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Reading Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 June 2021
Summary
This Element presents a concise and accessible view of the central arguments of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Starting from the difficulties found in historical and current debates, drawing on the background of Russell's philosophy, and grounded in the ladder structure expressed in the numbering system of the book, this Element presents the central arguments of the Tractatus in three lines of thought. The first concerns the role of the so-called 'ontology' and its relationship to the method of the Tractatus and its logical symbolism, which displays the formal essence of language and world. The second deals with the symbolic unity of language and its role in the 'ladder structure' and explains how and why the book is not self-defeating. The third elucidates Wittgenstein's claim to have solved in essentials all philosophical problems, whose very formulation, he says, rests on misunderstandings.
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- Online ISBN: 9781108887892Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 29 July 2021
References
References
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Conant, J. (2007) Mild Mono-Wittgensteinianism. In Crary, A., ed., Wittgenstein and the Moral Life: Essays in Honor of Cora Diamond. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 31–142.Google Scholar
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Diamond, C. (2004) Criss-Cross Philosophy. In Ammereller, E. and Fischer, E., eds., Wittgenstein at Work: Method in the “Philosophical Investigations.” London: Routledge, pp. 201–220.Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (2014) The Hardness of the Soft: Wittgenstein’s Early Thought about Skepticism. In Conant, J. and Kern, A., eds., Varieties of Skepticism: Essays after Kant, Wittgenstein, and Cavell. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 145–182.Google Scholar
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Engelmann, M. L. (2011) What Wittgenstein’s ‘Grammar’ Is Not (On Garver, Baker and Hacker, and Hacker on Wittgenstein on ‘Grammar’). Wittgenstein-Studien 2, 71–102.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2013) Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development: Phenomenology, Grammar, Method, and the Anthropological View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2016) The Faces of Necessity, Perspicuous Representation, and the Irreligious “Cult of the Useful”: The Spenglerian Background of the First Set of Remarks on Frazer. In Albinus, L. and Rothhaupt, J., eds., Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Frazer: The Text and the Matter. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 129–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2017) What Does a Phenomenological Language Do? (Revisiting “Some Remarks on Logical Form” in Its Context). In Silva, M., ed., Colours in Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 95–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2018a) What Does it Take to Climb the Ladder? (A Sideways Approach). Kriterion 59:140, pp. 591–613.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2018b) Instructions for Climbing the Ladder (The Minimalism of the Tractatus). Philosophical Investigations 41:4, pp. 446–470.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2018c) Phenomenology in Grammar: Explicitation-Verificationism, Arbitrariness, and the Vienna Circle. In Kuusela, O., Ometita, M., and Ucan, T., eds., Wittgenstein and Phenomenology. London: Routledge, pp. 22–46.Google Scholar
Engelmann, P. (1967) Letters from Ludwig Wittgenstein with a Memoir. Edited by McGuinness, B. and translated by L. Furtmuller. New York: Horizon Press.Google Scholar
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Goldfarb, W. (2002) Wittgenstein’s Understanding of Frege: The Pre-Tractarian Evidence. In Reck, E., ed., From Frege to Wittgenstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 185–200.Google Scholar
Grasshoff, G. (1997) Hertzian Objects in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. British Journal of the History of Philosophy 5:1, pp. 87–119.Google Scholar
Hacker, P. M. S. (1999) Naming, Thinking and Meaning in the Tractatus. Philosophical Investigations 22:2, pp. 119–135.Google Scholar
Hacker, P. M. S. (2000) Was He Trying to Whistle it? In Crary, A. and Read, R., eds., The New Wittgenstein. London: Routledge, pp. 353–88.Google Scholar
Hänsel, L. (2012) Begegnungen mit Wittgenstein – Ludwig Hänsels Tagebücher 1918–1919 und 1921–1922. Edited by Somavilla, I.. Wien: Haymon Verlag.Google Scholar
Hutto, D. (2006) Wittgenstein and the End of Philosophy: Neither Theory nor Therapy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hylton, P. (1992) Russell, Idealism, and the Emergence of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hylton, P. (2005) Logic in Russell’s Logicism. In Propositions, Functions, and Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 49–82.Google Scholar
Ishiguro, H. (1969) Use and Reference of Names. In Winch, P., ed., Studies in the Philosophy of Wittgenstein. London: Routledge, pp. 20–50.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (1974) For Self-Examination and Judge for Yourself. Translated by W. Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (1987) Either/Or, Part I. Translated by Hong, H. V. and Hong, E. H.. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (2009a) Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Crumbs. Translated by A. Hannay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
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Kuusela, O. (2011) The Dialectic of Interpretations: Reading the Tractatus. In Read, R. and Lavery, M. A., eds., Beyond the “Tractatus” War: The New Wittgenstein Debate. New York: Routledge, pp. 121–148.Google Scholar
Kuusela, O. (2019) Wittgenstein on Logic and the Method of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Landini, G. (2007) Wittgenstein’s Apprenticeship with Russell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lugg, A. (2013) Wittgenstein’s True Thoughts. Nordic Wittgenstein Review 2:1, pp. 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marion, M. (1998) Wittgenstein, Finitism, and the Foundations of Mathematics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
McGinn, M. (1999) Between Metaphysics and Nonsense: Elucidation in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Philosophical Quarterly 49:147, pp. 491–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuinness, B. (2002) Approaches to Wittgenstein (Collected Papers). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
McManus, D. (2010) The Enchantment of Words: Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus Logico-philosophicus.” Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (2000 [1903]) Principia Ethica. Edited by Baldwin, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (1922) The Conception of Intrinsic Value. In Philosophical Studies. New York: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Mounce, H. O. (1989) Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus”: An Introduction. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, Midway Reprint Edition.Google Scholar
Neurath, O. (1983 [1931a]) Physicalism. In Philosophical Papers 1913–1946. Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neurath, O. (1983 [1931b]) Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism. In Philosophical Papers 1913–1946. Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 58–90.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (2001) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Edited by Kelly, E.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, L. (1998) Wittgenstein’s Ladder: The Tractatus and Nonsense. Philosophical Investigations 21 2, pp. 97–151.Google Scholar
Ricketts, T. (1996) Pictures, Logic, and the Limits of Sense in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In Stern, D. and Sluga, H., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–99.Google Scholar
Ricketts, T. (2014) Analysis, Independence, Simplicity, and the General Propositional-Form. Philosophical Topics 42:2, pp. 263–288.Google Scholar
Russell, B., (1992 [1905]) On Denoting. In Logic and Knowledge. London: Routledge, pp. 39–56.Google Scholar
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Russell, B. (1999 [1913]) Theory of Knowledge (The 1913 Manuscript). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
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Russell, B. (1998b [1919]) Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
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Russell, B. (2002) The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914–1970. Edited by Griffin, N.. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Russell, B. and Whitehead, A. N. (1973 [1910]) Principia Mathematica (to *56). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, D. (2004) Wittgenstein’s “Philosophical Investigations”: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, P. (2004) What is the Tractatus About? In Koelbel, M. and Weiss, B., eds., Wittgenstein’s Lasting Significance. London: Routledge, pp. 28–41.Google Scholar
Tejedor, C. (2015) The Early Wittgenstein on Metaphysics, Natural Science, Language, and Value. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Anscombe, G. E. M. (1996 [1959]) An Introduction to Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus”. Bristol: Thoemmes Press.Google Scholar
Bazzocchi, L. (2015) A Better Appraisal of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Manuscript. Philosophical Investigations 38:4, pp. 333–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biletzki, A. (2003) (Over)Interpreting Wittgenstein. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Black, M. (1966) A Companion to Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus.” Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cahill, K. M. (2011) The Fate of Wonder: Wittgenstein’s Critique of Metaphysics and Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1959 [1934]) The Logical Syntax of Language. Translated by A. Smeathon. Paterson: Littlefield.Google Scholar
Conant, J. (1993) Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein and Nonsense. In Cohen, T., Guyer, P., and Putnam, H., eds., Pursuits or Reason: Essays in Honor of Stanley Cavell. Lubock, TX: Texas University Press, pp. 195–224.Google Scholar
Conant, J. (1995) Putting Two and Two Together: Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein and the Point of View for Their Works as Authors. In Tessin, T. and von der Ruhr, M., eds., Philosophy and the Grammar of Religious Belief. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 248–331.Google Scholar
Conant, J. (2000) Elucidation and Nonsense in Frege and Early Wittgenstein. In Crary, A. and Read, R., eds., The New Wittgenstein. London: Routledge, pp. 174–217.Google Scholar
Conant, J. (2005) What Ethics in the Tractatus is Not. In Philips, D. Z. and von der Ruhr, M., eds., Religion and Wittgenstein’s Legacy. London: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 39–95.Google Scholar
Conant, J. (2007) Mild Mono-Wittgensteinianism. In Crary, A., ed., Wittgenstein and the Moral Life: Essays in Honor of Cora Diamond. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 31–142.Google Scholar
Conant, J. and Bronzo, S. (2017) Resolute Readings of the Tractatus. In Glock, H.-J. and Hyman, J., eds., A Companion to Wittgenstein. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 175–194.Google Scholar
Conant, J. and Diamond, C. (2004) On Reading the Tractatus Resolutely: Reply to Meredith Williams and Peter Sullivan. In Koelbel, M. and Weiss, B., eds., Wittgenstein’s Lasting Significance. London: Routledge, pp. 42–97.Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (1996) The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy and the Mind. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (2000) Ethics, Imagination and the Method of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In Crary, A. and Read, R., eds., The New Wittgenstein. London: Routledge, pp. 149–173.Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (2004) Criss-Cross Philosophy. In Ammereller, E. and Fischer, E., eds., Wittgenstein at Work: Method in the “Philosophical Investigations.” London: Routledge, pp. 201–220.Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (2014) The Hardness of the Soft: Wittgenstein’s Early Thought about Skepticism. In Conant, J. and Kern, A., eds., Varieties of Skepticism: Essays after Kant, Wittgenstein, and Cavell. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 145–182.Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (2019) Reading Wittgenstein with Anscombe: Going on to Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2011) What Wittgenstein’s ‘Grammar’ Is Not (On Garver, Baker and Hacker, and Hacker on Wittgenstein on ‘Grammar’). Wittgenstein-Studien 2, 71–102.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2013) Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development: Phenomenology, Grammar, Method, and the Anthropological View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2016) The Faces of Necessity, Perspicuous Representation, and the Irreligious “Cult of the Useful”: The Spenglerian Background of the First Set of Remarks on Frazer. In Albinus, L. and Rothhaupt, J., eds., Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Frazer: The Text and the Matter. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 129–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2017) What Does a Phenomenological Language Do? (Revisiting “Some Remarks on Logical Form” in Its Context). In Silva, M., ed., Colours in Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 95–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2018a) What Does it Take to Climb the Ladder? (A Sideways Approach). Kriterion 59:140, pp. 591–613.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2018b) Instructions for Climbing the Ladder (The Minimalism of the Tractatus). Philosophical Investigations 41:4, pp. 446–470.Google Scholar
Engelmann, M. L. (2018c) Phenomenology in Grammar: Explicitation-Verificationism, Arbitrariness, and the Vienna Circle. In Kuusela, O., Ometita, M., and Ucan, T., eds., Wittgenstein and Phenomenology. London: Routledge, pp. 22–46.Google Scholar
Engelmann, P. (1967) Letters from Ludwig Wittgenstein with a Memoir. Edited by McGuinness, B. and translated by L. Furtmuller. New York: Horizon Press.Google Scholar
Floyd, J. (2001) Numbers and Ascriptions of Numbers in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In Floyd, J. and Shieh, S., eds., Future Pasts: The Analytic Tradition in Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 145–192.Google Scholar
Frege, G. (1962 [1903]) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Begriffsschriftlich Abgeleitet) II. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, W. (1997) Metaphysics and Nonsense: On Cora Diamond’s The Realistic Spirit. Journal of Philosophical Research 22, pp. 57–73.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, W. (2002) Wittgenstein’s Understanding of Frege: The Pre-Tractarian Evidence. In Reck, E., ed., From Frege to Wittgenstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 185–200.Google Scholar
Grasshoff, G. (1997) Hertzian Objects in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. British Journal of the History of Philosophy 5:1, pp. 87–119.Google Scholar
Hacker, P. M. S. (1999) Naming, Thinking and Meaning in the Tractatus. Philosophical Investigations 22:2, pp. 119–135.Google Scholar
Hacker, P. M. S. (2000) Was He Trying to Whistle it? In Crary, A. and Read, R., eds., The New Wittgenstein. London: Routledge, pp. 353–88.Google Scholar
Hänsel, L. (2012) Begegnungen mit Wittgenstein – Ludwig Hänsels Tagebücher 1918–1919 und 1921–1922. Edited by Somavilla, I.. Wien: Haymon Verlag.Google Scholar
Hutto, D. (2006) Wittgenstein and the End of Philosophy: Neither Theory nor Therapy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hylton, P. (1992) Russell, Idealism, and the Emergence of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hylton, P. (2005) Logic in Russell’s Logicism. In Propositions, Functions, and Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 49–82.Google Scholar
Ishiguro, H. (1969) Use and Reference of Names. In Winch, P., ed., Studies in the Philosophy of Wittgenstein. London: Routledge, pp. 20–50.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (1974) For Self-Examination and Judge for Yourself. Translated by W. Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (1987) Either/Or, Part I. Translated by Hong, H. V. and Hong, E. H.. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (2009a) Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Crumbs. Translated by A. Hannay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (2009b) The Point of View for My Work as an Author. Translated by H. V. Hong and E. H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kremer, M. (1997) Contextualism and Holism in Early Wittgenstein: From Prototractatus to Tractatus. Philosophical Topics 25:2, pp. 87–120.Google Scholar
Kuusela, O. (2011) The Dialectic of Interpretations: Reading the Tractatus. In Read, R. and Lavery, M. A., eds., Beyond the “Tractatus” War: The New Wittgenstein Debate. New York: Routledge, pp. 121–148.Google Scholar
Kuusela, O. (2019) Wittgenstein on Logic and the Method of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Landini, G. (2007) Wittgenstein’s Apprenticeship with Russell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lugg, A. (2013) Wittgenstein’s True Thoughts. Nordic Wittgenstein Review 2:1, pp. 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marion, M. (1998) Wittgenstein, Finitism, and the Foundations of Mathematics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
McGinn, M. (1999) Between Metaphysics and Nonsense: Elucidation in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Philosophical Quarterly 49:147, pp. 491–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuinness, B. (2002) Approaches to Wittgenstein (Collected Papers). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
McManus, D. (2010) The Enchantment of Words: Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus Logico-philosophicus.” Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (2000 [1903]) Principia Ethica. Edited by Baldwin, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (1922) The Conception of Intrinsic Value. In Philosophical Studies. New York: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Mounce, H. O. (1989) Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus”: An Introduction. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, Midway Reprint Edition.Google Scholar
Neurath, O. (1983 [1931a]) Physicalism. In Philosophical Papers 1913–1946. Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neurath, O. (1983 [1931b]) Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism. In Philosophical Papers 1913–1946. Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 58–90.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (2001) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Edited by Kelly, E.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, L. (1998) Wittgenstein’s Ladder: The Tractatus and Nonsense. Philosophical Investigations 21 2, pp. 97–151.Google Scholar
Ricketts, T. (1996) Pictures, Logic, and the Limits of Sense in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In Stern, D. and Sluga, H., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–99.Google Scholar
Ricketts, T. (2014) Analysis, Independence, Simplicity, and the General Propositional-Form. Philosophical Topics 42:2, pp. 263–288.Google Scholar
Russell, B., (1992 [1905]) On Denoting. In Logic and Knowledge. London: Routledge, pp. 39–56.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1997 [1912]) The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1999 [1913]) Theory of Knowledge (The 1913 Manuscript). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (2004 [1914b]) On Scientific Method in Philosophy. In Mysticism and Logic. New York: Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1998b [1919]) Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1968) The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1874–1914. New York: Bantan Books.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (2002) The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914–1970. Edited by Griffin, N.. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Russell, B. and Whitehead, A. N. (1973 [1910]) Principia Mathematica (to *56). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, D. (2004) Wittgenstein’s “Philosophical Investigations”: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, P. (2004) What is the Tractatus About? In Koelbel, M. and Weiss, B., eds., Wittgenstein’s Lasting Significance. London: Routledge, pp. 28–41.Google Scholar
Tejedor, C. (2015) The Early Wittgenstein on Metaphysics, Natural Science, Language, and Value. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
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