Alcohol dependence affects cerebral function in complex, still unsettled ways.

Thirty exclusively alcohol-dependent patients in various stages of withdrawal and 25 matched controls were examined for regional uptake of 99mTc-HMPAO in nine homologous regions of the cerebral cortex by single photon emission tomography (SPET). Image analysis reports regional uptake/uptake in homologous hemisphere.

Alcohol dependence is associated with diminished perfusion in the anterior, and middle frontal regions, and increased perfusion in the posterior temporal regions. Frontal hypoperfusion is related to alcohol withdrawal because it disappears with longer time between imaging, last intake and correlates with a composite index of cognitive impairment at the time. Temporal hyperperfusion persists for longer periods. Severe dependence correlates with both frontal, and temporal altered perfusion.

Alcohol withdrawal leads to redistribution of blood flow favouring the temporal, and more posterior regions of the cortex at the expense of frontal flow.

IL-6 plays the role as a physiological neuromodulator involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic and other neurotransmissions. The aim of the present association study was to examine the effect of the G/C -174 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene on disposition to alcoholism.

We investigated the relationship between the G/C -174 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and alcohol dependence in 281 alcoholics and 242 control subjects.

The significant difference in G allele frequency between alcoholic group (0.52) and control group (0.59) was found (P < 0.03).

To our knowledge, this is the first finding providing evidence for an association between alcoholism and the polymorphism of the IL-6 gene. The background of the relationship between the IL-6 gene and alcoholism is discussed.

Brain metastases from cervical carcinoma are rare. Accompanying symptoms depend on the location of the metastatic lesions. Penduncular hallucinosis is a vivid form of hallucination with clinical findings indicating a lesion of the upper midbrain. We hereby report a probable first case of peduncular hallucinosis associated with brain metastases from cervical cancer.

A 42-year-old woman had been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of cervix. On admission for her increasing pelvic pain, she had complex visual hallucinations comprising cartoon children, figurative people and a foggy room. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a lesion in the left mesencephalothalamic area.

Peduncular hallucinosis is well known for its vivid and life-like characteristics associated with a mesencephalic area lesion, and recognition of this may be useful of its diagnosis and differential diagnosis from confusion and other hallucinations.

Folate deficiency is common in patients with epilepsy and also occurs in patients with depression or cognitive deficits.

This study investigates whether low serum folate levels may contribute to depressive mood and difficulties in mental processing in patients with epilepsy treated with anti-epileptic drugs inducing the cytochrome P450.

We analysed the serum folate levels, the score in the Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the results of a bedside test in mental processing in 54 patients with epilepsy.

There was a significant negative correlation between the serum folate levels and the score in SDS and significant positive correlations between the score in SDS and the time needed to process an interference task or a letter-reading task.

Low serum folate levels may contribute to depressive mood and therefore to difficulties in mental processing. Further studies utilizing total plasma homocysteine as a sensitive measure of functional folate deficiency and more elaborate tests of mental processing are required to elucidate the impact of folate metabolism on depressive mood and cognitive function in patients with epilepsy.

It is controversial whether Borna disease virus (BDV) infects humans and causes psychiatric disorders.

The relationship between BDV infection and schizophrenia with deficit syndrome was investigated.

Using the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, 62 schizophrenic in-patients were selected from three psychiatric hospitals. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and analyzed using nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with primers to detect BDV p24 and p40.

BDV transcripts were not detected in samples from any of the 62 schizophrenic patients. These data do not support an etiologic association between BDV infection and the deficit form of schizophrenia.

The isoprenoid pathway was assessed in 15 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The pathway was also assessed in individuals with differing hemispheric dominance to assess whether hemispheric dominance has any correlation with these disease states.

The isoprenoid metabolites – digoxin, dolichol and ubiquinone – RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity, serum magnesium and tyrosine/tryptophan catabolic patterns were assessed. The free radical metabolism, glycoconjugate metabolism and RBC membrane composition were also assessed.

Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels were decreased while HMG-CoA reductase activity and serum digoxin levels were increased in CFS. There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites – nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid and serotonin – and decreased levels of tyrosine catabolites –dopamine, norepinephrine and morphine – in CFS. There was an increase in dolichol levels, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, glycolipids, total/individual glycosaminoglycans (GAG) fractions and lysosomal enzymes in CFS. Reduced levels of ubiquinone, reduced glutathione and free radical scavenging enzymes as well as increased lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide were noticed in CFS. The biochemical patterns in CFS correlated with those obtained in right hemispheric dominance.

The role of hypothalamic digoxin and neurotransmitter-induced immune activation, altered glycoconjugate metabolism and resultant defective viral antigen presentation, NMDA excitotoxicity and cognitive and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CFS is stressed. CFS occurs in individuals with right hemispheric dominance.

Sleep disturbances are one of the most common underdiagnosed and undertreated health problems among the adult population.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of sleeping problems and their relation to sociodemographic characteristics in the Polish population, based on the results of the National Health Interview Survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office in 1996.

A stratified sampling scheme, involving two steps, was used. Standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs and their 95% confidence intervals) were calculated. Assessment of sleep-related problems was based on six questions. A representative Polish sample (47 924 non-institutionalized, adult respondents) was interviewed.

Nearly one-fourth of Polish inhabitants suffered from insomnia. The percentage was significantly higher among women (28.1%) than among men (18.1%). The prevalence of insomnia increased with age and was highest in divorced respondents. Respondents of both sexes with higher educational levels suffered from insomnia less often than individuals with lower levels of education. The problem of insomnia applies in a similar degree to inhabitants of both rural and urban regions. About one-twentieth of inhabitants of Poland experienced recent sleep deterioration related to problems. It was associated positively with age, female gender and lower education. About 20% of the population get up not rested in the morning, women significantly more often than men, urban residents more often than rural ones.

Sleep-related problems are common and the results are comparable with those from other countries. The findings have important implications, such as the necessity of better education of the public community about the identification and possibilities of treatment of sleep disturbance.

Identification of candidate genes for schizophrenia may be more successful than genome screens as the latter have not found consistent linkages.

To assist in the gene search, a model of schizophrenia based on resistance to infectious diseases, rather than susceptibility, is proposed. The theory blends the geography of schizophrenia with the assumption that genes that cause schizophrenia likely evolved and persist from selection pressure. The theory includes the notion that schizophrenia enhances biological survival at the cost of psychological and social functioning.

To demonstrate the utility of using this model, the Medline literature was searched for resistance genes, mostly identified in mice.

Based on homologous locations in the human genome, these resistance genes are shown to be located in human chromosome regions linked significantly, in at least one genome screen, with schizophrenia or some physiologically related function or condition associated with schizophrenia.

The infectious disease resistance theory of schizophrenia is offered as a viable model for understanding the origins of schizophrenia. The theory also allows for the inclusion of persistent infections, seasonal variability and translational pathophysiology to contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.

This study examined the spectrum of subjective experiences which patients attribute to the use of antipsychotic medication.

We collected interview data and answers to structured questions based on a comprehensive checklist in 77 patients using various types of classical or atypical antipsychotic drugs.

The responses of the patients could be categorized into psychological and somatic domains. The psychological domain could be subdivided into emotional, cognitive and sociability domains. The somatic set could be subdivided into activation and physiological domains.

Our data reveal that the same effects may be experienced in either a positive or a negative way by different patients. We conclude that existing scales for measuring subjective effects of antipsychotic medication are incomplete.

The study assessed the biochemical differences between right hemispheric-dominant and left hemispheric-dominant individuals. The chemical hemispheric-dominance in various systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases was also studied.

The isoprenoid metabolites, digoxin, dolichol and ubiquinone, glycoconjugate metabolism, free radical metabolism and the RBC membrane composition, were studied in individuals with differing hemispheric-dominance. The digoxin levels and RBC membrane Na+-K+ATPase activity were also studied in systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases.

The results showed that right hemispheric-dominant individuals had elevated digoxin levels, increased free radical production and reduced scavenging, increased tryptophan catabolites and reduced tyrosine catabolites, increased glycoconjugate levels and increased cholesterol : phospholipid ratio of RBC membranes. Left hemispheric-dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. This patterns could be correlated with various systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases.

Right hemispheric-dominance represents a hyperdigoxinaemic state with membrane sodium–potassium ATPase inhibition. Left hemispheric-dominance represents the reverse pattern with hypodigoxinaemia and membrane sodium–potassium ATPase stimulation. Hemispheric-dominance could predispose to various systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases.