Online ordering is currently unavailable due to technical issues. We apologise for any delays responding to customers while we resolve this. For further updates please visit our website: https://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/technical-incident
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 July 2014
The study of the nineteenth century British Parliament cannot be limited to the institution itself, nor to the constitutional relations of its par ts. The great electoral reforms of the century increased the importance of the electorate in political decision-making. Coupled with these changes, the vast transformations of economy and society altered the very functions of Parliament. Thus nineteenth century parliamentary history requires an understanding of the whole political system, as well as the events within the House. Many of the recent works bearing on the history of Parliament reflect these facts. While good narrative history of parliamentary events continues to be needed and produced, the most innovative recent work raises different kinds of problems entirely and is not limited to affairs at Westminster. The newer types of work can be viewed as coming in two waves: first, a detailed analysis of political structure, utilizing traditional kinds of sources; and second, a proliferation of analytical approaches, using new sources and methods. Both waves are basically analytical, but they differ in questions asked and in routes to the answers.
The analysis of political structure has been inspired by the questions, if not the methods and interpretations, of Sir Lewis Namier. The best of many examples are still Norman Gash's Politics in the Age of Peel and H. J. Hanham's Elections and Party Management. The main questions asked in such works are: What was the real, as opposed to the theoretical, framework of politics? How were politics actually conducted outside the House of Commons? How did the various reform acts affect the functioning of the electoral system? These works stress, in Gash' terminology, the “medium” in which the ordinary politician operated. In each case, they seem to emphasize continuity rather than change, and the enduring power of bribery, corruption, and influence. They have added a great deal to what the narratives tell us about Victorian politics, especially in regard to the realities of constituency operations, the origins and workings of party machinery, the problems of party finance, and the cost of elections. Structural investigations of parties, like Conor Cruise O'Brien's Parnell and His Party and E. J. Feuchtwanger's Disraeli, Democracy and the Tory Party have given a new dimension to party history. Perhaps most important, the structural studies have established the crucial significance of local factors and the comparative inconsequence of national issues in most elections.
Paper read at the Conference on British Studies Sessions, American Convention, New York, December 1971.
1 Gash, Norman, Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830-1850 (London, 1953)Google Scholar. Hanham, H. J., Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (London, 1959)Google Scholar. Other examples: Gash, , “F. R. Bonham, Conservative ‘Political Secretary,’ 1832-1847,” English Historical Review, LXIII (October. 1948), 500–22Google Scholar. Hanham, , “The First Constituency Party?” Political Studies, IX, (1961), 188–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “British Party Finance, 1868-1880,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXVII (May, 1954), 69–90Google Scholar; “The Sale of Honours in Late Victorian England,” Victorian Studies, III (March, 1960), 277–89Google Scholar; “Political Patronage at the Treasury, 1870-1912,” Historical Journal, III (1960), 75–84Google Scholar. Gwyn, William B., Democracy and the Cost of Politics in Britain (London, 1962)Google Scholar. O'Leary, Cornelius, The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1868-1911 (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar. Smith, E. A., “The Election Agent in English Politics, 1734-1832,” English Historical Review, LXXXIV (January, 1969), 12–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Smith, R. W., “Political Organization and Canvassing: Yorkshire Elections before the Reform Bill,” American Historical Review, LXXIV (June, 1969), 1538–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Smith, E. A., “Bribery and Disfranchisement: Wallingford Elections, 1820-1832,” English Historical Review, LXXV (October, 1960), 618–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Ferguson, William, “The Reform Act (Scotland) of 1832: Intention and Effect,” Scottish Historical Review, XLV (April, 1966), 105–14Google Scholar. Patterson, A. Temple, “Electoral Corruption in Early Victorian Leicester,” History, XXXI (September, 1946), 113–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Thomas, J. A., “The System of Registration and the Development of Party Organization, 1832-1870,” History, XXXV (February and June, 1950), 81–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Vincent, John R., “The Effect of the Second Reform Act in Lancashire,” Historical Journal, XI (1968), 84–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Blewett, Neal, “The Franchise in the United Kingdom, 1885-1918,” Past and Present, No. 32 (December, 1965), 27–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Jones, Grace A., “Further Thoughts on the Franchise,” Past and Present, No. 34 (July, 1966). 134–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Whyte, J. H., “Landlord Influence at Elections in Ireland, 1760-1885,” English Historical Review, LXXX (October, 1965), 740–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Jupp, P. J., “Irish Parliamentary Elections and the Influence of the Catholic Vote, 1801-1820,” Historical Journal, X (1967), 183–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hurst, Michael. “Ireland and the Ballot Act of 1872,” Historical Journal, VIII (1965), 326–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Because of its high analytical content, perhaps Maurice Cowling, 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution (Cambridge, England, 1967)Google Scholar, should be included here.
2 O'Brien, Conor Cruise, Parnell and His Party, 1880-1890 (2d ed.; Oxford, 1964)Google Scholar. Feuchtwanger, E. J., Disraeli, Democracy and the Tory Party: Conservative Leadership and Organization after the Second Reform Bill (Oxford, 1968)Google Scholar. Other examples: Mitchell, L. G., Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782-1794 (Oxford, 1971)Google Scholar. Ginter, Donald E., ed., Whig Organization in the General Election of 1790 (Berkeley, 1967)Google Scholar. Gash, Norman, “Peel and the Party System,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., I (1951), 47–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics (Oxford, 1965)Google Scholar, Chaps. V and VI. Thompson, A. F., “Gladstone's Whips and the General Election of 1868,” English Historical Review, LXIII (April, 1948), 189–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Herrick, F. H., “The Origins of the National Liberal Federation,” Journal of Modern History XVII (June, 1945), 116–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Clark, G. S. R. Kitson, “Introduction,” in Shannon, R. T., Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation, 1876 (London, 1963)Google Scholar. McGill, Barry, “Francis Schnad-horst and Liberal Party Organization,” Journal of Modern History, XXXIV (March, 1962), 19–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Kellas, James G., “The Liberal Party in Scotland, 1876-1895,” Scottish Historical Review, XLIV (April, 1965), 1–16Google Scholar. Hurst, Michael, Joseph Chamberlain and West Midland Politics, 1886-1895 (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar. Fraser, Peter, “The Liberal Unionist Alliance: Chamberlain, Harrington, and the Conservatives, 1886-1904,” English Historical Review, LXXVII (January, 1962), 53–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Feuchtwanger, E. J., “The Conservative Party under the Impact of the Second Reform Act,” Victorian Studies, II (June, 1959), 289–304Google Scholar; “J. E. Gorst and the Central Organization of the Conservative Party, 1870-1882,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXII (November, 1959), 192–208Google Scholar. Urwin, Derek W., “The Development of the Conservative Party Organization in Scotland until 1912,” Scottish Historical Review, XLIV (October, 1965), 89–111Google Scholar. Robb, Janet H., The Primrose League (New York, 1942Google Scholar. Whyte, John H., “Daniel O'Connell and the Repeal Party,” Irish Historical Studies, XI (September, 1959), 297–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar; The Independent Irish Party, 1850-1859 (London, 1958)Google Scholar. Macintyre, Angus, The Liberator: Daniel O'Connell and the Irish Party, 1830-1847 (London, 1965)Google Scholar. Thornley, David, Isaac Butt and Home Rule (London, 1964)Google Scholar. Lyons, F. S. L., The Irish Parliamentary Party, 1890-1910 (London, 1951)Google Scholar. See also notes 4, 6, 11, 30, 31, 33, 34, and 35.
3 Perhaps it is unfair to criticize Gash and Hanham for not doing what they did not set out to do. In his Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, and Mr, Secretary Peel (Cambridge, Mass., 1961)Google Scholar, Gash deals with many of these topics. And Hanham says, in the preface to Elections and Party Management, that he is writing a volume on the politicians themselves and their pressure groups.
4 Mitchell, Austin, The Whigs in Opposition, 1815-1830 (Oxford, 1967)Google Scholar. Norman Gash has criticized Mitchell's views of the relative cohesiveness of parties in a review in the English Historical Review, LXXXIV (April, 1969), 407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5 Aydelotte, W. O., “Voting Patterns in the British House of Commons in the 1840's,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, V (January, 1963), 134–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Berrington, Hugh, “Partisanship and Dissidence in the Nineteenth Century House of Commons,” Parliamentary Affairs, XXI, (Autumn, 1968), 338–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar. T. W. Heyck and William Klecka, “British Radical M.P.'s, 1874-1895: New Evidence from Discriminant Analysis,” forth coming in The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. There is also an analysis of voting records in the Appendix to Conacher, J. B., The Aberdeen Coalition, 1852-1855 (Cambridge, England. 1968).Google Scholar
7 Ostrogorski, M., Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, Vol. I (New York, 1902).Google Scholar
8 Beales, Derek, “Parliamentary Parties and the ‘Independent’ Member, 1810-1860,” in Robson, Robert, ed., Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain (New York, 1967), 1–19Google Scholar. See also: Foord, A. S., “Whigs into Liberals,” Government and Opposition, Vol. 3 (Spring, 1968), 243–48 —CrossRefGoogle Scholar a review article of Mitchell's Whigs in Opposition. Robbins, Caroline, “‘Discordant Parties:’ A Study of the Acceptance of Party by Englishmen,” Political Science Quarterly, LXXIII (December, 1958), 505–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Aspinall, Arthur, “English Party Organization in the Early Nineteenth Century,” English Historical Review, XLI (July, 1926), 389–411CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Large, D., “The Decline of the ‘Party of the Crown’ and the Rise of Parties in the House of Lords, 1783-1837,” English Historical Review, LXXVIII (October, 1963), 669–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Close, David, “The Formation of a Two-Party Alignment in the House of Commons between 1832 and 1841,” English Historical Review, LXXXIV (April, 1969), 257–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Aydelotte, W. O., “Parties and Issues in Early Victorian England,” Journal of British Studies, V (May, 1966), 95–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar. There is, however, nothing as yet to match Jackson's, R. J. study of the years from 1945 to 1964: Rebels and Whips: An Analysis of Dissension, Discipline and Cohesion in British Political Parties (New York, 1968).Google Scholar
9 Beales, , “Parliamentary Parties and the ‘Independent’ Member,” pp.10, 11Google Scholar; Berrington, , “Partisanship and Dissidence in the Nineteenth Century House of Commons,” pp. 344–46.Google Scholar
10 See notes 18 and 19.
11 H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management, Chap. 7; Barry McGill, “Francis Schnadhorst and Liberal Party Organization,” passim; McKenzie, R. T., British Political Parties (London, 1953), Chaps. IV and VGoogle Scholar; E. J. Feuchtwanger, Disraeli, Democracy and the Tory Party.
12 Fraser, Peter, “The Growth of Ministerial Control in the Nineteenth-Century House of Commons,” English Historical Review, LXXV (July, 1960), 444–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cromwell, Valerie, “The Losing of the Initiative by the House of Commons, 1780-1914,” Transactions of The Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., XVIII (1968), 1–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also: Hughes, Edward, “The Changes in Parliamentary Procedure, 1880-1882,” in Pares, Richard and Taylor, A. J. P., eds., Essays Presented to Sir Lewis Namier (London, 1956), 289–319Google Scholar. Hanham, H. J., “Opposition Techniques in British Politics, 1867-1914,” Government and Oppposition, Vol. 2 (January, 1967), 35–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Thornley, David, “The Irish Home Rule Party and Parliamentary Obstruction, 1874-1887,” Irish Historical Studies, XII (March, 1960), 38–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Chester, D. N. and Bowring, Nona, Questions in Parliament (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar. Leys, Colin, “Petitioning in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” Political Studies, III (February, 1955), 45–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13 Mackintosh, John P., The British Cabinet (2d ed.; London, 1968).Google Scholar
14 Foord, A. S., “The Waning of ‘The Influence of the Crown,’” English Historical Review, LXII (October, 1947), 484–507CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Pares, Richard, King George III and the Politicians (Oxford, 1953)Google Scholar. This theme is explored brilliantly in Norman Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, Chap. 1.
15 Roberts, David, Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State (New Haven, 1960)Google Scholar. MacDonagh, Oliver, A Pattern of Government Growth, 180060: The Passenger Acts and their Enforcement (London. 1961)Google Scholar; “Delegated Legislation and Administrative Discretions in the 1850's: A Particular Study,” Victorian Studies, II (September, 1958), 29–44Google Scholar. Macleod, Roy, “The Akalai Acts Administration, 1863-84: The Emergence of the Civil Scientist,” Victorian Studies, IX (December, 1965), 85–112Google Scholar; “The Frustration of State Medicine, 1880-1899,” Medical History, XI (January, 1967), 15–40Google Scholar; “Social Policy and the ‘Floating Population’: The Administration of the Canal Boats Acts, 1877-1899,” Past and Present, No. 35 (December, 1966), 101–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
These works are a part of a larger controversy over the Victorian “revolution in government,” some aspects of which shed light on the changing function of Parliament: MacDonagh, Oliver, “The Nineteenth Century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal,” Historical Journal, I (1958), 52–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Parris, Henry, “The Nineteenth Century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal Reappraised,” Historical Journal, III (1960), 17–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hart, Jennifer, “Nineteenth Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History,” Past and Present, No. 31 (July, 1965), 39–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16 Heasman, D. J., “The Emergence and Evolution of the Office of Parliamentary Secretary,” Parliamentary Affairs, XXIII (Autumn, 1970), 345–65Google Scholar. Willson, F. M. G., “Routes of Entry of New Members of the British Cabinet, 1868-1958,” Political Studies, VII (October, 1959), 222–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Elton, G. R., “Studying the History of Parliament,” British Studies Monitor, II (Summer, 1971), 4–14.Google Scholar
18 Guttsman, W. L., The British Political Elite (London, 1963).Google Scholar
19 Woolley, S. F., “The Personnel of the Parliament of 1833,” English Historical Review, LIII (April, 1938), 240–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Aydelotte, W. O., “The House of Commons in the 1840's,” History, XXXIX (October, 1954), 249–62.Google Scholar
20 Thomas, J. A., The House of Commons, 1832-1901: A Study of Its Economic and Functional Character (Cardiff, 1939)Google Scholar. Also: Thomas, J. A., “The House of Commons, 1832-1867: A Functional Analysis,” Economica, V (1925), 49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21 For the political conflict between Anglicanism and Dissent, see: Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, Chaps. III and IV. Clark, G. Kitson, The Making of Victorian England (Cambridge, Mass., 1962)Google Scholar, Chaps. VI and VIII. R. T. Shannon, Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation. For other works bearing on collective biography see: Judd, G. P., Members of Parliament, 1734-1832 (New Haven, 1955)Google Scholar. W. O. Aydelotte, “The Business Interests of the Gentry in the Parliament of 1841-47,” Appendix to G. Kitson Clark. The Making of Victorian England. Hanham, H. J., “Some Neglected Sources of Biographical Information: County Biographical Dictionaries, 18901937,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXIV (May, 1961), 55–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Laski, H. J., “The Personnel of ihe English Cabinet, 1801-1924,” American Political Science Review, XXII (1928), 12–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Punnett, R. M., “The Parliamentary and Personal Backgrounds of British Prime Ministers, 1812-1963,” Quarterly Review, 302 (July, 1964), 254–66Google Scholar. Pumphrey, R. E., “The Introduction of Industrialists into the British Peerage: A Study in Adaptation of a Social Institution,” American Historical Review, LXV (October, 1959), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Francis, Wayne L., “The Role Concept in Legislatures: A Probability Model and A Note on Cognitive Structure,” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 27 (August, 1965), 567–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Moore, D. C., “The Other Face of Reform,” Victorian Studies, V (September, 1961), 7–34Google Scholar; “Concession or Cure: The Sociological Premises of the First Reform Act,” Historical Journal, IX (1966), 39–59.Google Scholar
23 For other attempts to relate sociological analysis of the M.P.'s to voting in the House, see: W. O. Aydelotte, “The House of Commons in the 1840's”; “The Country Gentlemen and the Repeal of the Corn Laws,” English Historical Review, LXXXII (January, 1967), 47–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Clark, G. Kitson, “The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Politics of the Forties,” The Economic History Review, 2d Ser., IV (1951), 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24 W. O. Aydelotte, “The Business Interests of the Gentry in the Parliament of 1841-47”; “The House of Commons in the 1840's”; “A Statistical Analysis of the Parliament of 1841: Some Problems of Method,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXVII (November, 1954), 156–89Google Scholar. In his article, “The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Politics of the Forties,” G. Kitson Clark studies the reverse of economic determinism — i. e., the influence of party politics upon economic thought and policy.
25 For reconsiderations of the influence of constituencies on their M.P.'s: Wahlke, John C., “Policy Demands and System Support: The Role of the Represented,” British Journal of Political Science, I (July, 1971), 271–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Aydelotte, W. O.. “Constituency Influence and the Parliament of the 1840's,” unpublished paper delivered to the Conference on British Studies, Chicago, October, 1971Google Scholar. For class ideology: Perkin, Harold, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (Toronto, 1969).Google Scholar
26 Vincent, J. R., Pollbooks: How Victorians Voted (Cambridge, England, 1967)Google Scholar. For a brief critique, see: Nossiter, T. J., “Recent Work on English Elections, 1832-1935,” Political Studies, XVIII (December, 1970), 525–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Vincent is more successful with “The Electoral Sociology of Rochdale,” The Economic History Review, 2d Ser., XVI (August, 1963), 76–90Google Scholar. Other good uses of pollbooks are in: Guttsman, W. L., “The General Election of 1859 in the Cities of Yorkshire,” International Review of Social History, II (1957), 231–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Drake, Michael, “The Mid-Victorian Voter,” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, I (Spring, 1971), 473–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27 Moore, D. C., “Social Structure, Political Structure, and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian England,” in Robson, Robert, ed., Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain, 20–57.Google Scholar
28 Tholfsen, Trygve, “The Transition to Democracy in Victorian England,” International Review of Social History, VI (1961), 226–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29 For other good sociological analyses, see: Briggs, Asa, “The Language of ‘Class’ in Early Nineteenth Century England,” in Briggs, Asa and Saville, John, eds., Essays on Labour History (London, 1960), 43–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Middle-Class Consciousness in English Politics, 1780-1846,” Past and Present, No. 9 (April, 1956), 65–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Jones, I. G., “The Election of 1868 in Merthyr Tydfil: A Study in the Politics of an Industrial Borough in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Modern History, XXXIII (September, 1961), 270–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also notes 36, 37, 38, and 39.
30 Cornford, James P., “The Parliamentary Foundations of the Hotel Cecil,” in Robson, Robert, ed., Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain, 268–311Google Scholar; “The Transformation of Conservatism in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Victorian Studies, VII (September, 1963), 35–66.Google Scholar
31 Vincent, John R., Formation of the Libeial Party, 1857-1868 (London, 1966).Google Scholar
32 Trygve Tholfsen, “The Transition to Democracy in Victorian England”; “The Origins of the Birmingham Caucus,” Historical Journal, II (1959), 161–84Google Scholar. Harrison, Royden, “The British Working Class and the General Election of 1868,” Parts I and II, International Review of Social History, V (1960), 424–55, and VI (1961), 74-109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33 Southgate, Donald, The Passing of the Whigs, 1832-1886 (New York, 1962).Google Scholar
34 Glaser, John F., “English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism,” American Historical Review, LXIII (January, 1958), 352–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35 Heyck, T. W., “British Radicals and Radicalism, 1874-1895: A Social Analysis,” in Bezucha, R. J., ed., Modern European Social History (Lexington, Mass., 1972), 28–58.Google Scholar
36 Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (London. 1963)Google Scholar. Rudé, George, The Crowd in History (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; Wilkes and Liberty (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar. Williams, Gwyn A., Artisans and Sans-Culottes (New York, 1969)Google Scholar. Also: Rudé, George, Hanoverian London, 1714-1808 (Berkeley, 1971), Chaps. 8 and 9Google Scholar. Rose, R. B., “Eighteenth-Century Price Riots and Public Policy in England,” International Review of Social History, VI (1961), 277–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37 Briggs, Asa, “The Background of the Parliamentary Reform Movement in Three English Cities (1830-2),” Cambridge Historical Journal, X (1952), 293–317CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Thomas Attwood and the Economic Background of the Birmingham Political Union,” Cambridge Historical Journal, IX (1948), 190–216Google Scholar. Rudé, George, “English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill, 1830-1831,” Past and Present, No. 37 (July, 1967), 87–102.Google Scholar
38 Briggs, Asa, ed., Chartist Studies (London, 1959)Google Scholar. Wilson, Alexander, The Chartist Movement in Scotland (Manchester, 1970).Google Scholar
39 See note 32. Also: Harrison, Royden, Before the Socialists (London. 1965).Google Scholar
40 Thompson, Paul, Socialists, Liberals and Labour: The Struggle for London, 1885-1914 (Toronto, 1967).Google Scholar
41 Pelling, Henry, The Origins of the Labour Party, 1880-1900 (Oxford. 1965)Google Scholar; Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (New York. 1968).Google Scholar
42 A point emphasized by Epstein, Leon D., “British Class Consciousness and the Labour Party,” Journal of British Studies, I (May, 1962), 136–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43 McCallum, R. B., “The Study of Psephology,” Parliamentary Affairs, VIII (Autumn, 1955), 508–13Google Scholar. The latest example is Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael, The British General Election of 1970 (London, 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44 Lloyd, Trevor, The General Election of 1880 (London, 1968).Google Scholar
45 Some of these criticisms are made by Nossiter, T. J. in “Recent Work on English Elections,” 525–26.Google Scholar
46 Other psephological studies: Lloyd, Trevor, “Uncontested Seats in British General Elections, 1852-1910,” Historical Journal, VIII (1965), 260–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Dunbabin, J. P. D., “Parliamentary Elections in Great Britain, 1868-1900: A Psephological Note,” English Historical Review, LXXXI (January, 1966), 82–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Sanderson, G. M., “Swing of the Pendulum in British General Elections, 1832-1966,” Political Studies, XIV (October, 1966), 349–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47 Kinnear, Michael, The British Voter: An Atlas and Survey Since 1885 (London, 1968)Google Scholar. Pelling, Henry, Social Geography of British Elections, 1885-1910 (New York, 1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Morgan, Kenneth O., Wales in British Politics, 1868-1922 (Cardiff, 1963)Google Scholar, might also be included in this category. Others: Morgan, Kenneth O., “Cardiganshire Politics: The Liberal Ascendancy, 1885-1923,” Ceredigion, V (1964–1967)Google Scholar. Jones, I. G., “Cardiganshire Politics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Ceredigion, V (1964–1967)Google Scholar. McCord, Norman and Carrick, A. E., “Northumberland and the General Election of 1852,” Northern History, I (1966), 92–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Howarth, Janet, “The Liberal Revival in Northamptonshire, 1880-1895: A Case Study in Late-Nineteenth Century Elections,” Historical Journal, XII (1969), 78–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48 This statement is true even though comparative politics is a flourishing field. The best examples of comparative parliamentary and political studies bearing on the nineteenth century are: Williams, Gwyn A., Artisans and Sans-Culottes (New York, 1969)Google Scholar. Kelley, Robert, The Transatlantic Persuasion (New York, 1969)Google Scholar. Lipset, Seymour M., “Value Patterns, Class and the Democratic Polity: the United States and Great Britain,” in Lipset, Seymour M. and Bendix, Reinhard, eds., Class, Status and Power (2d ed.; New York, 1966), 161–171Google Scholar. Lipset, Seymour M. and Rokkan, Stein, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives (New York, 1967)Google Scholar, especially Chaps. 1 and 3. Almond, Gabriel A. and Powell, G. Bingham, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, 1966).Google Scholar
