Element contents
Series: Elements in Global Urban History
Urban Disasters
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 July 2023
Summary
This Element explores the history of urban disasters around the globe over the last three-hundred years. It introduces the reader to central concepts that help define the study of disasters, then moves on to explore the relationship between cities and disasters including earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, and epidemics. It asks, for example: How have cities responded in times of crisis, and what practices, infrastructures, and/or institutions have they introduced to prevent disasters from reoccurring? Who suffers most when urban disasters strike, and why? In what ways do catastrophes change cities? How, if at all, are cities unique from the countryside? To answer these questions and more, this concise history looks at a series of case studies from the eighteenth century through to COVID-19. The Element concludes with a brief look at the ongoing effects of climate change and the future of cities.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Global Urban HistoryOnline ISBN: 9781009004053Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 31 August 2023
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Acosta, Rolando J., Kishore, Nishant, Irizarry, Rafael A., and Buckee, Caroline O.. “Quantifying the Dynamics of Migration after Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.” PNAS 117, no. 51 (December 2020): 32772–8.Google Scholar
Altschuler, Sari. “The Gothic Origins of Global Health.” American Literature 89, no. 3 (September 2017): 557–90.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Lizette. “A Great Migration from Puerto Rico Is Set to Transform Orlando.” New York Times. November 17, 2017. www.nytimes.com/2017/11/17/us/puerto-ricans-orlando.html.Google Scholar
Amri, Ikhwan, and Giyarsih, Sri Rum. “Monitoring Urban Physical Growth in Tsunami-Affected Areas: A Case Study of Banda Aceh City, Indonesia.” GeoJournal (January 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10362-6.Google Scholar
Arnold, David. “Cholera and Colonialism in British India.” Past & Present 113, no. 1 (November 1986): 118–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, David. Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Aspinall, Edward. Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Aswathanarayana, U. “Overview and Integration of Part 4.” In The Indian Ocean Tsunami, edited by Murty, Tad S., Aswathanarayana, U., and Nirupama, Niru. London: CRC Press, 2007, pp. 405–8.Google Scholar
Azevedo, João, Serrano, Sandra, and Oliveira, Carlos S.. “The Next 1755: Myth and Reality. Priorities and Actions to Develop in Case of an Earthquake in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area.” In The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited, edited by Mendes-Victor, Luiz A., Oliveira, Carlos Sousa, Azevedo, João, and Ribeiro, António. New York: Springer, 2009, pp. 559–79.Google Scholar
Bachin, Robin F. Building the South Side: Urban Space and Civic Culture in Chicago, 1890–1919. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Bamji, Alexandra. “Health Passes, Print and Public Health in Early Modern Europe.” Social History of Medicine 32, No. 3 (August 2019): 441–64.Google Scholar
Barragán, Juan Manuel, and María de Andrés. “Analysis and Trends of the World’s Coastal Cities and Agglomerations.” Ocean & Coastal Management 114 (2015): 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batlan, Felice. “Gender and the Rise of the Welfare State in Fin-de-Siècle New York City: The Case of the Tenement Regulation.” In The Legal Tender of Gender: Law, Welfare, and the Regulation of Women’s Poverty, edited by Gavigan, Shelley A. M. and Chunn, Dorothy E.. Oxford: Hart, 2010, pp. 75–102.Google Scholar
Bavel, Bas van, Daniel R. Curtis, Jessica Dijkman et al. Disasters and History: The Vulnerability and Resilience of Past Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Bey, Lee. “How the Great Fire Changed Chicago Architecture.” Chicago Sun Times. October 8, 2021. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/10/8/22677929/how-great-chicago-fire-changed-chicago-architecture.Google Scholar
Birkmann, Joern. “Risk and Vulnerability Indicators at Different Scales: Applicability, Usefulness and Policy Implications.” Environmental Hazards 7 (2007): 20–31.Google Scholar
Bullard, Robert D. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. New York: Routledge, 2000.Google Scholar
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. “About C40.” C40 Cities. 2022. www.c40.org/about-c40.Google Scholar
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. “From Pilots to Scale: Lessons from Electric Bus Deployments in Santiago de Chile.” C40 Knowledge Hub. June 2020. www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/From-Pilots-to-Scale-Lessons-from-Electric-Bus-Deployments-in-Santiago-de-Chile?language=en_US.Google Scholar
Carey, Mathew. A Short Account of the Malignant Fever, Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia: With a Statement of the Proceedings That Took Place on the Subject in Different Parts of the United States. Philadelphia, PA: Printed by the author, 1793.Google Scholar
Carp, Benjamin L. “Fire of Liberty: Firefighters, Urban Voluntary Culture, and the Revolutionary Movement.” William and Mary Quarterly 58 (2001): 781–818.Google Scholar
Casselman, Ben. “Katrina Washed Away New Orleans’s Black Middle Class.” FiveThirtyEight. August 24, 2015. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/katrina-washed-away-new-orleanss-black-middle-class.Google Scholar
Cheng, Margaret Harris. “Health and Housing after the Indian Ocean Tsunami.” Lancet 369, no. 9579 (June 2007): 2066–8.Google Scholar
“CHEER UP,” Chicago Tribune. October 11, 1871. www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-great-chicago-fire-cheer-up-editorial-20210820-f2emncydkzg45arl4xx6ektrpe-story.html.Google Scholar
Chigudu, Simukai. The Political Life of an Epidemic: Cholera, Crisis and Citizenship in Zimbabwe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo M. Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Italy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo M. Public Health and the Medical Profession in the Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Cobb, Jelani. “Race and the Storm.” The New Yorker. August 16, 2015. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/24/race-and-the-storm.Google Scholar
Constable, Harriet. “How Do You Build a City for a Pandemic?” BBC Future. April 26, 2020. www.bbc.com/future/article/20200424-how-do-you-build-a-city-for-a-pandemic.Google Scholar
Courtney, Chris. The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Yangzi River Flood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Courtney, Chris. “Picturing Disaster: The 1931 Wuhan Flood.” China Dialogue. September 11, 2018. www.chinadialogue.net/culture/10811-Picturing-disaster-The-1931-Wuhan-flood/en.Google Scholar
Cox, Mark. “Cities and Suburbs Face Growing Wildfire Threat.” MSU Denver RED. January 25, 2022. https://red.msudenver.edu/2022/cities-and-suburbs-face-growing-wildfire-threat.Google Scholar
Cutter, W. Bowman, Griffin, Jenny, and Hunt, Laurel. “A Description and Analysis of Mediterranean Cities and Regions Planning for Climate Impacts.” Cities and the Environment 10, no. 2, article 7 (2018): 1–30. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol10/iss2/7.Google Scholar
Dan, Maria Bostenaru. “Timber Frame Historic Structures and the Local Seismic Culture: An Argumentation.” In Earthquake Hazard Impact and Urban Planning, edited by Dan, Maria Bostenaru, Armas, Iuliana, and Goretti, Agostino. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media, 2014, pp. 213–30.Google Scholar
“Disaster, n.” OED Online. March 2022. Oxford University Press. www-oed-com.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/view/Entry/53561?rskey=d33WhK&result=1.Google Scholar
Dubois, Laurent. Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Echenberg, Myron. Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Echenique, Martin, and Melgar, Luis, “Mapping Puerto Rico’s Hurricane Migration with Mobile Phone Data.” Bloomberg City Lab. May 11, 2018. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-11/where-puerto-rico-s-residents-migrated-since-maria.Google Scholar
Edwards, Jay D. “The Origins of Creole Architecture.” Winterthur Portfolio 29 (1994): 155–89.Google Scholar
Ermus, Cindy. The Great Plague Scare of 1720: Disaster and Diplomacy in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Ermus, Cindy. “Managing Disaster and Understanding Disease and the Environment in the Early Eighteenth Century.” In Disease and the Environment in the Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, edited by Jones, Lori. New York: Routledge, 2022, pp. 91–106.Google Scholar
Ermus, Cindy. “Spanish Foundations of the French Quarter: Rebuilding Colonial New Orleans in the Wake of Disaster.” In Port Cities of the Atlantic World: Sea-Facing Histories of the US South, edited by Steere-Williams, Jacob and Scott, Blake C.. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press 2023.Google Scholar
Ferré-Sadurní, Luis, and Hartocollis, Anemona. “Maria Strikes, and Puerto Rico Goes Dark.” New York Times. September 20, 2017. www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/us/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico-power.html.Google Scholar
Fleming, Phoebe. “Why Orlando’s Growth Rate Is the Second Fastest of the 30 Largest U.S. Cities.” Orlando Economic Partnership. January 1, 2021. https://news.orlando.org/blog/orlandos-fast-growth-in-a-category-all-its-own.Google Scholar
Flores, Antonio, and Krogstad, Jens Manuel. “Puerto Rico’s Population Declined Sharply after Hurricanes Maria and Irma.” Pew Research Center. July 26, 2019. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/26/puerto-rico-population-2018.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, Elizabeth, Friedman, Jed, Gillespie, Thomas et al. “Mental Health in Sumatra after the Tsunami.” American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 9 (2008): 1671–7.Google Scholar
Fraser, Simon. “Pakistan Floods Are ‘a Monsoon on Steroids,’ Warns UN chief.” BBC News. August 30, 2022. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62722117.Google Scholar
Graham, David A. “Trump’s Dubious Revisionist History of Hurricane Maria.” The Atlantic. September 12, 2018. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/09/trump-hurricane-maria-florence-revisionism/570070.Google Scholar
Green, Monica. “The Four Black Deaths.” American Historical Review 125, no. 5 (December 2020): 1601–31.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Reeve. “The Huddled Masses: Five Years after Hurricane Katrina, Louisiana Exiles Have Fundamentally Changed Houston, and Vice-Versa.” Texas Tribune. August 30, 2010. www.texastribune.org/2010/08/30/five-years-houstonians-conflicted-about-katrina.Google Scholar
Henderson, John. Florence under Siege: Surviving Plague in an Early Modern City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Hernández, Arelis R., Berman, Mark, and Wagner, John. “San Juan Mayor Slams Trump Administration Comments on Puerto Rico Hurricane Response.” Washington Post. September 30, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/09/29/san-juan-mayor-slams-trump-administration-comments-on-puerto-rico-hurricane-response.Google Scholar
Hewitt, Kenneth. Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. New York: Routledge, 1997.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Jennifer. “Two Sides of the Coin of Puerto Rican Migration: Depopulation in Puerto Rico and the Redefinition of the Diaspora.” CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies 30, no. 3 (Fall 2018): 230–53.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Jennifer, and Edwin, Meléndez. “Puerto Rican Exodus: One Year since Hurricane Maria.” CENTRO: The Center for Puerto Rican Studies. September 2018. https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/RB2018-05_SEPT2018%20%281%29.pdf.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Daniella, Hill, Kristina E., and Plane, Ellen. “Adapting to Sea Level Rise: Insights from a New Evaluation Framework of Physical Design Projects.” Coastal Management 49, no. 6 (2021): 636–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Andy. Katrina: A History, 1915–2015. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Andy, and Jacob, A. C. Remes. “Introduction: Introducing Critical Disaster Studies.” In Critical Disaster Studies, edited by Jacob, A. C. Remes and Horowitz, Andy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Hoyos, Joshua. “100 Days after Hurricane Maria, San Juan Mayor Thanks Americans, Slams Trump As ‘Disaster-in-Chief’.” ABC News. December 29, 2017. https://abcnews.go.com/US/100-days-hurricane-maria-san-juan-mayor-americans/story?id=52033032.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). “Sixth Assessment Report.” 2021. www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6.Google Scholar
Jasparro, Christopher, and Taylor, Jonathan. “Transnational Geopolitical Competition and Natural Disasters: Lessons from the Indian Ocean Tsunami.” In The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster, edited by Karan, Pradyumna P. and Subbiah, Shanmugam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011, pp. 283–99.Google Scholar
Juran, Luke. “Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004.” In Natural Hazards and Disasters: From Avalanches and Climate Change to Water Spouts and Wildfires, V. 2, edited by Paul, Bimal Kanti. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2020, pp. 197–201.Google Scholar
Kar, Nilamadhab, Krishnaraaj, Rameshraj, and Rameshraj, Kavitha. “Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes following the 2004 Asian Tsunami Disaster: A Comparative Study on Direct and Indirect Exposure.” Disaster Health 2, no. 1 (Jan.–Mar. 2014): 35–45.Google Scholar
Karan, Pradyumna P. “Introduction: When Nature Turns Savage.” In The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster, edited by Karan, Pradyumna P. and Subbiah, Shanmugam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011, pp. 1–31.Google Scholar
Kelman, Ilan. Disaster by Choice: How Our Actions Turn Natural Hazards into Catastrophes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Kelman, Ilan. “Natural Disasters Do Not Exist (Natural Hazards Do Not Exist Either).” July 9, 2010, pp. 1–5. www.ilankelman.org/miscellany/NaturalDisasters.doc.Google Scholar
Kerr, Derek N. Petty Felony, Slave Defiance, and Frontier Villainy: Crime and Criminal Justice in Spanish Louisiana, 1770–1803. New York: Garland, 1993.Google Scholar
Klein, Naomi. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Picador, 2007.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. Facing Gaia: Eight Lectures on the New Climatic Regime. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, Antony. Disaster Capitalism: Making a Killing out of Catastrophe. London: Verso, 2015.Google Scholar
Marks, Peter. “‘Chicago Shall Rise Again’: Rebuilding a Better City after the Blaze.” WTTW. October 2020. https://interactive.wttw.com/chicago-stories/chicago-fire/chicago-shall-rise-again-rebuilding-a-better-city-after-the-blaze.Google Scholar
McCaughey, Jamie W., Daly, Patrick, Mundir, Ibnu, Mahdi, Saiful, and Patt, Anthony. “Socio-economic Consequences of Post-disaster Reconstruction in Hazard-Exposed Areas.” Nature Sustainability 1 (2018): 38–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGranahan, Gordon, Balk, Deborah, and Anderson, Bridget. “Low Coastal Zone Settlements.” Tiempo 59 (April 2006): 23–6.Google Scholar
Meyer, Robinson. “What’s Happening with the Relief Effort in Puerto Rico?” The Atlantic. October 4, 2017. www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/10/what-happened-in-puerto-rico-a-timeline-of-hurricane-maria/541956.Google Scholar
Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University. “Ascertainment of the Estimated Excess Mortality from Hurricane María in Puerto Rico.” August 27, 2018. https://prstudy.publichealth.gwu.edu.Google Scholar
Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population d’Haïti (MSPP). “Rapport du Réseau National de Surveillance, Choléra.” January 2020. www.mspp.gouv.ht.Google Scholar
Modica, Marco, and Zoboli, Roberto. “Vulnerability, Resilience, Hazard, Risk, Damage, and Loss: A Socio-ecological Framework for Natural Disaster Analysis,” Web Ecology 16 (February 2016): 59–62.Google Scholar
Molesky, Mark. This Gulf of Fire: The Great Lisbon Earthquake, Or Apocalypse in the Age of Science and Reason. New York: Vintage Books, 2015.Google Scholar
Moreno, Carlos, Allam, Zaheer, Chabaud, Didier, Gall, Catherine, and Pratlong, Florent. “Introducing the ‘15-Minute City’: Sustainability, Resilience, and Place Identity in Future Post-pandemic Cities.” Smart Cities 4, no. 1 (2021): 93–111.Google Scholar
Service, National Ocean, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “What Is the Difference between a Hurricane and a Typhoon?” February 26, 2021. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html.Google Scholar
“November 1, 1721.” Daily Courant (London), issue 6250.Google Scholar
Nowakowski, Kelsey. “Charts Show How Hurricane Katrina Changed New Orleans.” National Geographic. August 29, 2015. www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/150828-data-points-how-hurricane-katrina-changed-new-orleans.Google Scholar
Okazaki, Kenji, Pribadi, Krishna S., and Kusumastuti, Dyah. “Learning on the Safety Issues of Reconstructed Houses from the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia.” In Recovery from the Indian Ocean Tsunami: A Ten-Year Journey, edited by Shaw, Rajib. London: Springer, 2015, pp. 241–57.Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, Anthony. “Haiti’s 500-Year Earthquake.” In Tectonic Shifts: Haiti since the Earthquake, edited by Schuller, Mark and Morales, Pablo. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2012, pp. 18–23.Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, Anthony. “Introduction: Disaster Context and Causation: An Overview of Changing Perspectives in Disaster Research.” In Natural Disasters and Cultural Responses, edited by Oliver-Smith, Anthony. Williamsburg, VA: Department of Anthropology – College of William and Mary, 1986, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Oreskes, Naomi, and Conway, Erik M.. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010.Google Scholar
Oven, Katie, and Bankoff, Greg. “The Neglected Country(side): Earthquake Risk Perceptions and Disaster Risk Reduction in Post-Soviet Rural Kazakhstan.” Journal of Rural Studies 80 (2020): 171–84.Google Scholar
Patterson, Thom. “Katrina Evacuees Shift Houston’s Identity.” CNN. August 12, 2011. www.cnn.com/2011/US/08/12/katrina.houston/index.html.Google Scholar
Paul, Bimal Kanti. “Valdivia Earthquake, Chile, 1960.” In Natural Hazards and Disasters: From Avalanches and Climate Change to Water Spouts and Wildfires, V. 2, edited by Paul, Bimal Kanti. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2020, pp. 309–12.Google Scholar
Payton, Claire Antone. “Concrete Kleptocracy and Haiti’s Culture of Building: Toward a New Temporality of Disaster.” In Critical Disaster Studies, edited by Jacob, A. C. Remes and Andy Horowitz. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, pp. 71–84.Google Scholar
Pearce, Fred. “A Decade After Asian Tsunami, New Forests Protect the Coast.” Yale Environment 360. December 4, 2014. https://e360.yale.edu/features/a_decade_after_asian_tsunami_new_forests_protect_the_coast.Google Scholar
Penn, Richard, Wild, Stanley, Mascarenhas, Jorge, and Mascarennas, Jorge. “The Pombaline Quarter of Lisbon: An Eighteenth-Century Example of Prefabrication and Dimensional Co-ordination.” Construction History 11 (1995): 3–17.Google Scholar
Plyer, Allison. “Population Shifts across Metro New Orleans.” The Data Center. October 25, 2021. www.datacenterresearch.org/reports_analysis/population-shifts-across-metro-new-orleans.Google Scholar
Plyer, Allison. “What Census 2010 Reveals about Population and Housing in New Orleans and the Metro Area.” Greater New Orleans Community Data Center. March 17, 2011. https://gnocdc.s3.amazonaws.com/reports/GNOCDC_Census2010PopulationAndHousing.pdf.Google Scholar
Pyne, Stephen J. Fire: A Brief History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Pyne, Stephen J. Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Reiny, Samson. “NASA Study: First Direct Proof of Ozone Hole Recovery Due to Chemicals Ban.” NASA. January 4, 2018. www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-study-first-direct-proof-of-ozone-hole-recovery-due-to-chemicals-ban.Google Scholar
Remes, Jacob A. C., and Horowitz, Andy, editors. Critical Disaster Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima, and Craig, Russell. “Recovery amid Destruction: Manoel Da Maya and the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755.” Libraries & the Cultural Record 43, no. 4 (2008): 397–410.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Charles E. The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Rozario, Kevin. The Culture of Calamity: Disaster and the Making of Modern America. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Saatcioglu, M., Ghobarah, A., and Nistor, I.. “Performance of Structures Affected by the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami in Thailand and Indonesia.” In The Indian Ocean Tsunami, edited by Murty, Tad S., Aswathanarayana, U., and Nirupama, Niru. London: CRC Press, 2007, pp. 297–321.Google Scholar
Sawislak, Karen. Smoldering City: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871–1874. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Schreurs, Miranda A. “Improving Governance Structures for Natural Disaster Response: Lessons from the Indian Ocean Tsunami.” In The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster, edited by Karan, Pradyumna P. and Subbiah, Shanmugam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011, pp. 261–80.Google Scholar
Short, John Rennie, and Farmer, Abbey. “Cities and Climate Change.” Earth 2 (2021): 1038–45.Google Scholar
Sisson, Patrick. “Puerto Rican Exodus to Central Florida Begs Question: Where’s the Plan?” Curbed. December 19, 2017. https://archive.curbed.com/2017/12/19/16792936/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico-florida-orlando.Google Scholar
Smith, Carl. Chicago’s Great Fire: The Destruction and Resurrection of an Iconic American City. New York: Grove Atlantic, 2020.Google Scholar
Snowden, Frank M. Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
“Snowless Winters.” Saint Paul Daily Globe. January 17, 1890.Google Scholar
Social Welfare History Project, VCU Libraries. “Tenement House Reform.” Social Welfare History Project. 2018. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/poverty/tenement-house-reform.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Ted. Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Ted. “Afterword.” Environmental Disaster in the Gulf South: Two Centuries of Catastrophe, Risk, and Resilience, edited by Ermus, Cindy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018, pp. 184–94.Google Scholar
Stevens Crawshaw, Jane L. Plague Hospitals: Public Health for the City in Venice, Early Modern. New York: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Tomić, Zlata Blažina, and Vesna, Blažina. Expelling the Plague: The Health Office and the Implementation of Quarantine in Dubrovnik, 1377–1533. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Trouillot, Évelyne. “Eternity Lasted Less Than Sixty Seconds …” In Haitian Histories: New Perspectives, edited by Sepinwall, Alyssa Goldstein. New York: Routledge, 2013, pp. 312–16.Google Scholar
Umitsu, Masatomo. “The Tsunami Disaster on the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand.” In The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster, edited by Karan, Pradyumna P. and Subbiah, Shanmugam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011, pp. 35–50.Google Scholar
Nations, United. “Cities: A ‘Cause of and Solution to’ Climate Change.” UN News. September 18, 2019. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1046662.Google Scholar
Nations, United. “Climate and Weather-Related Disasters Surge Five-Fold over 50 Years, but Early Warnings Save Lives: WMO Report.” UN News. September 1, 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1098662.Google Scholar
Nations, United. “IPCC Report: ‘Code Red’ for Human Driven Global Heating, Warns UN Chief.” UN News. August 9, 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097362.Google Scholar
Nations, United. “The Ocean Conference Fact Sheet: People and Oceans.” UN Sustainable Development Goals. New York: 2017. www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Ocean-fact-sheet-package.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations, Department of Social and Economic Affairs, Population Division. The World’s Cities in 2018. New York: United Nations, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Environmental Programme. “The Montreal Protocol.” UN Environment. www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol.Google Scholar
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). “Build Back Better in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.” Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017. www.undrr.org/files/53213_bbb.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). “Terminology.” www.undrr.org/terminology.Google Scholar
United States Congress, House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere. The National Climate Program Act: Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-Fourth Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.Google Scholar
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Change Indicators: Sea Level.” EPA.gov. April 2021. www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-sea-level.Google Scholar
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Change Indicators: Wildfires.” EPA.gov. April 2021. www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires#ref4.Google Scholar
Valle, Ariana. “¡Puerto Rico Se Levanta! Hurricane Maria and Narratives of Struggle, Resilience, and Migration.” Natural Hazards Center Quick Response Grant Report Series, 279. Boulder: Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado Boulder, 2018. https://hazards.colorado.edu/quick-response-report/puerto-rico-se-levanta-hurricane-maria-and-narratives-of-struggle-resilience-and-migration. https://hazards.colorado.edu/quick-response-report/puerto-rico-se-levanta-hurricane-maria-and-narratives-of-struggle-resilience-and-migrationGoogle Scholar
Vazquez, Maegan. “San Juan Mayor Says the Trump Administration Killed Thousands through Neglect during Hurricane Maria.” CNN Politics. August 29, 2018. www.cnn.com/2018/08/29/politics/san-juan-mayor-carmen-yulin-cruz-death-toll-cnntv/index.html.Google Scholar
Versluis, Anna. “Haiti Earthquake, 2010.” In Natural Hazards and Disasters: From Avalanches and Climate Change to Water Spouts and Wildfires, V. 2, edited by Paul, Bimal Kanti. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2020, pp. 137–41.Google Scholar
Weber, Melissa. “Rural Areas May Suffer Disproportionately in Quakes.” Temblor (August 2020). http://doi.org/10.32858/temblor.113.Google Scholar
Wilson Jr., Samuel. The Vieux Carré, New Orleans: Its Plan, Its Growth, Its Architecture … New Orleans, LA: Bureau of Governmental Research, 1968.Google Scholar
Pei-Chin, Wu, Meng (Matt) Wei, and D’Hondt, Steven. “Subsidence in Coastal Cities throughout the World Observed by InSAR.” Geophysical Research Letters 49, no. 7 (April 2022): 1–11. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL098477.Google Scholar
Wyss, Max. “Rural Populations Suffer Most in Great Earthquakes.” Seismological Research Letters 89, no. 6 (2018): 1991–7.Google Scholar
This Element is free online from 27th October - 5th November
- 3
- Cited by