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The "Peasant Wars" in Soviet Historiography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2019

Leo Yaresh
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Extract

Peasant uprisings directed against the landowners and the state have always been a matter of interest to Marxists. This interest can be traced back from Stalin to Lenin, who attached special significance to the historic role of the peasantry, and further back to Engels, who published a separate study of the peasant war in Germany. In many respects this work of Engels became a model of research for Marxist scholars, who for a long time imitated it and frequently repeated its conclusions word for word. This applied both to his discussion of the causes of a "peasant war" and to his explanation of its failure.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Slavic and East European Review , Volume 16 , Issue 3 , October 1957 , pp. 241 - 259
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 1957

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Footnotes

*

This paper was prepared with the assistance of a grant from the Research Program on the USSR.

References

1 Engels, Friedrich, The Peasant War in Germany (New York, 1926)Google Scholar.

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3 Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, Arkhiv Marksa i Engelsa, X (Moscow, 1948), 356.

4 Quoted in D. Rjazanov's introduction to Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, p. 7.

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10 Ibid., III, 161.

11 The sharp but petty criticism of Pokrovskij by later Soviet historians is reflected in M. Nechkina, “Krest'janskie vosstanija Razina i Pugachëva v kontsepcii M. N. Pokrovskogo,” Protiv istoricheskoj kontsepcii M. N. Pokrovskogo, I (Moscow, 1939), 244-75.

12 M. N. Pokrovskij, “K voprosu o Pugachevshchine,” Istorik-Marksist, XXIII-XXIV (1932), 75; see also Pokrovskij's preface to the symposium Pugachëvshchina, ed. by S. G. Tomsinskij and others, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 3-13.

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19 Loc. cit., p. 118; the same view was expressed by V. Viktorov in his preface to the collection of documents Krest’anskie dvizfrenija XVII-XVIII v. v. (Moscow, 1926), p. 6.

20 See especially Tomsinskij, S. G., “O kharaktere Pugachevshchiny,” Istorik-Marksist, VI (1927), 48–78 Google Scholar; and also, by the same author, “Rol' rabochikh v Pugachëvskom vosstanii,” Krasnaja nov', No. 2 (1925), 170-91; Krest'janskoe dvizhenie v feodal'no-krepostnoj Rossii (Moscow, 1932); Ocherki istorii feodal'no-krepostnoj Rossii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1934) Part I; Kresi’ janskie vojny v epokhu obrazovanija imperii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1934); “Krest'- janstvo v kolonijakh Moskovskogo gosudarstva nakanune vosstanija Razina,” Kreposntaja Rossija (Leningrad, 1930), pp. 97-124; and “K metodologii istorii krest'janskikh dvizhenij v dokapitalisticheskuju epokhu,” Pod znamenem Marksiyna, No. 6 (June, 1930), 134-51.

21 Piontkovskij, loc. cit., pp. 109-13.

22 Tikhomirov, B., Razinshchina (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), p. 13 Google Scholar; on the Razin uprising see also Firsov, N., Krest'janskaja revoljucija na Rusi v XVII veke (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927)Google Scholar; and Nechkina, M., Razinshchina i Pugachevshchina (Moscow, 1933)Google Scholar.

23 V. Lebedev, “Bulavinskoe vosstanie 1707-1708 gg.,” Istorik-Marksist, XXI (1933), 45-64; Bulavinskoe vosstanie: 1707-1708 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1934); and “Krest'janskoe dvizhenie v metpopolii v gody Bulavinskogo vosstanija,” Trudy Istoriko-arkheogrqficheskogo instituta Akademii nauk SSSR, XIII (1935), 60-67; the same issue of this publication also contains N. S. Chaev's “Bulavinskoe vosstanie,” loc. cit., pp. 33-59.

24 Lebedev, Bulavinskoe vosstanie, p. 5.

25 Akademija nauk SSSR, Institut istorii, Istorija SSSR, ed. by V. Lebedev, B. Grekov and S. Bakhrushin (Moscow, 1939-40), I, 701-2; see also M. Martynov, “Pugachevskij ataman Ivan Beloborodov na Urale,” Istoricheskij zhurnal, No. 5-6 (1943), 33-40.

26 “Ob itogakh diskussii o perodizacii istorii SSSR,” Voprosy istorii, No. 3 (1951), 53-60.

27 Loc. cit., p. 54.

28 Loc. cit., p. 55.

29 Smirnov, I. I., Vosstanie Bolotnikova: 1606-1607 (Leningrad, 1949), p. 493.Google Scholar

30 Porshnev, B., “Istorija srednikh vekov i ukazanie t. Stalina ob ‘osnovonoj cherte’ feodal'nogo obshchestva,” Izvestija Akademii nauk SSSR: serija istorii i filosofii, VI, No. (1949), 528.Google Scholar

31 Porshnev, B., “Formy i puti krest'janskoj borby protiv feodalnoj eksploatacii,” Izvestija Akademii nauk SSSR: serija istorii i filosofii, VII, No. 3 (1950), 205-21.Google Scholar

32 Porshnev, B., “Sushchnost’ feodal'nogo gosudarstva,” Izvestija Akademii nauk SSSR: serija istorii i filosofii, VII, No. 5 (1950), 418.Google Scholar

33 Kosminskij, E. A., “O probleme klassovoj bor'by v epokhu feodalizma,” Izvestija Akademii nauk SSSR: serija istorii i filosofii, VIII (1951), 237-55Google Scholar.

34 Sidorov, N. A. and Saprinina, Ju. M. in Voprosy istorii, No. 6 (1951), 138-43Google Scholar.

35 “Za voinstvujushchij materializm v obshchestvennoj nauke,” Kommunist, No. 2 (1953), 10.

36 See his letter to the editor of Voprosy istorii, No. 4 (1953), 139-42.

37 Chistjakova, E. V., “Krest'janskie dvizhenija v Podmoskve i pokhod Vasilija Usa,” Voprosy istorii, No. 8 (1953), 128-33Google Scholar; Lebedev, V. I., Krest'janskaja vojna pod rukovodsvom Emel'jana Pugacheva (Moscow, 1951)Google Scholar; Gorban, N. V., “Krest'janstvo zapadnoj Sibiri v krest'janskoj vojne 1773-1774,” Voprosy istorii, No. 11 (1952), 124-33Google Scholar; Zhizhka, M. V., Emel'jan Pugachev (Moscow, 1950)Google Scholar.

38 Lebedev, V. I., “K voprosu o kharaktere krest'janskikh dvizhenij v Rossii 17-18 vv.,” Voprosy istorii, No. 6 (1954), p. 98.Google Scholar

39 Bolshaja Sovetskaja emiklopediia, XXIII (2nd ed.; Moscow, 1953), 357-60, 361-64.

40 Cf., for example, Chuloshnikov, A. P., Vosstanie 1775g. v Bashkirii (Moscow, Leningrad, 1940 Google Scholar); and Ustjugov, N., Bashkirskoe vosstanie 1737-1739 gg. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1950)Google Scholar.

41 Andreev, A. I., in Vestnik Leningradskogo universiteta, No. 2 (1948), 17.Google Scholar

42 V. V. Mavrodin, “K voprosu o roli klassovoj bor'by v istorii feodalizma v Rossii,” Vestnik Leningradskogo universiteta, No. 2 (1950), 85.