evaluation methodologies. Research England. https://re.ukri.org/sector-guidance/publications/knowledge-exchange-funding-a-review-of-novel-evaluation-methodologies-report/Google Scholar
Sukoco, B. M., Mudzakkir, M. F., Ubaidi, A. et al. (2021). Stakeholder pressure to obtain world-class status among Indonesian universities. Higher Education, 82, 561–581.Google Scholar
Takeo, Y. & Urabe, E. (2021, 19 January). Japan to start $96 billion university fund by March 2022. Bloomberg. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-19/japan-to-start-96-billion-university-fund-by-march-2022Google Scholar
Teixeira, P., Rocha, V., Biscaia, R. &Cardoso, M. F. (2014).Policy changes, marketisation trends and spatial dispersion in European higher education: Comparing public and private sectors. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 7(2), 271–288.Google Scholar
Thelen, K. & Conran, J. (2016). Institutional change. In Fioretos, O., Falleti, T. G. & Sheingate, A. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of historical institutionalism (pp. 51–70). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. A., Nedeva, M., Tirado, M. M. & Jacob, M. (2020). Changing research on research evaluation: A critical literature review to revisit the agenda. Research Evaluation, 29(3), 275–288.Google Scholar
Thomas, E. & Pugh, R. (2020). From ‘entrepreneurial’ to ‘engaged’ universities: Social innovation for regional development in the Global South. Regional Studies, 54(12), 1631–1643.Google Scholar
Thursby, J. G. & Thursby, M. C. (2002). Who is selling the ivory tower? Sources of growth in university licensing. Management Science, 48, 90–104.Google Scholar
Tierney, , W. (2012). Regulating private for-profit higher education. International Higher Education, 69, 5–7.Google Scholar
Togoh, I. (2020, 10 September). China reacts as U.S. revokes visas of more than 1,000 ‘high-risk’ Chinese students. Forbes. www.forbes.com/sites/isabeltogoh/2020/09/10/china-reacts-as-us-revokes-visas-of-more-than-1000-high-risk-chinese-students/Google Scholar
Tollefson, J. (2018). China declared world’s largest producer of scientific articles. Nature, 553(7686), 390–391.Google Scholar
True, J. & Mintrom, M., (2001). Transnational networks and policy diffusion: The case of gender mainstreaming. International Studies Quarterly, 45(1), 27–57.Google Scholar
Universities Australia (2018, 26 October). There’s no place for political interference in Australian research funding. www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/media-item/theres-no-place-for-political-interference-in-australian-research-funding/Google Scholar
Uscinski, J. E. & Klofstad, C. A. (2013). Determinants of representatives’ votes on the flake amendment to end national science foundation funding of political science research. PS: Political Science & Politics, 46(3), 557–561.Google Scholar
Van der Steen, M. & Enders, J. (2008). Universities in evolutionary systems of innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 17 (4), 281–292.Google Scholar
Van Hulst, M. & Yanow, D. (2016). From policy ‘frames’ to ‘framing’ theorizing a more dynamic, political approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 46(1), 92–112.Google Scholar
Vorley, T. & Nelles, J. (2008). (Re) conceptualising the academy: Institutional development of and beyond the third mission. Higher Education Management and Policy, 20(3), 1–17.Google Scholar
Walker, J. L. (1969). The diffusion of innovations among the American states. American Political Science Review, 63(3), 880–899.Google Scholar
Walker, M. & Townley, C. (2012). Contract cheating: A new challenge for academic honesty? Journal of Academic Ethics, 10(1), 27–44.Google Scholar
Wang, L., Wang, X., Piro, F. N. & Philipsen, N. (2020). The effect of competitive public funding on scientific output. Research Evaluation, 29 (4), 418–429.Google Scholar
Warikoo, N. & Allen, U. (2020). A solution to multiple problems: The origins of affirmative action in higher education around the world. Studies in Higher Education, 45(12), 2398–2412.Google Scholar
Washburn, J. (2005). University Inc.: The corporate corruption of higher education. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Weible, C. M., Ingold, K., Nohrstedt, D., Henry, A. D. & Jenkins‐Smith, H. C. (2020). Sharpening advocacy coalitions. Policy Studies Journal, 48(4), 1054–1081.Google Scholar
Williams-Jones, B., Olivier, C. & Smith, E. (2014). Governing ‘dual-use’ research in Canada: A policy review. Science and Public Policy, 41(1), 76–93.Google Scholar
Wilsdon, J., Allen, L., Belfiore, E. et al. (2015). The metric tide: report of the independent review of the role of metrics in research assessment and management. Sage.Google Scholar
Wojciuk, A. (2018). Empires of knowledge in international relations: Education and science as sources of power for the state. Routledge.Google Scholar
Xavier, C. A. & Alsagoff, L. (2013). Constructing ‘world-class’ as ‘global’: A case study of the National University of Singapore. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 12(3), 225–238.Google Scholar
Xu, X. (2020). Performing under ‘the baton of administrative power’? Chinese academics’ responses to incentives for international publications. Research Evaluation, 29(1), 87–99.Google Scholar
Yonezawa, A., Hammond, C. D., Brotherhood, T., Kitamura, M. & Kitagawa, F. (2020). Evolutions in knowledge production policy and practice in Japan: A case study of an interdisciplinary research institute for disaster science. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(2), 230–244.Google Scholar
Zacharewicz, T., Lepori, B., Reale, E. & Jonkers, K. (2019). Performance-based research funding in EU Member States—a comparative assessment. Science and Public Policy, 46(1), 105–115.Google Scholar
Zapp, M. & Ramirez, F. O. (2019). Beyond internationalisation and isomorphism–the construction of a global higher education regime. Comparative Education, 55(4),473–493.Google Scholar
Zhou, P., Cai, X. & Lyu, X. (2020). An in-depth analysis of government funding and international collaboration in scientific research. Scientometrics, 125(2), 1331–1347.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.