Element contents
Rethinking the Resource Curse
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 April 2021
Summary
This Element documents the diversity and dissensus of scholarship on the political resource curse, diagnoses its sources, and directs scholarly attention towards what the authors believe will be more fruitful avenues of future research. In the scholarship to date, there is substantial regional heterogeneity and substantial evidence denying the existence of a political resource curse. This dissensus is located in theory, measure, and research design, especially regarding measurement error and endogenous selection. The work then turns to strategies for reconnecting research on resource politics to the broader literature on democratic development. Finally, the results of the authors' own research is presented, showing that a set of historically contingent events in the Middle East and North Africa are at the root of what has been mistaken for a global political resource curse.
Keywords
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108776837Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 22 April 2021
References
Abadie, Alberto, Diamond, Alexis, and Hainmuller, Jens 2015. Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method. American Journal of Political Science 59, 2: 495–510.Google Scholar
Ahmadov, Anar. 2014. Oil, Democracy, and Context: A Meta-Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 47, 9: 1238–1267.Google Scholar
Alexeev, Michael, and Conrad, Robert. 2009. The Elusive Curse of Oil. The Review of Economics and Statistics 91, 3: 586–598.Google Scholar
Andersen, Jørgen, and Ross, Michael. 2014. The Big Oil Change: A Closer Look at the Haber-Menaldo Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 47, 7: 993–1021.Google Scholar
Andersen, Jørgen, and Aslaksen, Silje. 2013. Oil and Political Survival. Journal of Development Economics 100, 1: 89–106.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. 1987. The State in the Middle East and North Africa. Comparative Politics 20, 1: 1–18.Google Scholar
Anthonsen, Mette, Löfgren, Åsa, Nilsson, Klaus, and Westerlund, Joakim. 2012. Effects of Rent Dependency on Quality of Government. Economics of Governance 13: 145–168.Google Scholar
Arezki, Rabah, and Marcus, Brückner. 2011. Oil Rents, Corruption, and State Stability: Evidence from Panel Data Regressions. European Economic Review 55: 955–963.Google Scholar
Aslaksen, Silje. 2010. Oil and Democracy: More than a Cross-Country Correlation? Journal of Peace Research 47, 4: 421–31.Google Scholar
Beblawi, Hazem. 1987. The Rentier State in the Arab World. In Luciani, Giacomo ed. The Arab State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 85–98.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2000. Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries. World Politics 52/2:175–205.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy, and Yashar, Deborah. 2016. Parties, Movements, and the Making of Democracy. In Bermeo, Nancy and Yashar, Deborah, eds., Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1–27.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Persson, Torsten. 2010. State Capacity, Conflict, and Development. Econometrica 78, 1: 1–34.Google Scholar
Birdsall, Nancy, and Subramanian, Arvind. 2004. Saving Iraq from Its Oil. Foreign Policy 83 (July/August): 77–89.Google Scholar
Blackwell, Matthew, and Glynn, Adam 2018. How to Make Causal Inferences with Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data under Selection on Observables. American Political Science Review 112, 4: 1067–1082.Google Scholar
Blackwell, Matthew, Honaker, James, and King, Gary 2017. A Unified Approach to Measurement Error and Missing Data: Overview and Applications. Sociological Methods & Research 46, 3: 303–341.Google Scholar
Bodea, Cristina, Higashijima, Masaaki, and Singh, Raju Jan. 2016. Oil and Civil Conflict: Can Public Spending Have a Mitigation Effect? World Development 78 (February): 1–12.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2011. Democracy, Development, and the International System. American Political Science Review 105, 4: 809–828.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Stokes, Susan. 2003. Endogenous Democratization. World Politics 55: 517–549.Google Scholar
Boucoyannis, Deborah. 2015. No Taxation of Elites, No Representation: State Capacity and the Origins of Representation. Politics & Society 43, 3: 303–332.Google Scholar
Bove, Vincenzo, Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, and Sekeris, Petros G.. 2015. “Oil above Water”: Economic Interdependence and Third-Party Intervention. Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, 7: 1251–1277.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas, van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Sarah, and Kurtz, Marcus. 2016. Oil and Democracy: Endogenous Natural Resources and the Political “Resource Curse.” International Organization 70: 279–311.Google Scholar
Caselli, Francesco, Morelli, Massimo, and Rohner, Dominic. 2015. The Geography of Interstate Resource Wars. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, 1: 267–315.Google Scholar
Caselli, Francesco, and Tesei, Andrea. 2016. Resource Windfalls, Political Regimes, and Political Stability. Review of Economics and Statistics 98, 3: 573–590.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Traviss. 2019. The Long-Run Effects of Oil Wealth on Development: Evidence from Petroleum Geology. The Economic Journal 129: 2745–2778.Google Scholar
Cheibub, Jose. 1998. Political Regimes and the Extractive Capacity of Governments: Taxation in Democracies and Dictatorships. World Politics 50, 3: 349–376.Google Scholar
Colgan, Jeff. 2010. Oil and Revolutionary Governments: Fuel for International Conflict. International Organization 64, 4: 661–694.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins, and Collier, David. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, Jill. 1990. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cuaresma, Crespo, Oberhofer, Harald, and Raschky, Paul. 2011. Oil and the Duration of Dictatorships. Public Choice 148: 505–530.Google Scholar
Cust, James, and Mihalyi, David. 2017. Evidence for a Presource Curse? Oil Discoveries, Elevated Expectations, and Growth Disappointments. World Bank Policy Research Paper 8140. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Delacroix, Jacques. 1980. The Distributive State in the World System. Studies in Comparative International Development. Fall 1980: 3–21.Google Scholar
Dunning, Thad. 2010. Endogenous Oil Rents. Comparative Political Studies. 43, 3: 379–410.Google Scholar
Dunning, Thad. 2008. Crude Democracy: Natural Resource Wealth and Political Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elfs, David, Andersen, Erbo, and Krishnarajan, Suthan. 2019. Economic Crisis, Bureaucratic Quality, and Democratic Breakdown. Government and Opposition 54 (October): 715–44.Google Scholar
Elwert, Felix, and Winship, Christopher. 2014. Endogenous Selection Bias: The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable. Annual Review of Sociology 40: 31–53.Google Scholar
Fails, Matthew. 2020. Oil Income and the Personalization of Autocratic Politics. Political Science Research and Methods 8(4): 772–779.Google Scholar
Fairfield, Tasha, and Charman, Andrew 2017. Explicit Bayesian Analysis for Process Tracing: Guidelines, Opportunities, and Caveats. Political Analysis 25: 363–380.Google Scholar
Fish, M. Steven. 2005. Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fish, M. Steven, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2009. Failed Democratization. In Haerpfer, Christian W., Bernhagen, Patrick, Inglehart, Ronald F., and Welzel, Christian, eds., Democratization. Oxford University Press, 249–265.Google Scholar
Friedman, Thomas L. 2009. The First Law of Petropolitics. Foreign Policy (October 16): https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/16/the-first-law-of-petropolitics/.Google Scholar
Friedman, Thomas L. 2004. Cursed by Oil. The New York Times (May 9): www.nytimes.com/2004/05/09/opinion/cursed-by-oil.html.Google Scholar
Gardinier, David. 2000. France and Gabon Since 1993: The Reshaping of a Neo-Colonial Relationship. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 18, 2: 225–242.Google Scholar
Gary, Ian, and Karl, Terry Lynn. 2003. Bottom of the Barrel: Africa’s Oil Boom and the Poor. Washington, DC: Catholic Relief Services.Google Scholar
Gause, Gregory. 1994. Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States. Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. What Do We Know about Democratization After Twenty Years? Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–144.Google Scholar
Gengler, Justin. 2015. Group Conflict and Political Mobilization in Bahrain and the Arab Gulf: Rethinking the Rentier State. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Girod, Desha, Stewart, Megan, and Walters, Meir. 2018. Mass Protests and the Resource Curse: The Politics of Demobilization in Rentier Autocracies. Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, 5: 503–522.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Ellis, Wibbels, Erik, and Myukiyehe, Eric. 2008. Lessons from Strange Cases: Democracy, Development, and the Resource Curse in the United States. Comparative Political Studies 41, 4/5: 477–514.Google Scholar
Groh, Matthew, and Rothchild, Casey. 2012. Oil, Islam, Women, and Geography: A Comment on Ross (2008). Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7: 69–87.Google Scholar
Haber, Stephen. 2008. Authoritarian Government. In Wittman, Donald A. and Weingast, Barry R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 693–707.Google Scholar
Haber, Stephen, and Menaldo, Victor. 2011. Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? American Political Science Review 105, 1: 1–26.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 2012. Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule. American Political Science Review 106, 3: 495–516.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Adam, Sigman, Rachel, Meyer-Sahling, Jan Hinrik, Mikkelsen, Kim Sass, and Schuster, Christian. 2020. Oiling the Bureaucracy: Political Spending, Bureaucrats, and the Resource Curse. World Development 127: 1–19.Google Scholar
Heilbrunn, John. 2014. Oil, Democracy, and Development in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hendrix, Cullen. 2018. Cold War Geopolitics and the Making of the Oil Curse. Journal of Global Security Studies 3, 1: 2–22.Google Scholar
Hendrix, Cullen. 2017. Oil Prices and Interstate Conflict. Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, 6: 575–596.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 1999. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in Middle Eastern Monarchies. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 2005. No Representation Without Taxation? Rents, Development, and Democracy. Comparative Politics 37, 3: 297–316.Google Scholar
Hertog, Steffen. 2018. Challenges to the Saudi Distributional State in the Age of Austerity. In Al-Rasheed, Madawi, ed., Salman’s Legacy: The Dilemma of a New Era in Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 73–96.Google Scholar
Hertog, Steffen. 2010. Princes, Brokers, and Bureaucrats: Oil and the State in Saudi Arabia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Houle, Christian. 2019. A Two-Step Theory and Test of the Oil Curse: The Conditional Effect of Oil on Democratization. Democratization 25, 3: 404–421.Google Scholar
Imai, Kosuke, and Kim, In Song. 2019. When Should We Use Unit Fixed Effects Regression Models for Causal Inference with Longitudinal Data? American Journal of Political Science 63, 2: 467–490.Google Scholar
Jang, Hye Ryeon, and Smith, Benjamin. 2021. Pax Petrolica? Rethinking the Oil-Interstate Linkage. Forthcoming in Security Studies 30, 3.Google Scholar
Jensen, Nathan, and Wantchekon, Leonard. 2004. Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa. Comparative Political Studies 37, 7: 816–841.Google Scholar
Jones Luong, Pauline, and Weinthal, Erika. 2010. Oil Is Not a Curse. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jones Luong, Pauline, and Weinthal, Erika. 2001. Prelude to the Resource Curse: Explaining Oil and Gas Development Strategies in the Soviet Successor States and Beyond. Comparative Political Studies 34, 4: 367–399.Google Scholar
Karl, Terry L.. 1987. Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela. Comparative Politics 22, 1: 63–94.Google Scholar
Keele, Luke, Stevenson, Randolph, and Elwert, Felix. 2019. The Causal Interpretation of Estimated Associations in Regression Models. Political Science Research and Methods 8, 1: 1–13.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Ryan, and Tiede, Lydia. 2013. Economic Development Assumptions and the Elusive Curse of Oil. International Studies Quarterly 57: 761–771.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert, and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kiviet, Jan, Pleus, Milan, and Poldermans, Rutger. 2017. Accuracy and Efficiency of Various GMM Inference Techniques in Dynamic Micro Panel Data Models. Econometrics 5, 14: 1–54.Google Scholar
Krane, Jim. 2019. Energy Kingdoms: Oil and Political Survival in the Persian Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus, and Schrank, Andrew. 2007. Growth and Governance: Models, Measures, and Mechanisms. The Journal of Politics 69, 2: 538–554.Google Scholar
Lall, Ranjit. 2017. The Missing Dimension of the Political Resource Curse Debate. Comparative Political Studies 50, 10: 1291–1324.Google Scholar
Liou, Yu-Ming, and Musgrave, Paul. 2014. Refining the Resource Curse: Country-Level Evidence From Exogenous Variations in Resource Income. Comparative Political Studies 47, 11: 1584–1610.Google Scholar
Lowi, Miriam. 2009. Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics: Algeria Compared. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas, Viola, and Richter, Thomas. 2016. State Hydrocarbon Rents, Authoritarian Survival and the Onset of Democracy: Evidence from a New Dataset. Research and Politics: 1–9.Google Scholar
Luciani, Giacomo. 1987. Allocation vs. Production States: A Theoretical Framework. In Luciani, Giacomo, ed., The Arab State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 65–84.Google Scholar
Lust, Ellen. 2011. Missing the Third Wave: Islam, Institutions, and Democracy in the Middle East. Studies in Comparative International Development 46: 163–190.Google Scholar
Mahdavy, Hossein. 1970. The Patterns and Problems of Economic Development in Rentier States: The Case of Iran. In Cook, Michael A., ed., Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 428–467.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James. 2015. Process Tracing and Historical Explanation. Security Studies 24, 2: 200–218.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James. 2012. The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences. Sociological Methods and Research 41, 4: 570–597.Google Scholar
Mazzuca, Sebastian. 2013. The Rise of Rentier Populism. The Journal of Democracy. 24/2: 108–22.Google Scholar
Menaldo, Victor. 2015. The New Political Economy of Natural Resources in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 57, 1: 163–173.Google Scholar
Menaldo, Victor. 2012. The Middle East and North Africa’s Resilient Monarchs. The Journal of Politics 74, 3: 707–722.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Jacob, Nyhan, Brendan, and Torres, Michelle. 2018. How Conditioning on Posttreatment Variables Can Ruin Your Experiment and What to Do about It. American Journal of Political Science 62(3): 760–775.Google Scholar
Morrison, Kevin. 2009. Oil, Nontax Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Stability. International Organization 63, 1: 107–138.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies.Google Scholar
Paine, Jack. 2016. Rethinking the Conflict “Resource Curse”: How Oil Wealth Prevents Center-Seeking Civil Wars. International Organization 70, 4: 727–761.Google Scholar
Pearl, Judea. 2000. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pearl, Judea, and Mackenzie, Dana. 2018. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Tom. 2009. Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, and Limongi, Fernando. 1997. Modernization: Theories and Facts. World Politics 49, 2: 155–183.Google Scholar
Ramsay, Kristopher. 2011. Revisiting the Resource Curse: Natural Disasters, the Price of Oil, and Democracy. International Organization 65: 507–529.Google Scholar
Roodman, David. 2009. How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata. The Stata Journal 9, 1: 86-136.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2012. The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Shapes the Development of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2004. How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases. International Organization 58, 1: 35–67.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael, and Mahdavi, Paasha. 2015. Oil and Gas Data, 1932–2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZTPW0Y.Google Scholar
Seawright, Jason. 2016. Multi-Method Social Science: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Tools. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seeberg, Merete Bech. 2019. How State Capacity Helps Autocrats Win Elections. British Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123419000450.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1982. Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution. Theory and Society 11, 3: 265–283.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan, Smith, Benjamin, and Nair, Gautam. 2014. Economic Origins of Democratic Breakdown? The Redistributive Model and the Postcolonial State. Perspectives on Politics 12, 2: 353–374.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan, and Wong, Joseph. 2013. The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia. Perspectives on Politics 11, 3: 717–733.Google Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. 2017. Resource Wealth as Rent Leverage: Rethinking the oil-stability nexus. Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, 6: 597–617.Google Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. N.d. Blessing the Curse? Oil Wealth and Democratic Stability. Working paper, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. 2012. Oil and Political Power in Southeast Asia. In Looney, Robert, ed., Handbook of Oil Politics. New York: Routledge, 206–218.Google Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. 2007. Hard Times in the Lands of Plenty: Oil Politics in Iran and Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. 2004. Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999. American Journal of Political Science 48, 2: 232–246.Google Scholar
Soares de Oliveira, Ricardo. 2015. Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola Since the Civil War. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Solingen, Etel. 2007. Pax Asiatica versus Bella Levantina: The Foundations of War and Peace in East Asia and the Middle East. American Political Science Review 101, 4: 757–780.Google Scholar
Tessler, Mark. 2011. Public Opinion in the Middle East: Survey Research and the Political Orientation of Ordinary Citizens. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Timmons, Jeffrey. 2010. Taxation and Representation in Recent History. The Journal of Politics 72, 1: 191–208.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2007. What Have We Learned about the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Reviews of Political Science 10: 211–44.Google Scholar
Tsui, Kevin. 2011. More Oil, Less Democracy: Evidence from Worldwide Crude Oil Discoveries. The Economic Journal 121, 551: 89–115.Google Scholar
Ulfelder, Jay. 2007. Natural Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy. Comparative Political Studies 40, 8: 995–1018.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 1994. Neopatrimonialism and Democracy in Africa, with an Illustration from Cameroon. In Widman, Jennifer, ed., Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 129–157.Google Scholar
Vandewalle, Dirk. 1998. Libya Since Independence: Oil and State Building. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Vicente, Pedro. 2010. Does Oil Corrupt? Evidence from a natural experiment in West Africa. Journal of Development Economics 92, 1: 28–38.Google Scholar
Vitalis, Robert. 2009. America’s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Vitalis, Robert .1999. Review of Kiren Aziz Chaudhry. The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East. International Journal of Middle East Studies 31(4): 659–661.Google Scholar
Waldner, David. 2015. Process Tracing and Causal Inference. Security Studies 24, 2: 239–250.Google Scholar
Waldner, David. 2012. Process Tracing and Causal Mechanisms. In Kincaid, Harold, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Science. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waldner, David. 1999. State Building and Late Development. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Waldner, David, and Smith, Benjamin. 2020. Survivorship Bias in Comparative Politics: Endogenous Sovereignty and the Resource Curse. Perspectives on Politics. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720003497.Google Scholar
Wiens, David, Poast, Paul, and Clark, William. 2014. The Political Resource Curse: An Empirical Re-evaluation. Political Research Quarterly 67, 4: 783–794.Google Scholar
Wigley, Simon. 2018. Is There a Resource Curse for Private Liberties? International Studies Quarterly 62: 834–844.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin, and Czelusta, Jesse. 2007. Resource-Based Growth, Past and Present. In Lederman, Daniel, and Maloney, William F., eds., Natural Resources: Neither Curse nor Destiny. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph, Frantz, Erika, and Geddes, Barbara. 2015. Oil and Autocratic Regime Survival. British Journal of Political Science 45, 2: 287–306.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erika. 2017. How Oil Income and Missing Hydrocarbon Rents Data Influence Autocratic Survival: A Response to Lucas and Richter (2016). Research and Politics 4, 3: 1–6.Google Scholar
Yates, Douglas A. 1996. The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependence and Neo-Colonialism in the Republic of Gabon. Trenton/Amsara: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 37
- Cited by