Element contents
Undocumented Nationals
Between Statelessness and Citizenship
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 July 2019
Summary
Understood simply, people are either citizens of a country or stateless. Yet reality belies this dichotomy. Between absolute statelessness and full citizenship exist millions of people who are nationals of a country in principle but lack the identity documents to prove it, beginning with a birth certificate. Languishing in a gray zone, undocumented nationals have difficulty accessing the full services and rights that their documented counterparts enjoy. Drawing on a range of country examples, Undocumented Nationals: Between Statelessness and Citizenship calls attention to and analyzes the plight of people who cannot exercise full citizenship owing to evidentiary deficiencies. The existing literature has not adequately conceptualized and examined this in-between status, which results sometimes from state neglect and other times from intentional state discrimination. By highlighting its causes and consequences, and exploring ways to address the problem, this Cambridge Element addresses an important gap in the literature.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108568913Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 11 July 2019
References
Ahmed, A. (2015). Haitian workers facing deportation by Dominican neighbors. The New York Times. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/world/americas/migrant-workers-in-dominican-republic-most-of-them-haitian-face-deportation.html (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
American Jewish World Service (2016). Background: A Citizenship Crisis in the Dominican Republic, New York: American Jewish World Service. Available from: https://ajws.org/who-we-are/resources/background-citizenship-crisis-dominican-republic/ (accessed March 16, 2018).Google Scholar
Amnistía Internacional (2015). “Sin Papeles No Soy Nadie”: Personas Apátridas en al República Dominicana, Madrid: Amnistía Internacional.Google Scholar
Apland, K., Blitz, B. K., Hamilton, C., Lagaay, M., Lakshman, R., & Yarrow, E. (2014). Birth Registration and Children’s Rights: A Complex Story, Woking, UK: Plan International.Google Scholar
Arasindo & Partners (2012). Indonesian birth certifications. Available from: www.arasindo.com/index.php/pengadilan-indonesia/akta-kelahiran-indonesia (accessed October 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Bah, A. B. (2017). Seeking Democracy in Côte d’Ivoire: Overcoming Exclusionary Citizenship, Ottawa: Global Centre for Pluralism.Google Scholar
Balaton-Chrimes, S. (2014). Statelessness, identity cards and citizenship as status in the case of the Nubians of Kenya. Citizenship Studies, 18, 15–18.Google Scholar
Balaton-Chrimes, S. (2016). The Nubians of Kenya: Citizenship in the Gaps and Margins. In Hunter, E., ed., Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, pp. 149–178.Google Scholar
Baluarte, D. C. (2017). The risk of statelessness: reasserting a rule for the protection of the right to nationality. Yale Human Rights and Development Journal, 19(1), 47–94.Google Scholar
Barany, Z. (2002). The East European Gypsies: Regime Change, Marginality, and Ethnopolitics, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bhabha, J. (2017). The Politics of Evidence: Roma Citizenship Deficits in Europe. In Lawrance, B. N. & Stevens, J., eds., Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 43–59.Google Scholar
Bhatia, A., Ferreira, L. Z., Barros, A. J. D., & Victora, C. G. (2017). Who and where are the uncounted children? Inequalities in birth certificate coverage among children under five years in 94 countries using nationally representative household surveys. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(148), 1–11.Google Scholar
Blitz, B. K. (2009). Statelessness, Protection, and Equality, Forced Migration Policy Briefing 3, Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Refugee Studies Centre.Google Scholar
Blitz, B. K. & Lynch, M. eds. (2012). Statelessness and Citizenship: A Comparative Study on the Benefits of Nationality, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Bradley, P. M. (2017). The invisibles: The cruel Catch-22 of being poor with no ID. The Washington Post. Available from: www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/what-happens-to-people-who-cant-prove-who-they-are/2017/06/14/fc0aaca2-4215-11e7-adba-394ee67a7582_story.html?utm_term=.69780b028c0c (accessed September 5, 2017).Google Scholar
Breckenridge, K. & Szreter, S. eds. (2012). Registration and Recognition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan Center for Justice (2006). Citizens Without Proof, New York: NYU School of Law.Google Scholar
Burbidge, D. (2015). The Kenyan state’s fear of Somali identity. Accord. Available from: https://accord.org.za/conflict-trends/the-kenyan-states-fear-of-somali-identity/ (accessed October 31, 2018).Google Scholar
Buvinic, M. & Carey, E. (2019). Leaving No One Behind: CRVS, Gender and the SDGs, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.Google Scholar
Campos Ojeda, C. D., Benítez Almada, F. Y., & Rotela Zarate, C. G. (2014). Manual instructivo para Oficiales y postulantes, Asunción, Paraguay: Civil Registry of Paraguay in cooperation with GIZ (Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit).Google Scholar
Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) (2015). Informe sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en la República Dominicana, Washington, DC: CIDH.Google Scholar
Clapton, G. (2014). The birth certificate, “father unknown” and adoption. Adoption & Fostering, 38(3), 209–222.Google Scholar
Corbacho, A. & Rivas, R. O. (2012). Travelling the Distance, Working Paper, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Corbacho, A., Brito, S., & Rivas, R. O. (2013). Does Birth Under-registration Reduce Childhood Immunization?: Evidence from the Dominican Republic, Working Paper Series 448, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Diaz, J. & Fogel, B. (2019). Unidentified: How Kids Can Age Out of Texas Foster Care Without Documentation, Austin, TX: Texas Standard.Google Scholar
Dominicanos por Derechos, Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, & Center for Justice and International Law (2018). Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council at the 32nd Session of the Universal Periodic Review. Available from: https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=6225&file=EnglishTranslation (accessed February 13, 2019).Google Scholar
Duff, P., Kusumaningrum, S., & Stark, L. (2016). Barriers to birth registration in Indonesia. The Lancet Global Health, 4(4), 234–235.Google Scholar
Dunning, C., Gelb, A., & Raghavan, S. (2014). Birth Registration, Legal Identity, and the Post-2015 Agenda, Policy Paper 046, Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar
European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) (2017). Roma Belong: Statelessness, Discrimination and Marginalisation of Roma in the Western Balkans and Ukraine, Budapest: ERRC.Google Scholar
Fagernäs, S. (2014). Papers, please! The effect of birth registration on child labor and education in early 20th century USA. Explorations in Economic History, 52, 63–92.Google Scholar
Federación Internacional de Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (FIAP) (2011). Noncontributory Pension Programmes, Santiago: FIAP.Google Scholar
Fleck, G. & Rughinis, C. (2008). Come Closer: Inclusion and Exclusion of Roma in Present-Day Romanian Society, Bucharest: Human Dynamics.Google Scholar
Gelb, A. (2015). Labor pains: birth and civil registration in Indonesia. Center for Global Development. Available from: www.cgdev.org/blog/labor-pains-birth-and-civil-registration-indonesia (accessed December 4, 2017).Google Scholar
Gelb, A. & Metz, A. D. (2018). Identification Revolution: Can Digital ID Be Harnessed for Development?, Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar
Georgetown Law Human Rights Institute Fact-Finding Project (2013). Left Behind: How Stateless in the Dominican Republic Limits Children’s Access to Education, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Law Center.Google Scholar
Goodwin, L. & Maru, V. (2014). What Do We Know about Legal Empowerment: Mapping the Evidence, Working Paper, Washington, DC: Namati.Google Scholar
Granillo, A. (2014). Navajos born at home find it hard to get delayed birth certificates. Knau. Available from: www.knau.org/post/navajos-born-home-find-it-hard-get-delayed-birth-certificates (accessed September 24, 2018).Google Scholar
Haggard, S. & Kaufman, R. R. (2008). Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hammar, T. ed. (1985). European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harbitz, M. (2013). The Civil Registry: A Neglected Dimension of International Development, Technical Note, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Harbitz, M. & Tamargo, M. C. (2009). The Significance of Legal Identity in Situations of Poverty and Social Exclusion, Technical Note, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
HelpAge International (2011). Pension Watch: Challenges and Opportunities for Age Verification in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Briefing, London: HelpAge International.Google Scholar
Huber, E. & Stephens, J. D. (2012). Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2015). Somos Dominicanos, Somos Dominicanas: Privación arbitraria de la nacionalidad en la República Domincana, New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. (2019). Identity documents, welfare enhancement, and group empowerment in the Global South. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(3), 366–383.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. & Brill, R. (2016). “Documents, please:” advances in social protection and birth certification in the developing world. World Politics, 68(2), 191–228.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. & Sugiyama, N. B. (2018). Making the newest citizens: the quest for universal birth registration in contemporary Brazil. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(3), 397–412.Google Scholar
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2005). Dilcia Yean and Violeta Bosico v. Dominican Republic, Case No. 12.189.Google Scholar
International Human Rights Clinic (2015). Justice Derailed: The Uncertain Fate of Haitian Migrants and Dominicans of Haitian Descent in the Dominican Republic, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.Google Scholar
Keys, H. M., Kaiser, B. N., Foster, J. W., Freeman, M. C., Stephenson, R. A., Lund, A. J., & Kohrt, B. A. (2017). Cholera control and anti-Haitian stigma in the Dominican Republic: from migration policy to lived experience. Anthropology & Medicine, 23, 1–19.Google Scholar
Kurth, J. & Roelofs, T. (2017). Poor in Michigan with no ID. “I am somebody. I just can’t prove it.” Bridge. Available from: www.bridgemi.com/detroit-journalism-cooperative/poor-michigan-no-id-i-am-somebody-i-just-cant-prove-it (accessed January 23, 2018).Google Scholar
Landrum, S. (2015). From Family Bibles to Birth Certificates: Young People, Proof of Age, and American Political Cultures, 1820–1915. In Field, C. T. & Syrett, N. L., eds., Age In America: The Colonial Era to the Present, New York: New York University Press, pp. 124–147.Google Scholar
Lawrance, B. N. & Stephens, J. eds. (2017). Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthrights and Statelessness, Durham and London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Lubrano, A. (2014). For many Americans obtaining a birth certificate proves challenging. Face to Face. Available from: http://facetofacegermantown.org/news/many-americans-obtaining-birth-certificate-proves-challenging-alfred-lubrano-inquirer-staff-writer/ (accessed September 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Madrid, R.L. (2012). The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makoloo, M. O. (2005). Kenya: Minorities, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity, London: Minority Rights Group International.Google Scholar
Manby, B. (2017). “Legal Identity for All” and Childhood Statelessness. In The World’s Stateless Children, Oisterwijk, the Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers (WLP), pp. 313–326.Google Scholar
Maru, V. & Gauri, V. eds. (2018). Bringing Law to Life: Community Paralegals and the Pursuit of Justice, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McGuire, J. (2010). Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mercado Asencio, K. (2012). The under-registration of births in Mexico: consequences for children, adults, and migrants. Migration Policy Institute. Available from: www.migrationpolicy.org/article/under-registration-births-mexico-consequences-children-adults-and-migrants (accessed October 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Mercado Asencio, K. & Ortiz Reyes, O. I. (2014). El Derecho a la Identidad y la expedición de actas de nacimiento extemporáneas en los Estados de Oaxaca, Guerrero y Chiapas, México, Mexico City: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Mikkelsen, L., Lopez, A., & Phillips, D. (2015). Why birth and death registration really are “vital” statistics for development. United Nations Development Programme. Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/why-birth-and-death-registration-really-are-%E2%80%9Cvital%E2%80%9D-statistics-development (accessed September 24, 2018).Google Scholar
Muzzi, M. (2010). UNICEF Good Practices in Integrating Birth Registration into Health Systems (2000–2009), Working Paper, New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
Namati (2014). The Nubians of Kenya. Namati. Available from: https://namati.exposure.co/the-nubians-of-kenya (accessed January 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Namati (2015). Justice and identity in Kibera. Namati. Available from: https://namati.org/news/justice-identity-in-kibera/ (accessed January 12, 2018).Google Scholar
National Public Radio (NPR) (2018). For older voters, getting the right ID can be especially tough. NPR. Available from: www.npr.org/2018/09/07/644648955/for-older-voters-getting-the-right-id-can-be-especially-tough (accessed September 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Notimex (2015). Al menos dos millones de mexicanos en EU sin acta de nacimiento. NTR. Available from: http://ntrzacatecas.com/2015/04/21/al-menos-2-millones-de-mexicanos-en-eu-sin-acta-de-nacimiento/ (accessed October 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Nubian Rights Forum (NRF) (2018). Outcomes of the 2016 NRF Mobile Birth Registration and School Outreach Program, Nairobi: NRF.Google Scholar
Open Society Foundations (2010). Dominicans of Haitian Descent and the Compromised Right to Nationality, New York: Open Society Institute.Google Scholar
Open Society Justice Initiative (2011a). Nationality and Discrimination: The Case of Kenyan Nubians, Nairobi: Open Society Foundations. Available from: www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/kenyan-nubians-factsheet-20110412.pdf (accessed May 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Open Society Justice Initiative (2011b). Nubians in Kenya: Numbers and Voices, Nairobi: Open Society Foundations. Available from: www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/nubians-kenya-data-sheet-20110506_0.pdf (accessed May 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Open Society Justice Initiative, the Open Society Initiative for East Africa, Namati, and the Nubian Rights Forum. (2014). Briefing Paper: Implementation of Nubian Minors v. Kenya. Available from: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/litigation-implementation-briefing-nubian-children-20170606.pdf (accessed May 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Ordoñez Bustamente, D. (2007). El Subregistro de Nacimientos en Paraguay: Las consecuencias, Washington, DC: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.Google Scholar
Ordóñez Bustamente, D. & Bracamonte Bardález, P. (2006). El Registro de Nacimientos, New York: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE): Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (2005). Report on the Roma Civil Registration Information Campaign, Sarajevo: OSCE.Google Scholar
Pearce, K. (2017). Johns Hopkins volunteers help Baltimore ex-offenders acquire vital forms of ID. Hub. Available from: https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/13/identity-clinic-source/ (accessed January 29, 2019).Google Scholar
Pearson, S. J. (2015). Age ought to be a fact: the campaign against child labor and the rise of the birth certificate. Journal of American History, 101, 1144–1165.Google Scholar
Pero Ferreira, A. M. (2012). Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples Issues: Republic of Paraguay, Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.Google Scholar
Peters, B. G. & Mawson, A. (2016). Governance and Policy Coordination: The Case of Birth Registration in Peru, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Google Scholar
Plan International (2004). Situation Study and Basis for a Regional Programme for Supporting the Registration of the Birth of Children, Specialized Section (I): Dominican Republic, Woking, UK: Plan International.Google Scholar
Plan International (2012). Mother to Child: How Discrimination Prevents Women Registering the Birth of their Child, Woking, UK: Plan International.Google Scholar
Plan International (2016). Birth Registration for all in Indonesia: A Roadmap for Cooperation, Woking, UK: Plan International.Google Scholar
Plan International & Coram International (2015). Getting the Evidence: Asia Child Marriage Initiative, Woking, UK: Plan International.Google Scholar
Plan International & UNICEF (2010). Avances y desafíos para lograr el registro universal de nacimientos en los pueblos indígenas: Los casos de Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, y Panamá, Woking, UK, and New York: Plan International and UNICEF.Google Scholar
Platt, M. (2009). Not just a piece of paper. Inside Indonesia. Available from: www.insideindonesia.org/not-just-a-piece-of-paper (accessed October 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Price, P. J. (2013). Stateless in the United States: current reality and a future prediction. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 46(443), 444–514.Google Scholar
Price, P. J. (2017). Jus Soli and Statelessness: A Comparative Perspective from the Americas. In Lawrance, B. N. & Stevens, J., eds., Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 27–42.Google Scholar
Radiolab (2016). The girl who doesn’t exist. Radiolab. Available from: www.wnycstudios.org/story/invisible-girl (accessed March 7, 2017).Google Scholar
Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC) (n.d.). Gestión Intercultural en el Registro Civil Bilingüe El RENIEC al rescate de las lenguas originarias del Perú. RENIEC. Available from: www.reniec.gob.pe/portal/html/registro-civil-bilingue/html/principal-rcb.jsp (accessed September 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC) (2012). Plan Nacional Perú Contra la Indocumentación 2011–2015, Lima: RENIEC.Google Scholar
Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC) (2015). Sigue creciendo el Registro Civil Bilingüe del Perú: Castellano – Aimara. Revista Jilatxi, 4, 1–60.Google Scholar
Reuben, W. & Carbonari, F. (2017). Identification as a National Priority: The Unique Case of Peru, Working Paper 454, Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar
Reuben, W. & Cuenca, R. (2009). El estado de la indocumentación infantil en el Perú: Hallazgos y propuestas de politica, Lima: World Bank.Google Scholar
Rice, S. E. & Patrick, S. (2008). Index of state weakness in the developing world. Brookings. Available from: www.brookings.edu/research/index-of-state-weakness-in-the-developing-world/ (accessed September 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Roca Serrano, E. (2006). El Derecho a la Identidad en el Registro Civil de Bolivia, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: Editorial Pais.Google Scholar
Rosenwaike, I. & Hill, M. E. (1996). The accuracy of age reporting among elderly African Americans. Research on Aging, 18, 310–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, D. C. (2007). Medicaid Documentation Requirement Disproportionately Harms Non Hispanics, New State Data Show, Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.Google Scholar
Rozzi, E. (2011). Undocumented Migrant and Roma Children in Italy: Between Rights Protection and Control. In Bhabha, J., ed., Children without a State: a Global Human Rights Challenge, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 177–216.Google Scholar
Sadiq, K. (2008). Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Servin, Z. C. S. (2007). Situación del registro de nacimientos en el Paraguay, según diversas fuentes, Rome: Global Forum on Gender Statistics.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. (1950). Development of birth registration and birth statistics in the United States. Population Studies: A Journal of Demography, 4(1), 86–111.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. (2009). Mobilizing for Human Rights, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sing’oei, A. K. (2009). Promoting Citizenship in Kenya: The Nubian Case. In Blitz, B. K. & Lynch, M., eds., Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study, Geneva: Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and the International Observatory on Statelessness, pp. 38–50.Google Scholar
Stevens, J. (2017). Introduction. In Lawrance, B. N. & Stevens, J., eds., Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, N. B. (2011). The diffusion of conditional cash transfer programs in the Americas. Global Social Policy, 11(2/3), 250–278.Google Scholar
Sumner, C. (2015a). Indonesia’s Missing Millions: Erasing Discrimination in Birth Certification in Indonesia, Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar
Sumner, C. (2015b). Lessons from Indonesia’s Missing Millions. In Castan, M. & Gerber, P., eds., Proof of Birth, Sydney: Future Leaders, pp. 133–145.Google Scholar
UNHCR (2017a). This is our Home. Stateless Minorities and their Search for Citizenship, Geneva: UNHCR.Google Scholar
UNHCR (2017b). Ensuring Birth Registration for the Prevention of Statelessness, Good Practices Paper, Action 7, Geneva: UNHCR.Google Scholar
UNICEF (2016a). Birth Registration in Latin America and the Caribbean: Closing the Gaps, New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
UNICEF (2016b). Health Equity Report. Analysis of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health Inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to Inform Policymaking, Panama City: UNICEF Latin American and Caribbean Regional Office.Google Scholar
UNICEF Indonesia (2014). A legal identity for all. UNICEF. Available from: http://unicefindonesia.blogspot.com/2014/10/a-legal-identity-for-all.html (accessed October 12, 2018).Google Scholar
UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2007). Birth Registration and Armed Conflict, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Google Scholar
UNICEF Mexico & Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (n.d.). Derecho a la identidad: la cobertura de registro de nacimientos en México en 1999 y 2009, Mexico City: UNICEF Mexico.Google Scholar
United States Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2015). Country reports on human rights practices for 2015 – Dominican Republic. United States Department of State. Available from: www.state.gov/documents/organization/253221.pdf (accessed February 11, 2019).Google Scholar
Valdés, L. M. (2011). Conmemoración del 150 aniversario del Registro Civil. Fundamentos y Reflexiones. Archived in the Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM. Available from: https://archivos.juridicas.unam.mx/www/bjv/libros/7/3067/3.pdf (accessed October 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Vengoechea Barrios, J. (2017). Born in the Americas: The Promise and Practice of Nationality Laws in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia, New York: Open Society Foundations, Open Society Justice Initiative.Google Scholar
de Verneuil, M. (2016). Nationality: Romani; Citizenship: European, Statelessness Working Paper Series No 2016/03, Eindhoven, the Netherlands: Institute for Statelessness and Inclusion.Google Scholar
Vidal Fuertes, C., Martinez, S., Celhay, P., & Claros Gómez, S. (2015). Evaluación de Impacto, Programa de Salud Materno Infantil: Bono Juana Azurduy, La Paz, Bolivia: Undiad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicos.Google Scholar
Visión Mundial Bolivia (2008). Módulo Educativo: Construyendo Ciudadania, La Paz, Bolivia: Visión Mundial Bolivia.Google Scholar
Wong, J. (2015). Achieving universal health coverage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93, 663–664.Google Scholar
Wong, J., Skead, K., Marchese, A. et al. (2016). Reaching the hard to reach: a case study of birth registration in South Africa. Reach Project. Available from: https://issuu.com/reachproject/docs/south_africa_birth_registration (accessed September 27, 2018).Google Scholar
The World Bank (2017). 1.1 Billion ‘Invisible’ People without ID are Priority for new High Level Advisory Council on Identification for Development. Available from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/10/12/11-billion-invisible-people-without-id-are-priority-for-new-high-level-advisory-council-on-identification-for-development (accessed May 20, 2019).Google Scholar
World Vision International (2014). Uncounted and Unreached: The Unseen Children Who Could be Saved by Better Data, Federal Way, WA: World Vision International.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 26
- Cited by