Skip to main content
×
×
Home

The inscriptions of the Aleppo temple

  • J.D. Hawkins (a1)
Abstract

The location of the Temple of the Storm-God of Aleppo, one of the most famous cult-centres of antiquity, has long been a matter of speculation, but was finally revealed by excavations on Aleppo citadel begun in 1996. These have gradually uncovered the central cult-room of the temple with a rich inventory of sculptures datable to several phases of the construction. In 2003 came the dramatic exposure of a substantial Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription recording a dedication to the Storm-God by a ruler, Taita King of Palistin, incised alongside his own image standing in an attitude of reverence before the deity. This was followed in 2004–2005 by the discovery of a further, but broken, inscription on portal figures of the entrance, attributable to the same ruler. These inscriptions are datable by their palaeography approximately to the 11th century BC, a period previously regarded as a dark age lacking written records. They suggest the existence of a large and powerful kingdom in an area where the increasingly known archaeology shows an influx of people of Aegean connections bringing with them the distinctive Mycenaean IIIC pottery. A combination of the archaeological data and the evidence of the inscriptions begins to offer an outline history for this little-known age. This paper presents the first full publication of the inscriptions together with some comments on their background and implications.

Antik dünyanın en ünlü kült merkezlerinden biri olan, Aleppo'daki Fırtına Tanrısı Tapınağı'nın yeri uzun bir süre tartışma konusu olmuş, fakat nihayet 1996'da başlatılan Aleppo kalesi kazıları sırasında ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu kazılar sonucunda kademeli olarak, yapının değişik dönemlerine tarihlenebilen çok sayıda heykeli barındıran tapınağın merkezi kült odası açığa çıkarılmıştır. 2003 yılında, Palistin Kralı Taita tarafından Fırtına Tanrısı'na adanmış, kendisinin Tanrı önünde saygıyla eğilir pozisyondaki heykelinin yanında kazılmış, önemli bir Luvi hiyeroglif yazıtı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunu, 2004–2005 yıllarında, girişteki kapı figürlerinin üzerinde, aynı yöneticiye atfedilebilen daha ileri seviyede fakat kırık olan bir yazıtın keşfi takip etmiştir. Bu yazıtlar paleografik açıdan, daha önce yazılı kayıtlar olmadığı için karanlık çağ olarak kabul edilen, M.Ö. 11. yüzyıla tarihlenmiştir. Bu yazıtlar, giderek daha iyi bilinen arkeolojik verilerin gösterdiği gibi, Ege bağlantıları olan ve beraberinde karakteristik Miken IIIC seramiğini getiren halkın akın ettiği bu bölgede, büyük ve güçlü bir krallık var olduğunu akla getirmektedir. Arkeolojik veriler ve yazıtların birleşimi, bu az bilinen dönemin tarihi hakkinda ipuçları vermektedir. Bu makale, yazıtların geçmişi ve etkileri üzerine bazı yorumlarla birlikte, bu yazıtların ilk tam yayınını da sunmaktadır.

Copyright
References
Hide All
Boehmer, R.M., Güterbock, H.G. 1987: Glyptik aus dem Stadtgebiet von Boğazköy (Boğazköy-Hattuša 14). Berlin
Dinçol, A.M., Dinçol, B. forthcoming: ‘Two new inscribed Storm-God stelae from Arsuz (İskenderun)’ in Yener, A. (ed.), Across the Borders. Leuven
Durand, J.-M. 1993: ‘Le mythologème du combat entre le dieu de l'orage et la mer en MésopotamieMARI 7: 4361
Grayson, A.K. 1996: The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods 3. Toronto
Goedegebuure, P.M. 2007: ‘The Hieroglyphic Luwian demonstrative ablative-instrumentals zin and apin’ in Archi, A., Francia, R. (eds), VI Congresso Internazionale di Ittitologia, Roma, 5–9 settembre 2005 (Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 49). Rome: 319–34
Gonnella, J., Khayyata, W., Kohlmeyer, K. 2005: Die Zitadelle von Aleppo und der Tempel des Wettergottes. Münster
Güterbock, H.G. 1975: ‘Hieroglyphensiegel aus dem Tempelbezirk’ in Bittel, K., Güterbock, H.G., Neumann, G., Neve, P., Otten, H., Seidl, U. (eds), Boğazköy V. Funde aus den Grabungen 1970 und 1971. Berlin: 4775
Harrison, T.R 2001: Tell Ta‘yinat and the Kingdom of Unqi’ in Daviau, P.M.M., Wevers, J.W., Weigl, M. (eds), The World of the Arameans II. Studies in History and Archaeology in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 325). Sheffield: 115–32
Harrison, T.R 2010: ‘The Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age transition in the north Orontes valley’ in Venturi, F. (ed.), Societies in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age. Bologna: 83102
Hawkins, J.D. 1998. ‘Tarkasnawa King of Mira: Tarkondemos; Boğazköy sealings and KarabelAnatolian Studies 48: 131
Hawkins, J.D. 2000: Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions I/13. Berlin, New York
Hawkins, J.D. 2003: ‘The Storm-God seal of Mursili III’ in Beckman, G., Beal, R., McMahon, G. (eds), Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. Winona Lake: 169–75
Hawkins, J.D. 2004: ‘The Stag-God of the Countryside and related problems’ in Penney, J.H.W. (ed.), Indo-European Perspectives. Studies in Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies. Oxford: 355–69
Hawkins, J.D. 2005: ‘VIII.3. Commentaries on the readings’ in Herbordt, S., Die Prinzen- und Beamtensiegel der hethitischen Grossreichszeit auf Tonbullen aus dem Nişantepe-Archiv in Hattuša (Boğazköy-Hattuša 19). Mainz: 248313
Hawkins, J.D. 2009: ‘Cilicia, the Amuq and Aleppo: new light in a dark ageNear Eastern Archaeology 72.4: 164–73
Hawkins, J.D. 2010: ‘The usage of the Hieroglyphic Luwian sign “crampon” (L.386)Kadmos 49: 110
Hawkins, J.D., Morpurgo Davies, A. 1998: ‘Of donkeys, mules and Tarkondemos’ in Jasanoff, J., Melchert, H.C., Olivier, L. (eds), Mír Curad, Studies in Honor of Calvert Watkins. Innsbruck: 243–60
Hawkins, J.D., Morpurgo Davies, A. 2010: ‘More negatives and disjunctives in Hieroglyphic Luwian’ in Kim, R., Oettinger, N., Rieken, E., Weiss, M. (eds), Ex Anatolia Lux, Studies in Honor of H. Craig Melchert. Ann Arbor: 98128
Herbordt, S., Bawanypeck, D., Hawkins, J.D. 2011: Die Siegel der Grosskönige und Grossköniginnen auf Tonbullen aus dem Nişantepe-Archiv in Hattuša (Boğazköy-Hattuša 23). Darmstadt, Mainz
Janeway, B. 20062007: ‘The nature and extent of Aegean contact at Tell Ta'yinat and vicinity in the Early Iron Age: evidence of the Sea Peoples?Scripta Mediterranea 27–28: 123–46
Khayyata, W., Kohlmeyer, K. 1998: ‘Die Zitadelle von Aleppo-Vorläufiger Bericht über die Untersuchungen 1996 und 1997Damaszener Mitteilungen 10: 6996
Klengel, H. 1965: ‘Der Wettergott von HalabJournal of Cuneiform Studies 19: 8793
Kohlmeyer, K. 2000: Der Tempel des Wettergottes von Aleppo. Münster
Kohlmeyer, K. 2008: ‘Zur Datierung der Skulpturen von ‘Ain Dara’ in Bonatz, D., Czichon, R.M., Kreppner, F.J. (eds), Fundstellen: Gesammelte Schriften zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne. Wiesbaden: 119–30
Kohlmeyer, K. 2009: ‘The Temple of the Storm-God in Aleppo during the Late Bronze and Early Iron AgesNear Eastern Archaeology 72.4: 190202
Laroche, E. 1956: ‘L'inscription hittite d'AlepSyria 33: 131–41
Laroche, E. 1960: Les Hiéroglyphes Hittites. Paris
Maeir, A. 2005: ‘Philister-KeramikReallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 10.7–8: 528–36
Melchert, H.C. 2003: ‘Language’ in Melchert, H.C. (ed.), The Luwians (Handbook of Oriental Studies I/68). Leiden, Boston: 170–10
Melchert, H.C. 2004a: ‘Hieroglyphic Luvian verbs in -min(a)’ in Hyllested, A., Jørgensen, A.R., Larsson, J.H., Olander, T. (eds), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos: Studia Indogermanica in honorem J.E. Rasmussen. Innsbruck: 355–62
Melchert, H.C. 2004b: ‘A Luwian dedication’ in Penney, J.H.W. (ed.), Indo-European Perspectives. Studies in Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies. Oxford: 370–79
Meriggi, P. 1975: Manuale di Eteo-Geroglifico II/2. Rome
Rieken, E. 2007: ‘Hieroglyphen-luwisch i-zi-ia-: ein Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion der urindo-germanischen Kulturgeschichte’ in Hock, W., Meier-Brügger, M. (eds), Festschrift für Christoph Koch. Munich: 263–75
Rieken, E. 2010: ‘Das Zeichen <sà> im Hieroglyphen-Luwischen’ in Süel, A. (ed.), Acts of the VII International Congress of Hittitology, 25–31 August 2008. Ankara: 651–60
Rieken, E., Yakubovich, I. 2010: ‘The new values of Luwian signs L.319 and L.172’ in Singer, I. (ed.), Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins. Tel Aviv: 199219
Sass, B. 2010: ‘Four notes on Taita King of PalistinTel Aviv 37: 169–74
Schwemer, D. 2001: Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen. Wiesbaden
Schürr, D. 2010: ‘Zur Vorgeschichte Lykiens: Städtenamen in hethitischen QuellenKlio 92: 733
Süel, M. 2005: ‘Ortaköy-Şapinuva “D” Yapısı Hitit Dini Mimarisinden Değişik bir Yorum’ in Süel, A. (ed.), Acts of the Vth International Congress of Hittitology. Ankara: 687700
van den Hout, T. 2002: ‘Self, soul and portrait in Hieroglyphic Luwian’ in Taracha, P. (ed.), Silva Anatolica. Anatolian Studies Presented to Maciej Popko. Warsaw: 171–86
Venturi, F. 2010: ‘Cultural breakdown or evolution? The impact of changes in 12th century BC Tell Afis’ in Venturi, F. (ed.), Societies in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age. Bologna: 116
Yakubovich, I. 2008: ‘The Luvian enemyKadmos 47: 119
Yamada, S. 2000: The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmaneser III (859–824 BC) Relating to his Campaign in the West. Leiden
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

Anatolian Studies
  • ISSN: 0066-1546
  • EISSN: 2048-0849
  • URL: /core/journals/anatolian-studies
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *
×

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 88 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 424 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.